Python For ArcGIS.pdf

实例介绍

【实例简介】
【实例截图】
【核心代码】
Contents
 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
 1.1 Python and GIS ................................................................................ 2
 1.2 Sample Data and Scripts .................................................................. 3
 1.3 GIS Data Formats ............................................................................ 4
 1.3.1 GRID Raster......................................................................... 4
 1.3.2 Shapefi le ............................................................................... 5
 1.3.3 dBASE Files ......................................................................... 5
 1.3.4 Layer Files ........................................................................... 6
 1.3.5 Geodatabase ......................................................................... 6
 1.4 An Introductory Example ................................................................ 7
 1.5 Organization of This Book ............................................................... 10
 1.6 Key Terms ........................................................................................ 11
 2 Beginning Python .................................................................................... 13
 2.1 Where to Write Code ....................................................................... 13
 2.2 How to Run Code in PythonWin and PyScripter ............................. 15
 2.3 How to Pass Input to a Script ........................................................... 20
 2.4 Python Components ......................................................................... 21
 2.4.1 Comments ............................................................................ 23
 2.4.2 Keywords ............................................................................. 23
 2.4.3 Indentation ........................................................................... 24
 2.4.4 Built-in Functions ................................................................ 24
 2.4.5 Variables, Assignment Statements, and Dynamic Typing ...... 26
 2.4.6 Variables Names and Tracebacks ......................................... 28
 2.4.7 Built-in Constants and Exceptions ....................................... 30
 2.4.8 Standard (Built-in) Modules ................................................ 31
 2.5 Key Terms ........................................................................................ 32
 2.6 Exercises .......................................................................................... 33
 3 Basic Data Types: Numbers and Strings .............................................. 37
 3.1 Numbers ........................................................................................... 37
 3.2 What Is a String? .............................................................................. 38 
x
 3.3 String Operations ............................................................................. 40
 3.3.1 Find the Length of Strings ................................................... 40
 3.3.2 Indexing into Strings ............................................................ 41
 3.3.3 Slice Strings ......................................................................... 42
 3.3.4 Concatenate Strings ............................................................. 43
 3.3.5 Check for Substring Membership ........................................ 44
 3.4 More Things with Strings (a.k.a. String Methods) .......................... 45
 3.5 File Paths and Raw Strings .............................................................. 49
 3.6 Unicode Strings ................................................................................ 51
 3.7 Printing Strings and Numbers .......................................................... 52
 3.8 Key Terms ........................................................................................ 54
 3.9 Exercises .......................................................................................... 54
 4 Basic Data Types: Lists and Tuples ....................................................... 59
 4.1 Lists .................................................................................................. 59
 4.1.1 Sequence Operations on Lists .............................................. 60
 4.1.2 List Methods ........................................................................ 61
 4.1.3 The Built-in range Function .............................................. 62
 4.1.4 Copying a List ...................................................................... 62
 4.2 Tuples ............................................................................................... 64
 4.3 Syntax Check and Tracebacks ......................................................... 65
 4.4 Key Terms ........................................................................................ 69
 4.5 Exercises .......................................................................................... 70
 5 ArcGIS and Python ................................................................................. 77
 5.1 ArcToolbox ...................................................................................... 77
 5.2 ArcGIS Python Resources ............................................................... 79
 5.3 Exporting Models ............................................................................. 81
 5.4 Working with GIS Data.................................................................... 83
 5.5 ArcGIS   Python = arcpy ................................................................ 84
 5.6 arcpy Functions ................................................................................ 87
 5.7 Environment Settings ....................................................................... 89
 5.8 Key Terms ........................................................................................ 92
 5.9 Exercises .......................................................................................... 92
 6 Calling Tools with Arcpy ........................................................................ 95
 6.1 Calling Tools .................................................................................... 95
 6.2 Help Resources ................................................................................ 97
 6.2.1 Tool Help ............................................................................. 97
 6.2.2 Code Snippets ...................................................................... 98
 6.3 Tool Parameters ................................................................................ 99
 6.3.1 Linear Units ......................................................................... 99
 6.3.2 Python Expressions as Inputs............................................... 100
 6.3.3 Multivalue Inputs ................................................................. 101
 6.3.4 Optional Parameters ............................................................. 102
 6.4 Return Values and Result Objects .................................................... 103
Contents
xi
 6.5 Spatial Analyst Toolbox ................................................................. 107
 6.5.1 Calling Spatial Analyst tools .............................................. 107
 6.5.2 Importing spatial analyst .................................................... 109
 6.5.3 Raster Calculator ................................................................ 109
 6.6 Temporary Feature Layers ............................................................. 111
 6.7 Using Variables for Multiple Tool Calls ........................................ 111
 6.8 Calling Custom Tools ..................................................................... 114
 6.9 A Word About Old Scripts ............................................................. 115
 6.10 Discussion ...................................................................................... 115
 6.11 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 116
 6.12 Exercises ........................................................................................ 116
 7 Getting User Input .................................................................................. 119
