实例介绍
【实例简介】绘图软件gnuplot：gnuplot in action
【实例截图】
【核心代码】
brief contents
PART 1BASICS ..........................................................................1
1
■ Prelude: Understanding data with gnuplot 3
2
■ Essential gnuplot 16
3
■ Working with data 29
4
■ Practical matters 49
PART 2POLISHING .................................................................65
5
■ Doing it with style 67
6
■ Decorations 90
7
■ All about axes 110
PART 3ADVANCED GNUPLOT ................................................131
8
■ Three-dimensional plots 133
9
■ Color 152
10
■ Advanced plotting concepts 175
11
■ Terminals in depth 200
12
■ Macros, scripting, and batch operations 222PART 4GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS WITH GNUPLOT .......................243
13
■ Fundamental graphical methods 245
14
■ Techniques of graphical analysis 273
15
■ Coda: Understanding data with graphs 301ix
contents
foreword xvii
foreword xix
preface xxi
acknowledgments xxiii
about this book xxv
PART 1BASICS .................................................................1
1
Prelude: Understanding
data with gnuplot 3
1.1 A busy weekend 4
Planning a marathon 4
■
Determining the future 6
1.2 What is graphical analysis? 9
Data analysis and visualization concepts 10
■
Why graphical
analysis? 12
■
Limitations of graphical analysis 12
1.3 What is gnuplot? 13
Gnuplot isn’t GNU 13
■
Why gnuplot? 14
■
Limitations 15
1.4 Summary 15CONTENTS
x
2
Essential gnuplot 16
2.1 Simple plots 16
Invoking gnuplot and first plots 17
■
Plotting data from a
file 20
■
Abbreviations and defaults 23
2.2 Saving and exporting 24
Saving and loading commands 25
■
Exporting graphs 25
One-step export script 27
2.3 Summary 28
3
Working with data 29
3.1 Managing large data sets 30
Multiple data sets per file: index 30
■
Records spanning multiple
lines: every 31
3.2 Smoothing and summarizing data 32
Plotting unsorted data files 32
■
Smoothing noisy data 35
3.3 Math with gnuplot 38
Mathematical expressions 38
■
Built-in functions 38
User-defined variables and functions 39
■
Complex numbers 40
3.4 Data transformations 41
Simple data transformations 41
■
Pseudocolumns and the column
function 42
3.5 Plotting functions and data 43
Tricks and warnings 44
3.6 Logarithmic plots 44
How do logarithmic plots work? 44
3.7 Summary 47
4
Practical matters 49
4.1 Managing options 50
4.2 Data files 51
Permissible formats and options 51
4.3 Strings 55
Quotes 55
■
String operations 55
■
String applications 57
Crazy example: plotting the Unix password file 58
4.4 Generating textual output 59
The print command 59
■
The set table option 60CONTENTS
xi
4.5 Interacting with gnuplot 61
Getting help 61
■
Command history 61
■
Hot keys and
mousing 62
■
Reading data interactively 63
4.6 Summary 64
PART 2POLISHING ........................................................65
5
Doing it with style 67
5.1 Choosing plot styles 68
Inline style directives 68
■
Terminal capabilities 69
Global style directives 70
5.2 Plot styles 70
Core styles 71
■
Box styles 72
■
Styles with errorbars or
ranges 78
■
Filled styles 81
■
Other styles 84
5.3 Customizing styles 85
Custom line styles 86
■
Specifying color 87
Worked example: half-tone shading 87
5.4 Summary 89
6
Decorations 90
6.1 Quick start: minimal context for data 91
6.2 Digression: locations on a graph 92
6.3 Additional graph elements: decorations 94
Common conventions 94
■
Arrows 94
■
Text labels 97
Objects 99
6.4 The graph’s legend or key 100
Turning the key on and off 101
■
Placement 101
Layout 101
■
Explanations 102
■
Appearance 104
Default settings 104
6.5 Worked example: features of a spectrum 104
6.6 Overall appearance 106
Size and aspect ratio 106
■
Borders and margins 108
6.7 Summary 109
7
All about axes 110
7.1 Multiple axes 111
Terminology 111
■
Plotting with two coordinate systems 112
Should you do it? 113CONTENTS
xii
7.2 Selecting plot ranges 115
7.3 Tic marks 116
Major tic marks 116
■
Minor tic marks 117
■
Formatting the
tic labels 118
■
Reading tic labels from file 122
Grid and zero axes 123
7.4 A worked example 123
