实例介绍
【实例简介】
For courses in Computer Science and Programming Computer systems: A Programmer’s Perspective explains the underlying elements common among all computer systems and how they affect general application performance. Written from the programmer’s perspective, this book strives to teach students how unde
This page is intentionally left blank. Computer Systems a Py rogrammer's Perspective THIRD EDITION GLOBAL EDITION Randal. bryant Carnegie mellon university Davidrohallaron Carnegie Mellon University Global edition contributions bi Manasa s NMAM Institute of Technology Mohit tahiliani National Institute of Technology karnataka PEARSON Boston Columbus Hoboken Indianapolis New York San francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Senior Production Manufacturing Controller, Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Global Editions: Trudy Kimber Editorial Assistant: Kelsey Loans Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Acquisitions Editor, Global Editions: Karthik Subramanian Senior Specialist, Program Planning and Support: VP of Marketing Christy Lesko Maura zaldivar-Garcia Director of Field Marketing: Tim Galligan Media Production Manager, Global Editions Product Markcting Manager: Bram van Kcmpcn Ⅴ ikram Kumar Field Marketing Manager: Demetrius hall Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Marketing Assistant: Jon bryant Manager, Rights Management: Rachel Youdelman Director of Product Management: Erin Gregg Associate Project Manager, Rights Management Team Lead Product Management: Scott Disanno William J. opaluch Program Manager: Joanne Manning Full-Service Project Management: Paul Anagnostopoulos Project Editor, Global Editions: K.K. Neelakantan Windfall Software Pearson education limited Edinburgh gate Harlow Essex cm20 JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the world widc Web at www.pearsonglobaleditions.com C Pearson Education Limited 2016 The rights of Randal e. Bryant and David r. O hallaron to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, 3rd edition, ISBN978-0-13-409266-9, by Randal e. Bryant and David R O Hallaron published by Pearson Education C 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright licensing Agency Ltd Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London ECIN STS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data a catalogue record for this book is available from the british library 10987654321 ISBN10:1-292-10176-8 ISBN13:978-1-292-10176-7( Print) ISBN13:978-1-488-67207-1(PDF) Typeset in 10/12 Times Ten, ITC Stone Sans by Windfall Software Printed in malaysia To the students and instructors of the 15-213 course at Carnegie Mellon University, for inspiring us to develop and refine the material for this book Masteringengineering For Computer SystemS: A Programmer's perspective third edition Mastering is Pearson's proven online Tutorial Homework program, newly available with the third edition of Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. The Mastering platform allows you to integrate dynamic homework--with many problems taken directly from the Bryant/o'Hallaron textbook--with automatic grading. Mastering allows you to easily track the performance of your entire class on an assignment -- assignment basis or view the detailed work of an individual student Formoreinformationorademonstrationofthecoursevisitwww.masteringengINeering.com Contents Preface 19 About the authors 3.5 1 A Tour of computer Systems 37 1.1 Information is bits Context 39 1.2 Programs Are Translated by Other Programs into Different Forms 40 It Pays to Understand How Compilation Systems Work 42 1. 4 Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory 43 1.4.1 Hardware Organization of a System 44 1.4.2 Running the hello Program 46 1.5 Caches matter 47 1.6 Storage Devices Form a Hierarchy 50 1.7 The Operating system Manages the Hardware 50 1.7.1P s51 1.7.2 Threads 53 1.7.3 Virtual Memory 54 1.7.4 Files 55 1.8 Systems Communicate with Other Systems Using Networks 55 1.9 Important Themes 58 1.9.1 Amdahl's Law 58 1.9.2 Concurrency and Parallelism 60 1.9.3 The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems 62 1.10 Summary 63 Bibliographic Notes 64 Solutions to practice problems 64 PartI Program Structure and Execution 2 Representing and Manipulating Information 67 2.1 Information Storage 70 2.1.1 Hexadecimal Notation 72 2.1.2 Data sizes 75 8 Contents 2.1.3 Addressing and Byte Ordering 78 2.1.4 Representing Strings 85 2.1.5 Representing Code 85 2.1.6 Introduction to Boolean algebra 86 2.1.7 Bit-Level Operations in C 90 2.1.8 Logical Operations inc 92 2.1.9 Shift Operations in C 93 2.2 Integer Representations 95 2.2.1 Integral Data Types 96 2.2.2 Unsigned Encodings 98 2.2.3 Two's-Complement Encodings 100 2.2.4 Conversions between Signed and Unsigned 106 2.2.5 Signed versus Unsigned in C 110 2.2.6 Expanding the Bit Representation of a Number 112 2.2.7 Truncating Numbers 117 2.2.8 Advice on Signed versus Unsigned 119 2.3 Intcger Arithmetic 120 2.3.1 Unsigned Addition 120 2.3.2 Twos-Complement Addition 126 2.3.3 Twos-Complement Negation 131 2.3.4 Unsigned Multiplication 132 2.3.5 Twos-Complement Multiplication 133 2.3.6 Multiplying by Constants 137 2.3.7 Dividing by Powers of 2 139 2.3.8 Final Thoughts on Integer Arithmetic 143 2. 