实例介绍
【实例简介】
1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Design and Structure of the Eye 1 1.3 Optical Aberrations and Consequences for Visual Performance 5 1.4 Chromatic Aberration 9 1.5 Neural Adaptation to Monochromatic Aberrations 12 1.6 Optimizing Retinal Processing with Limited Cell Numbers, Space and Energy 13 1.7 Adaptation to Di
Related Titles Florczyk, S Pratt. W.K Robot vision Digital Image Processing Video-based Indoor Exploration PIKS Inside with Autonomous 756 pages and mobile robots 2001 216 pages with 89 figures and 3 tables Hardcover 2005 SBN0-471-37407-5 Hardcover Nikolaidis. N. Pitas. I SBN3-527-40544-5 3-D Image Processing Mather. P. M Algorithms Computer Processing 190 pages of Remotely-Sensed Images 2001 An Introduction Hardcover SBN0-471-37736-8 442 pages 2004 Pitas. I Softcover Digital Image Processing SBN0-470-84919-3 Algorithms and Applications Bose, T, Meyer, F 432 pages Digital Signal 2000 and Image Processing Hardcover SBN0-471-37739-2 International Edition Vincze, M, Hager, G D(eds approx. 656 pages 2003 Robust Vision for vision-Based Ha Control of Motion SBN0-471-45230-0 approx. 262 pages Mann s 2000 Hardcover Intelligent Image Processing SBN0-7803-5378-1 360 pages Petrou, M, Bosdogianni, P 2002 Hardcover Image processin SBN0-471-40637-6 The Fundamentals 354 pages 1999 Hardcover SBN0-471-99883-4 Handbook of machine vision Edited by Alexander Hornberg WILEY VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag gmbh co KGaA The editor All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, editors, authors and Prof. Dr. Alexander Hornberg publisher do not warrant the information contained Hochschule Esslingen in these books to be free of errors Readers are FB Mechatronik u. Eletrotechnik advised to keep in mind that statements, data alexander hornberg@fht-esslingende lustration, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No: applied for c dividual controllable stack of red and iR British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication ring lights for presence check of circuits and Data quality check of soldering points a catalogue record for this book is available from C Vision Control GmbH, Suhl/Germany le British Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publicatio the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de C 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag gmbh Co KGaA All rights reserved (including those of translati into other languages). No part of this book may be produced in any form- by photocopying microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names. trademarks. etc used in this book when not specifically marked as such, are ng dered unprotected by law Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid- free and chlorine- free paper Co Typesetting Steingraeber Satztechnik GmbH Ladenburg Printing: betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding: Litges Dopf Buchbinderei Gmbh, heppenheim SBN-13:978-3527405848 sBN10:3-527405844 Contents Processing of Information in the Human Visual System Prof. Dr. F. Schaeffel, University of tubingen 1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Design and Structure of the Eye 1 1.3 Optical aberrations and Consequences for visual performance 5 1.4 Chromatic aberration 9 1.5 Neural Adaptation to Monochromatic Aberrations 12 1.6 Optimizing Retinal processing with Limited Cell Numbers, Space and Energy 1 1.7 Adaptation to Different Light Levels 13 18 Rod and cone responses 15 1.9 Spiking and Coding 18 1.10 Temporal and Spatial Performance 19 1.11 ON/OFF Structure, Division of the Whole Illuminance Amplitude in Two Segments 20 1.12 Consequences of the Rod and Cone Diversity on Retinal wiring 21 1.13 Motion Sensitivity in the retina 21 1.14 Visual Information Processing in Higher Centers 23 1.14.1 Morphology 23 1. 