Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition

【实例简介】
Bird 的 经典传递参考书 Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition
[Vv]l≡[Vvl ·Vvl V·vl2 x 0 0 v·Vvlk=0xy2+v dz 07 dz 00 Iv·Vvl2 dx dz (vy0),a(272) Iv·wvl, 十 0(001)( 0(020x) ox dz I·wvl2 a(vnv2),叭(y2),a(u22) dr dz V·r] OT dx dz yy dT dz 0T, T 十 dx (T: Vv) +T 07 x z 0, T Note: the differential operations may not be simply generalized to curvilinear coordi- nates; see Tables A 7-2 and A7-3 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Transport Phenomena Second edition R. Byron bird Warren e. stewart Edwin N. Lightfoot Chemical engineering Department University of Wisconsin-Madison John wiley sons, Inc New York Chichester /Weinheim /Brisbane Singapore/Toronto Acquisitions edit Wayne anders Marketing Manager Katherine hepburn Senior production editor Petrina kulek Director Design Madelyn Lesure Illustration Coodinator Gene aiello This book was set in Palatino by uG/GGs Information Services, Inc and printed and bound by Hamilton Printing. The cover was printed by Phoenix This book is printed on acid free paper. co Copyright 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (508)750-8400, fax (508750-4470 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &z sons, Inc,605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012,(212850-6011,fax(212)850-6008,E-Mail:PERMREO@WILEY.COM To order books or for customer service please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bird, R. Byron(robert Byron), 1924 Transport phenomena/R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N Lightfoot. --2nd ed p cm Includes indexes isBn 0-471-41077-2(cloth: alk. paper) Fluid dynamics. 2. Transport theo Stewart, Warren E. 1924 IL. Lightfoot Edwin n.1925-Ⅲ.Tile QA929B52001 530.138dc21 2001023739 ISBN0471-41077-2 Printed in the United States of america 09876543 P reface While momentum, heat and mass transfer developed independently as branches of classical physics long ago, their unified study has found its place as one of the funda- mental engineering sciences. This development, in turn, less than half a century old, con- tinues to grow and to find applications in new fields such as biotechnology, microelectronics, nanotechnology, and polymer science Evolution of transport phenomena has been so rapid and extensive that complete coverage is not possible. While we have included many representative examples, our main emphasis has, of necessity been on the fundamental aspects of this field. more over, we have found in discussions with colleagues that transport phenomena is taught in a variety of ways and at several different levels. Enough matcrial has been included for two courses, one introductory and one advanced. The elementary course, in turn, can be divided into one course on momentum transfer and another on heat and mass trans- fer, thus providing more opportunity to demonstrate the utility of this material in practi- cal applications. Designation of some sections as optional (o) and other as advanced() may be helpful to students and instructors Long regarded as a rather mathematical subject transport phenomena is most impor tant for its physical significance. The essence of this subject is the careful and compact statement of the conservation principles, along with the flux expressions, with emphasis on the similarities and differences among the three transport processes considered. Often, specialization to the boundary conditions and the physical properties in a specific prob len can provide useful insight with minimal effort. Nevertheless, the language of trans- port phenomena is mathematics, and in this textbook we have assumed familiarity with ordinary differential equations and elementary vector analysis. We introduce the use of partial differential equations with sufficient explanation that the interested student can master the material presented Numerical techniques are deferred, in spite of their obvi- ous importance, in order to concentrate on fundamental understanding Citations to the published literature are emphasized throughout, both to place trans- port phenomena in its proper historical context and to lead the reader into further exten sions of fundamentals and to applications. We have been particularly anxious to ntroduce the pioneers to whom we owe so much and from whom we can still draw useful inspiration. These were human beings not so diffcrent from ourselves, and per- haps some of our readers will be