 7.1 Hard-coding versus Soft-coding .................................................... 119
 7.2 Using GetParameterAsText ............................................................ 120
 7.3 Using sys.argv ................................................................................ 121
 7.4 Missing Arguments ........................................................................ 122
 7.5 Argument Spacing .......................................................................... 123
 7.6 Handling File Names and Paths with os Module Functions ......... 125
 7.6.1 Getting the Script Path ....................................................... 128
 7.7 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 129
 7.8 Exercises ........................................................................................ 129
 8 Controlling Flow ..................................................................................... 133
 8.1 Outlining Workfl ow ....................................................................... 133
 8.2 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 139
 8.3 Exercises ........................................................................................ 139
 9 Decision-Making and Describing Data ................................................. 141
 9.1 Conditional Expressions ................................................................ 145
 9.1.1 Comparison Operators ....................................................... 146
 9.1.2 Equality vs. Assignment..................................................... 148
 9.1.3 Logical Operators ............................................................... 148
 9.1.4 Membership Operators ....................................................... 149
 9.2 ArcGIS Tools That Make Selections .............................................. 150
 9.2.1 Select by Attributes and Temporary Feature Layers .......... 153
 9.3 Getting a Description of the Data .................................................. 154
 9.3.1 Describe Object Properties ............................................ 155
 9.3.2 Lists of Properties............................................................... 156
 9.3.3 Using Specialized Properties .............................................. 156
 9.3.4 Compound vs. Nested Conditions ...................................... 158
 9.3.5 Testing Conditions .............................................................. 160
 9.4 Required and Optional Script Input ............................................... 161
 9.5 Creating Output Directories ........................................................... 165
 9.6 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 166
 9.7 Exercises ........................................................................................ 167
Contents
xii
 10 Repetition: Looping for Geoprocessing ................................................ 171
 10.1 Looping Syntax .............................................................................. 171
 10.1.1 WHILE-Loops .................................................................. 172
 10.1.2 FOR-Loops ....................................................................... 175
 10.2 Nested Code Blocks ....................................................................... 179
 10.3 Directory Inventory ........................................................................ 180
 10.4 Indentation and the TabNanny ....................................................... 183
 10.5 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 184
 10.6 Exercises ........................................................................................ 184
 11 Batch Geoprocessing ............................................................................... 187
 11.1 List GIS Data ................................................................................. 187
 11.2 Specify Data Name and Type......................................................... 190
 11.3 List Fields ...................................................................................... 194
 11.4 Administrative Lists ....................................................................... 196
 11.5 Batch Geoprocess Lists of Data ..................................................... 197
 11.6 Debug: Step Through Code ........................................................... 200
 11.7 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 203
 11.8 Exercises ........................................................................................ 204
 12 Additional Looping Functions ............................................................... 209
 12.1 List Comprehension ....................................................................... 209
 12.2 The Built-in enumerate Function .............................................. 211
 12.3 The Built-in zip Function ............................................................ 213
 12.4 Walking Through Subdirectories ................................................... 214
 12.5 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 219
 12.6 Exercises ........................................................................................ 220
 13 Debugging ................................................................................................ 223
 13.1 Syntax Errors ................................................................................. 224
 13.2 Exceptions ...................................................................................... 224
 13.3 Logic Errors ................................................................................... 226
 13.4 PythonWin Debugging Toolbar ..................................................... 229
 13.4.1 Using Breakpoints ............................................................ 230
 13.5 Running in Debug Mode ................................................................ 234
 13.6 PyScripter Debugging Toolbar ....................................................... 235
 13.7 Debugging Tips .............................................................................. 237
 13.8 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 237
 13.9 Exercises ........................................................................................ 237
 14 Error Handling ........................................................................................ 241
 14.1 try/except Structures ...................................................................... 243
 14.1.1 Using Named Exceptions ................................................ 244
 14.1.2 Multiple except Blocks .................................................... 245
 14.1.3 Error Handling Gotcha .................................................... 247
 14.2 Geoprocessing and Error Handling ................................................ 248
 14.2.1 Getting Geoprocessing Messages .................................... 249
 14.2.2 The arcpy Named Exception ............................................ 251
 14.3 Catching Exceptions in Loops ....................................................... 252
Contents
xiii
 14.4 Discussion .................................................................................... 255
 14.5 Key Terms .................................................................................... 256
 14.6 Exercises ...................................................................................... 257
 15 User-Defined Functions .......................................................................... 261
 15.1 A Word About Function Words ................................................... 261
 15.1.1 How It Works ................................................................. 263
 15.1.2 The Docstring ................................................................. 265
 15.2 Custom Functions with Arguments ............................................. 266
 15.2.1 Script Arguments vs. Functions Arguments .................. 268
 15.2.2 Optional Arguments ....................................................... 270
 15.3 Returning Values .......................................................................... 271
 15.3.1 A Common Mistake: Where Did the None
Come from? .................................................................... 274