4 Floating point 144 2.4.1 Fractional binary Numbers 145 2.4.2 IEEE Floating-Point Representat 2.4.3 Example numbers 151 24.4 Round 156 2.4.5 Floating-Point Operati 2.4.6 Floating Point inC 160 2.5 Summary 162 Bibliographic note Homework problems 164 Solutions to Practice Problems 179 3 Machine-Level Representation of Programs 199 3.1 A Historical Perspective 202 Contents 9 3.2 Program Encodings 205 3.2.1 Machine-Level code 206 3.2.2 Code Examples 208 3.2.3 Notes on Formatting 211 3.3 Data Formats 213 3.4 Accessing Information 215 3.4.1 Operand Specifiers 216 3.4.2 Data movement instructions 218 3.4.3 Data Movement Example 222 3.4.4 Pushing and Popping Stack Data 225 3.5 Arithmetic and Logical Opcrations 227 3.5.1 Load Effective address 227 3.5.2 Unary and Binary Opcrations 230 3.5.3 Shift Operations 230 3.5.4 Discussion 232 3.5.5 Special Arithmetic Operations 233 3.6 Control 236 3.6.1 Condition Codes 237 3.6.2 Accessing the Condition Codes 238 3.6.3 Jump Instructions 241 3.6.4 Jump Instruction Encodings 243 3.6.5 Implementing conditional branches with Conditional control 245 3.6.6 Implementing Conditional Branches with Conditional moves 250 3.6.7 Loops 256 3.6.8 Switch Statements 268 3.7 Procedures 274 3.7.1 The run-Time stack 275 3.7.2 Control Transfer 277 3.7.3 Data Transfer 281 3.7. 4 Local Storage on the Stack 284 3.7.5 Local Storage in Registers 287 3.7.6 Recursive procedures 289 3.8 Array Allocation and Access 291 3.8.1 Basic Principles 291 3.8.2 Pointer arithmetic 293 3.8.3 Nested Arrays 294 3.8.4 Fixed-Size Arrays 296 3.8.5 Variable-Size arrays 298 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
For courses in Computer Science and Programming Computer systems: A Programmer’s Perspective explains the underlying elements common among all computer systems and how they affect general application performance. Written from the programmer’s perspective, this book strives to teach students how unde
This page is intentionally left blank. Computer Systems a Py rogrammer's Perspective THIRD EDITION GLOBAL EDITION Randal. bryant Carnegie mellon university Davidrohallaron Carnegie Mellon University Global edition contributions bi Manasa s NMAM Institute of Technology Mohit tahiliani National Institute of Technology karnataka PEARSON Boston Columbus Hoboken Indianapolis New York San francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Senior Production Manufacturing Controller, Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Global Editions: Trudy Kimber Editorial Assistant: Kelsey Loans Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Acquisitions Editor, Global Editions: Karthik Subramanian Senior Specialist, Program Planning and Support: VP of Marketing Christy Lesko Maura zaldivar-Garcia Director of Field Marketing: Tim Galligan Media Production Manager, Global Editions Product Markcting Manager: Bram van Kcmpcn Ⅴ ikram Kumar Field Marketing Manager: Demetrius hall Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Marketing Assistant: Jon bryant Manager, Rights Management: Rachel Youdelman Director of Product Management: Erin Gregg Associate Project Manager, Rights Management Team Lead Product Management: Scott Disanno William J. opaluch Program Manager: Joanne Manning Full-Service Project Management: Paul Anagnostopoulos Project Editor, Global Editions: K.K. Neelakantan Windfall Software Pearson education limited Edinburgh gate Harlow Essex cm20 JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the world widc Web at www.pearsonglobaleditions.com C Pearson Education Limited 2016 The rights of Randal e. Bryant and David r. O hallaron to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, 3rd edition, ISBN978-0-13-409266-9, by Randal e. Bryant and David R O Hallaron published by Pearson Education C 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright licensing Agency Ltd Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London ECIN STS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data