inspired to make similar contributions Obviously both the needs of our readers and the tools available to them have changed greatly since the first edition was written over forty years ago. We have made a serious effort to bring our text up to date, within the limits of space and our abilities, and we have tried to anticipate further developments. major changes from the first edition include: o transport properties of two-phase systems use of"combined fluxes"to set up shell balances and equations of change e angular momentum conservation and its consequences e complete derivation of the mechanical energy balance xpanded treatment of Taylor dispersion improved discussions of turbulent transport eface e Fourier analysis of turbulent transport at high pr or sc o more on heat and mass transfer coefficients enlarged discussions of dimensional analysis and scaling matrix methods for multicomponent mass transfer ionic systems membrane separations and porous media e the relation between the boltzmann equation and the continuum equations o use of theQ+w" convention in energy discussions, in conformity with the lead ing textbooks in physics and physical chemistry However, it is always the youngest generation of professionals who see the future most clearly and who must build on their imperfect inheritance Much remains to be done, but the utility of transport phenomena can be expected to increase rather than diminish. Each of the exciting new technologies blossoming around us is governed, at the detailed level of interest, by the conservation laws and flux expres sions, together with information on the transport coefficients. Adapting the problem for- mulations and solution techniques for these new areas will undoubtedly keep engineers busy for a long time, and we can only hope that we have provided a useful base from which to start Each new book depends for its success on many more individuals than those whose names appear on the title page. The most obvious debt is certainly to the hard-working and gifted students who have collectively taught us much more than we have taught them. In addition, the professors who reviewed the manuscript deserve special thanks for their numerous corrections and insightful comments: Yu-Ling Cheng University of Toronto), Michael D. Graham(University of Wisconsin), Susan. Muller(university of California-Berkeley), William B. Russel(Princeton University), Jay D. Schieber(illinois Institute of Technology), and John F. Wendt(von karman Institute for Fluid dynamics) However, at a deeper level, we have benefited from the departmental structure and tra- ditions provided by our elders here in Madison. Foremost among these was Olaf An- dreas Hougen, and it is to his memory that this edition is dedicated Madison wisconsin RR. B. B W.E.S E.N. L Contents Preface 52.4 Flow through an Annulus 53 $2.5 Flow of Two Adjacent Immiscible Fluids 56 Chapter o The subject of Transport $2.6 Creeping Flow around a Sphere 58 Phenomena 1 Ex 2. 6-1 Determination of Viscosity from the Terminal Velocity of a Falling Sphere 61 Questions for Discussion 61 Problems Part E Momentum Transpor Chapter 3 The equations of change for Chapter 1 viscosity and the mechanisms of Isothermal Systems 75 Momentum Transport 11 93. 1 The equation of Continuity Sl. 1 Newton' s Law of Viscosity (Molecular momentum Ex 3. 1-1 Normal Stresses at Solid Surfaces for T Incompressible newtonian fluids 78 ranson $3.2 The Equation of Motion 78 Generalization of Newton's Law of Viscosity 16 $3.3 The Equation of mechanical Energy 81 31.3 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of $3.4 The Equation of angular Momentum 82 Viscosity 21 $3.5 The Equations of Change in Terms of the Ex. 1.3-1 Estimation of Viscosity from Critical Substantial Derivative 83 Properties 23 Ex 3.5-1 The Bernoulli equation for the Steady s1.4 Molecular Theory of the viscosity of Gases at Low Flow of Inviscid Fluids 86 Density 83.6 Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Flow Ex. 1.4-1 Computation of the viscosity of a Cas Problems 86 Mixture at Low Density 28 Ex. 3.6-1 Steady Flow in a Long circular Ex. 1.4-2 Prediction of the Viscosity of a Gas Tube 88 Mixture at Low density 28 Ex. 3.6-2 Falling Film with variable S1.5 Molecular Theory of the Viscosity of Liquids 29 Viscosity 89 Ex. 1.5 1 Estimation of the Viscosity of a Pure Ex3.6-3 Operation of a Couette viscometer 89 Liquid 31 Ex. 3.6-4 Shape of the Surface of a rotating 51.6 Viscosity of Suspensions and Emulsions 31 Liquid 93 SI.7 Convective Momentum Transport Ex 3. 