 15.3.2 Returning Multiple Values ............................................. 276
 15.4 When to Write Functions ............................................................. 277
 15.4.1 Where to Defi ne Functions............................................. 279
 15.5 Variables Inside and Outside of Functions .................................. 280
 15.5.1 Mutable Arguments Can Change ................................... 280
 15.5.2 Pass in Outside Variables ............................................... 282
 15.6 Key Terms .................................................................................... 283
 15.7 Exercises ...................................................................................... 283
 16 User-Defined Modules ............................................................................ 291
 16.1 Importing User-Defi ned Modules ................................................ 291
 16.2 Using Functions in Another Module ........................................... 296
 16.3 Modifying User-Defi ned Modules (Reload!) .............................. 298
 16.4 Am I the Main Module? What’s My Name? ............................... 299
 16.5 Time Handling Example .............................................................. 301
 16.6 Summary ...................................................................................... 304
 16.7 Key Terms .................................................................................... 304
 16.8 Exercises ...................................................................................... 304
 17 Reading and Writing with Cursors ....................................................... 309
 17.1 Introduction to Cursors ................................................................ 310
 17.2 Reading Rows .............................................................................. 311
 17.3 The Field Names Parameter ......................................................... 313
 17.4 The Shape Field and Geometry Tokens ....................................... 315
 17.5 Looping with Cursors .................................................................. 317
 17.6 Locking ........................................................................................ 317
 17.6.1 The del Statement ........................................................... 319
 17.6.2 The with Statement ........................................................ 320
 17.7 Update Cursors ............................................................................ 321
 17.8 Insert Cursors ............................................................................... 322
 17.8.1 Inserting Geometric Objects .......................................... 325
 17.9 Selecting Rows with SQL ............................................................ 328
 17.10 Key Terms .................................................................................... 330
 17.11 Exercises ...................................................................................... 331
Contents
xiv
 18 Dictionaries .............................................................................................. 335
 18.1 Dictionary Terms and Syntax ......................................................... 336
 18.1.1 Access by Key, Not by Index ........................................... 337
 18.1.2 Conditional Construct vs. Dictionary .............................. 338
 18.1.3 How to Modify: Update/Add/Delete Items ..................... 339
 18.2 Dictionary Operations and Methods .............................................. 341
 18.2.1 Does It Have That Key? ................................................... 341
 18.2.2 Listing Keys, Values, and Items ....................................... 342
 18.2.3 Looping Through Dictionaries ........................................ 343
 18.3 Populating a Dictionary ................................................................. 344
 18.3.1 Dictionaries and Cursors .................................................. 348
 18.4 Discussion ...................................................................................... 350
 18.5 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 350
 18.6 Exercises ........................................................................................ 350
 19 Reading and Writing Text Files ............................................................. 357
 19.1 Working with file Objects ............................................................ 357
 19.1.1 The WITH Statement ....................................................... 359
 19.1.2 Writing Text Files ............................................................ 359
 19.1.3 Safe File Reading ............................................................. 362
 19.1.4 The os Working Directory vs.
the arcpy workspace ................................................. 362
 19.1.5 Reading Text Files ........................................................... 364
 19.2 Parsing Line Contents .................................................................... 365
 19.2.1 Parsing Field Names ........................................................ 369
 19.3 Modifying Text Files...................................................................... 370
 19.3.1 Pseudocode for Modifying Text Files .............................. 372
 19.3.2 Working with Tabular Text .............................................. 372
 19.4 Pickling .......................................................................................... 376
 19.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 378
 19.6 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 379
 19.7 Exercises ........................................................................................ 379
 20 Working with HTML and KML ............................................................ 385
 20.1 Working with HTML ..................................................................... 385
 20.1.1 Specifying Links .............................................................. 387
 20.1.2 Embedding Images .......................................................... 388
 20.1.3 HTML Lists ..................................................................... 389