a catalogue record for this book is available from the british library 10987654321 ISBN10:1-292-10176-8 ISBN13:978-1-292-10176-7( Print) ISBN13:978-1-488-67207-1(PDF) Typeset in 10/12 Times Ten, ITC Stone Sans by Windfall Software Printed in malaysia To the students and instructors of the 15-213 course at Carnegie Mellon University, for inspiring us to develop and refine the material for this book Masteringengineering For Computer SystemS: A Programmer's perspective third edition Mastering is Pearson's proven online Tutorial Homework program, newly available with the third edition of Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective. The Mastering platform allows you to integrate dynamic homework--with many problems taken directly from the Bryant/o'Hallaron textbook--with automatic grading. Mastering allows you to easily track the performance of your entire class on an assignment -- assignment basis or view the detailed work of an individual student Formoreinformationorademonstrationofthecoursevisitwww.masteringengINeering.com Contents Preface 19 About the authors 3.5 1 A Tour of computer Systems 37 1.1 Information is bits Context 39 1.2 Programs Are Translated by Other Programs into Different Forms 40 It Pays to Understand How Compilation Systems Work 42 1. 4 Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory 43 1.4.1 Hardware Organization of a System 44 1.4.2 Running the hello Program 46 1.5 Caches matter 47 1.6 Storage Devices Form a Hierarchy 50 1.7 The Operating system Manages the Hardware 50 1.7.1P s51 1.7.2 Threads 53 1.7.3 Virtual Memory 54 1.7.4 Files 55 1.8 Systems Communicate with Other Systems Using Networks 55 1.9 Important Themes 58 1.9.1 Amdahl's Law 58 1.9.2 Concurrency and Parallelism 60 1.9.3 The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems 62 1.10 Summary 63 Bibliographic Notes 64 Solutions to practice problems 64 PartI Program Structure and Execution 2 Representing and Manipulating Information 67 2.1 Information Storage 70 2.1.1 Hexadecimal Notation 72 2.1.2 Data sizes 75 8 Contents 2.1.3 Addressing and Byte Ordering 78 2.1.4 Representing Strings 85 2.1.5 Representing Code 85 2.1.6 Introduction to Boolean algebra 86 2.1.7 Bit-Level Operations in C 90 2.1.8 Logical Operations inc 92 2.1.9 Shift Operations in C 93 2.2 Integer Representations 95 2.2.1 Integral Data Types 96 2.2.2 Unsigned Encodings 98 2.2.3 Two's-Complement Encodings 100 2.2.4 Conversions between Signed and Unsigned 106 2.2.5 Signed versus Unsigned in C 110 2.2.6 Expanding the Bit Representation of a Number 112 2.2.7 Truncating Numbers 117 2.2.8 Advice on Signed versus Unsigned 119 2.3 Intcger Arithmetic 120 2.3.1 Unsigned Addition 120 2.3.2 Twos-Complement Addition 126 2.3.3 Twos-Complement Negation 131 2.3.4 Unsigned Multiplication 132 2.3.5 Twos-Complement Multiplication 133 2.3.6 Multiplying by Constants 137 2.3.7 Dividing by Powers of 2 139 2.3.8 Final Thoughts on Integer Arithmetic 143 2. 4 Floating point 144 2.4.1 Fractional binary Numbers 145 2.4.2 IEEE Floating-Point Representat 2.4.3 Example numbers 151 24.4 Round 156 2.4.5 Floating-Point Operati 2.4.6 Floating Point inC 160 2.5 Summary 162 Bibliographic note Homework problems 164 Solutions to Practice Problems 179 3 Machine-Level Representation of Programs 199 3.1 A Historical Perspective 202 Contents 9 3.2 Program Encodings 205 3.2.1 Machine-Level code 206 3.2.2 Code Examples 208 3.2.3 Notes on Formatting 211 3.3 Data Formats 213 3.4 Accessing Information 215 3.4.1 Operand Specifiers 216 3.4.2 Data movement instructions 218 3.4.3 Data Movement Example 222 3.4.4 Pushing and Popping Stack Data 225 3.5 Arithmetic and Logical Opcrations 227 3.5.1 Load Effective address 227 3.5.2 Unary and Binary Opcrations 230 3.5.3 Shift Operations 230 3.5.4 Discussion 232 3.5.5 Special Arithmetic Operations 233 3.6 Control 236 3.6.1 Condition Codes 237 3.6.2 Accessing the Condition Codes 238 3.6.3 Jump Instructions 241 3.6.4 Jump Instruction Encodings 243 3.6.5 Implementing conditional branches with Conditional control 245 3.6.6 Implementing Conditional Branches with Conditional moves 250 3.6.7 Loops 256 3.6.8 Switch Statements 268 3.7 Procedures 274 3.7.1 The run-Time stack 275 3.7.2 Control Transfer 277 3.7.3 Data Transfer 281 3.7. 4 Local Storage on the Stack 284 3.7.5 Local Storage in Registers 287 3.7.6 Recursive procedures 289 3.8 Array Allocation and Access 291 3.8.1 Basic Principles 291 3.8.2 Pointer arithmetic 293 3.8.3 Nested Arrays 294 3.8.4 Fixed-Size Arrays 296 3.8.5 Variable-Size arrays 298 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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