6-5 Flow near a Slowly Rotating Questions for Discussion Sphere 95 Problems 37 33. 7 Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change 97 Chapter 2 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity Ex, 3.7-1 Transverse Flow around a circular Cylinder 98 Distributions in Laminar Flow 40 Ex 3. 7-2 Steady Flow in an Agitated Tank 101 $2.1 Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary Ex. 3.7-3 Pressure Drop for Creeping Flow in a Conditions 41 Packed tube 103 52.2 Flow of a Falling Film 42 Questions for Discussion 104 Ex 2.2-1 Calculation of film Velocity 47 Problems 104 Ex 2.2-2 Falling Film with variable Viscosity Chapter 4 Velocity Distributions with More than 52.3 Flow Through a Circular Tube 48 One Independent variable 114 Ex 2.3-1 Determination of Viscosity from Capillary Flow data 52 S4. 1 Time-Dependent flow of Newtonian Fluids 114 Ex. 2.3-2 Compressible flow in a Horizontal Ex 4.1-1 Flow near a Wall Suddenly set i Circular tube 53 Motion 115 vi Contents Ex. 4. 1-2 Unsteady Laminar Flow between Two Ex 6.2-2 Flow Rate for a given pressure Parallel plale 117 Dro 183 Ex 4.1-3 Unsteady laminar Flow near an 56.3 Friction Factors for Flow around Spheres 185 Oscillating Plate 120 Ex 6.3-1 Determination of the diameter of a falling 54.2 Solving Flow Problems Using a Stream Sphere 18 Function 121 S6.4 Friction Factors for Packed Columns 188 Ex 4.2-1 Creeping Flow around a Sphere 122 Questions for Discussion 192 54. 3 Flow of Inviscid Fluids by Use of the velocity Problems 193 Potential 126 Ex 4.3-1 Potential Flow around a Cylinder 128 Chapter 7 Macroscopic Balances for Ex. 4.3-2 Flow into a Rectangular Channel 130 Isothermal flow Systems 197 Ex 43-3 Flow near a Corner 131 S4. 4 Flow near Solid Surfaces by Boundary-Layer s7.1 The Macroscopic Mass Balance 198 Theory 133 Ex. 7.1-1 Draining of a Spherical tank Ex 4.4-1 Laminar Flow along a flat plate 97. 2 The Macroscopic Momentum Balance 200 (Approximate Solution) 136 Ex 7.2-1 Force Exerted by a jet(part a) 201 Ex. 4. 4-2 Laminar Flow along a Flat plate(Exac $7.3 The Macroscopic Angular Momentum Solution) 137 Balance 202 Ex 44-3 Flow near a Corner 139 Ex 7.3-1 Torque on a Mixing Vessel 202 Questions for Discussion 140 S7.4 The Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Problems 141 Balance 203 Ex 7. 4-1 Force Exerted by a Jet(Part b) 205 Chapter 5 Velocity Distributions in 57.5 Estimation of the Viscous LOSs 205 Turbulent Flow 152 Ex 7.5-1 Power Requirement for pipeline F|0 207 S5.1 Comparisons of Laminar and Turbulent $7.6 Use of the Macroscopic Balances for Steady-State Flows 15 Problems 209 95.2 Time-Smoothed Equations of Change for Ex.7.6-1 Pressure rise and friction Loss in a Incompressible Fluids 156 Sudden enlargement 209 $5.3 The Time-Smoothed Velocity Profile near a Ex. 7.6-2 Performance of a Liquid-Liquid Wall 15 E 210 55.4 Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Ex. 7.6-3 Thrust on a Pipe Bend 212 Momentum Flux 162 Ex, 7. 6-4 The Impinging jet 214 Ex. 5.4-1 Development of the Reynolds Stress Ex. 7.6-5 Isothermal Flow of a liquid through an Expression in the Vicinity of the Wall 164 O 215 S5.5 Turbulent Flow in Ducts 165 g7.7 Use of the Macroscopic Balances for Unsteady Ex 5.5-1 Estimation of the average velocity in a State Problems 216 Circular tube 166 Ex 7.7.1 Acceleration Effects in Unsteady Flow Ex. 5.5-2 Application of Prandt's mixing Length from a Cylindrical Tank 217 Formula to turbulent Flow in a Circular Ex, 7.7-2 Manometer Oscillations 219 Tube 167 $7. 8. Derivation of the Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Ex. 5.5-3 Relative Magnitude of Viscosity and Eddi Balance 221 Viscosity Questions for Discussion 223 55.6 Turbulent Flow in Jets 168 Problems 224 Ex 5 6-1 Time-Smoothed velocity distribution in a Circular Wall Jet 168 Chapter 8 Polymeric Liquids 231 Questions for discussion roblems 172 S8.1 Examples of the Behavior of Polymeric Liquids 232 Chapter 6 Interphase Transport in $8.2 Rheometry and Material Functions 236 Isothermal Systems 177 s8. 3 Non-Newtonian Viscosity and the Generalized Newtonian Models 240 S6.1 Definition of Friction Factors 178 Ex.8.3-1 Laminar Flow of an Incompressible $6.2 Friction Factors for Flow in Tubes 179 Power-Law fluid in a Circular tube 242 Ex 6.2-1 Pressure Drop Required for a Given Flow Ex. 8.3-2 Flow of a Powver-Law Fluid in a Narrow Rate 183 Slit 243 【实例截图】
【核心代码】