 20.1.4 HTML Tables ................................................................... 389
 20.1.5 Writing HTML with Python ............................................ 390
 20.1.6 Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup ................................. 393
 20.2 Fetching and Uncompressing Data ................................................ 397
 20.2.1 Fetching HTML ............................................................... 397
 20.2.2 Fetching Compressed Data .............................................. 398
 20.2.3 Expanding Compressed Data ........................................... 399
 20.3 Working with KML........................................................................ 401
 20.3.1 The Structure of KML ..................................................... 402
Contents
xv
 20.3.2 Parsing KML.................................................................... 403
 20.3.3 Converting KML to Shapefi le .......................................... 405
 20.4 Discussion ...................................................................................... 406
 20.5 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 407
 20.6 Exercises ........................................................................................ 407
 21 Classes ...................................................................................................... 415
 21.1 Why Use OOP? .............................................................................. 416
 21.2 Defi ning a Class ............................................................................. 418
 21.3 Object Initialization and Self ......................................................... 419
 21.4 Using Class Objects ....................................................................... 420
 21.5 Where to Defi ne a Class ................................................................. 425
 21.6 Classes Within a Separate User-Defi ned Module .......................... 427
 21.7 Discussion ...................................................................................... 428
 21.8 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 430
 21.9 Exercises ........................................................................................ 430
 22 User Interfaces for File and Folder Selection ....................................... 435
 22.1 A Simple Interface with raw_input .......................................... 435
 22.2 File Handling with tkFileDialog ........................................... 436
 22.2.1 Getting File and Directory Names ................................... 437
 22.2.2 Options ............................................................................. 439
 22.2.3 Opening Files for Reading and Writing ........................... 443
 22.3 Discussion ...................................................................................... 444
 22.4 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 445
 22.5 Exercises ........................................................................................ 446
 23 ArcGIS Python GUIs .............................................................................. 449
 23.1 Creating a Script Tool .................................................................... 450
 23.1.1 Printing from a Script Tool .............................................. 452
 23.1.2 Making a Script Tool Button ........................................... 454
 23.1.3 Pointing to a Script .......................................................... 456
 23.2 Creating a GUI ............................................................................... 458
 23.2.1 Using Parameter Data Types ............................................ 461
 23.2.2 Using Parameter Properties ............................................. 464
 23.3 Showing Progress........................................................................... 478
 23.4 Validating Input.............................................................................. 481
 23.4.1 The ToolValidator Class ................................................... 483
 23.5 Python Toolboxes ........................................................................... 489
 23.5.1 Setting Up Parameters (getParameterInfo) ........... 491
 23.5.2 Checking for Licenses (isLicensed) .......................... 492
 23.5.3 Validation (updateParameters and
update Messages) ....................................................... 493
 23.5.4 Running the Code (execute) ........................................ 494
 23.5.5 Comparing Tools .............................................................. 496
 23.6 Discussion ...................................................................................... 499
 23.7 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 500
 23.8 Exercises ........................................................................................ 500
Contents
xvi
 24 Mapping Module ..................................................................................... 505
 24.1 Map Documents ............................................................................. 507
 24.1.1 Map Name or 'CURRENT' Map .................................... 510
 24.1.2 MapDocument Properties .............................................. 511
 24.1.3 Saving Map Documents ................................................... 513
 24.2 Working with Data Frames ............................................................ 514
 24.3 Working with Layers...................................................................... 515
 24.3.1 Moving, Removing, and Adding Layers ......................... 517
 24.3.2 Working with Symbology ................................................ 520
 24.4 Managing Layout Elements ........................................................... 522
 24.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 525
 24.6 Key Terms ...................................................................................... 525
 24.7 Exercises ........................................................................................ 526
Index ................................................................................................................. 531
标签： ArcGIS python GIS AR py
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