7.5 Special case: time series 124
Turning numbers into names: months and weekdays 124
General time series: the gory details 127
7.6 Summary 130
PART 3ADVANCED GNUPLOT .......................................131
8
Three-dimensional plots 133
8.1 Basics 135
8.2 Options for surface and contour plots 136
Surface plots 136
■
Contour lines 139
8.3 Coordinate axes and view point 141
Borders 142
■
View point 143
8.4 Plotting data from a file using splot 145
Grid format 146
■
Matrix format 148
■
Smooth surfaces 149
8.5 Summary 151
9
Color 152
9.1 Defining palettes 153
Color spaces: a refresher 153
■
The palette option 154
9.2 Creating colored graphs with palettes 157
The pm3d mode 157
■
The colorbox 158
■
Other ways to use
color 160
9.3 Using color for data representation 161
Thoughts on palette design 162
■
Some sample palettes 165
Words of caution 168
9.4 Case studies 169
A smoothly varying function 169
■
A complex figure 171
9.5 Summary 173CONTENTS
xiii
10
Advanced plotting concepts 175
10.1 Multiplot 176
Regular arrays of graphs with layout 177
■
Graphs within a
graph 179
■
Graphs aligned on a common axis 181
10.2 Higher math and special occasions 183
Parametric plots 183
■
Non-Cartesian coordinates 184
Vector fields 188
10.3 Curve fitting 190
Background 190
■
Using the fit command 191
■
Worked
example 195
■
Should you do it? 197
10.4 Summary 199
11
Terminals in depth 200
11.1 Exporting graphs to file 201
11.2 Common terminal options 202
Size 202
■
Fonts 202
■
Enhanced text mode 202
Miscellaneous appearance options 205
■
Flushing output
channels 205
11.3 Standard graphics file formats 206
Bitmaps 206
■
SVG 208
11.4 Print-quality output 209
PostScript 209
■
Using PostScript plots with LaTeX 211
PDF 217
11.5 Interactive terminals 218
wxt 218
■
x11 219
■
aqua 219
■
windows 219
11.6 Other terminals 220
11.7 Summary 221
12
Macros, scripting, an
d batch operations 222
12.1 Strings and string macros 223
12.2 Calling other programs from gnuplot 224
Executing a command in a subshell 225
■
Capturing the output of
a subprocess 225
■
Input/output redirection (Unix only) 226
Example: watermarking plots 227
12.3 Calling gnuplot from other programs 228
Batch operations 228
■
Invoking gnuplot from other
programs 229
■
Example: creating a font table 232CONTENTS
xiv
12.4 Slideshows with pause and reread 232
12.5 Configuring your workspace 234
Creating custom hot key bindings 236
12.6 Gnuplot for the web 239
Using Gnuplot as a CGI script 239
■
Using gnuplot as a
subprocess to a CGI script 241
12.7 Summary 241
PART 4GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS WITH GNUPLOT ............. 243
13
Fundamental graphical methods 245
13.1 Relationships 246
Scatter plots 246
■
Logarithmic scales 252
13.2 Counting statistics 256
Jitter plots and histograms 256
■
Kernel density estimates 258
Cumulative distribution functions 259
■
Consider using median
and percentiles 261
13.3 Ranked data 262
13.4 Multivariate data 264
Parallel coordinate plots 264
■
Multivariate analysis 269
Star plots 270
■
Historical perspective: computer-aided data
analysis 271
13.5 Summary 272
14
Techniques of graphical analysis 273
14.1 The core principle of graphical analysis 274
14.2 Iteration and transformation 275
A case study in iteration: car data 275
■
Making data
comparable: monitoring quantities in a control chart 278
■
Honor
the data: truncation and responsiveness 280
14.3 Changing the appearance to improve perception 284
Banking 284
■
Judging lengths and distances 287
Enhancing quantitative perception 289
■
Plot ranges and the
matter of zero 291
■
A tough problem: the display of changing
compositions 292CONTENTS
xv
14.4 Housekeeping 296
The lifecycle of a graph 296
■
Input data files 296
■
Output
files 298
14.5 Reminders for presentation graphics 298
14.6 Summary 300
15
Coda: Understanding data with graphs 301
appendix A Obtaining, building, and installing gnuplot 303
appendix B Gnuplot reference 309
appendix C Resources 345
index 351
标签： gnuplot
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