14.2 Functional Aspects -Receptive Field Structures and Cortical Modules 24 1.15 Effects of Attention 26 1.16 Color Vision, Color Constancy, and Color Contrast 27 1.17 Depth Perception 28 1.18 Adaptation in the Visual System to Color, Spatial, and Temporal Contrast 29 1.19 Conclusions 30 References 32 VI Contents 2 Introduction to building a machine vision Inspection 35 Axel Telljohann, Consulting Team machine vision(CTMv) 2.1 Preface 35 2.2 Specifying a Machine Vision System 36 2.2. 1 Task and benefit 37 2.2.2 Parts 37 2.2.2.1 Different Part Types 38 2.2.3 Part Presentation 38 2.2.4 Performance Requirements 39 2.2.4.1 Accuracy 39 2.2, 4.2 Time performance 39 2.2.5 Information Interfaces 39 2.2.6 Installation Space 40 2.2.7 Environment 41 2. 2. 8 Checklist 41 2.3 Designing a Machine vision System 41 2.3.1 Camera Type 41 2. 3.2 Field of view 42 2.3.3 Resolution 43 2.3.3.1 Camera Sensor Resolution 44 2.3.3.2 Spatial Resolution 44 2.3.3.3 Measurement Accuracy 44 2.3.3.4 Calculation of resolution 45 2.3.3.5 Resolution for a Line scan Camera 45 2.3.4 Choice of Camera, Frame grabber, and hardware Platform 46 2.3.4.1 Camera Model 46 2.3.4.2 Frame Grabber 46 2.3.4.3 Pixel Rate 46 2.3.4.4 Hardware Platform 47 2.3.5 Lens design 48 2.3.5.1 Focal Length 48 2.3.5.2 Lens flange Focal Distance 49 2.3.5.3 Extension Tubes 49 2.3.5.4 Lens diameter and sensor Size 50 2.3.5.5 Sensor Resolution and Lens Quality 50 2.3.6 Choice of illumination 50 2.3.6.1 Concept: Maximize Contrast 51 2.3.6.2 Illumination Setups 51 2.3.6. 3 Light Sources 52 2.3.6.4 Approach to the Optimum Setup 52 2.3.6.5 Interfering Lighting 53 2.3.7 Mechanical Design 53 Contents Vll 2.3. 8 Electrical Desi 2.3.9 Software 54 2.3.9.1 Software Library 54 2.3.9.2 Software Structure 54 2.3.9. 3 General Topics 55 2.4 Costs 56 2.5 Words on Project Realization 57 2.5.1 Development and Installation 57 2.5.2 Test Run and acceptance Test 58 2.5.3 Training and Documentation 58 2.6 Examples 58 2.6.1 Diameter Inspection of Rivets 59 2.6.1.1Task59 2.6.1.2 Specification 59 2.6.1.3D 2.6.2 Tubing Inspection 65 2.6.2.1Task65 2.6.2.2 Specification 65 2.6. 2 3 Design 66 Lighting in Machine Vision 73 I Jahr, Vision Control gmbH 3.1 Introduction 73 3.1. 1 Prologue 73 3.1.2 The Involvement of lighting in the Complex machine vision olution 75 Demands on Machine Vision lighting 78 3.3 Light used in Machine Vision 82 3.3. 1 What is Light? Axioms of Light 82 3.3.2 Light and Light Perception 84 3.3.3 Light Sources for Machine Vision 88 3.3.3.1 Incandescent Lamps /Halogen Lamps 89 3.3.3.2 Metal Vapor Lamps 91 3.3.3.3 Xenon Lamps 92 3.3.3.4 Fluorescent Lamps 93 3. 3.3.5 LEDs(Light Emitting Diodes)95 3.3.3.6 Lasers99 3.3.4 The Light Sources in Comparison 100 3. 3.5 Considerations for Light Sources: Lifetime, Aging, Drift 100 3.3.5.1 Lifetime 100 3.3.5.2 Aging and drift 102 VII Contents Interaction of Test Object and light 105 3.4.1 Risk Factor Test Object 105 3.4.1.1 What Does the Test object do With the Incoming Light? 106 3.4.1.2 Reflection /reflectance/scattering 107 3.4.1.3 Total reflection 111 3.4.1.4 Transmission/ transmittance 112 3.4.1.5 Absorption/absorbance 113 3.4.1.6 Diffraction 114 3.4.1.7 Refraction 115 3.4.2 Light Color and Part Color 116 3.4.2.1 Visible Light(vIS)-Monochromatic Light 116 3.4.2.2 Visible Light(VIS)-White Light 118 3.4.2.3 Infrared Light(IR) 119 3.4.2.4 Ultraviolet Light(UV) 121 3.4.2.5 Polarized light 122 3.5 Basic Rules and Laws of Light Distribution 125 3.5.1 Basic Physical quantities of light 125 3.5.2 The photometric Inverse Square law 127 3.5.3 The Constancy of Luminance 128 3.5.4 What Light Arrives at the sensor light Transmission Through the Lens 129 3.5.5 Light Distribution of Lighting Components 131 3.5.6 Contrast 134 3.5.7 Exposure 136 3.6 Light Filters 138 3.6.1 Characteristic Values of Light Filters 138 3.6.2 Influences of light Filters on the optical path 140 3.6.3 Types of Light Filters 141 3.6.4 Anti-Reflective Coatings(Ar) 143 3.6.5 Light Filters for Machine Vision 144 3.6.5.1 UV Blocking Filter 144 3.6.5.2 Daylight Suppression Filter 144 3.6.5.3 IR Suppression Filter 146 3.6.5.4 Neutral Filter/ Neutral Density Filter /Gray Filter 146 3.6.5.5 Polarization filter 147 3.6.5. 6 Color Filters 148 3.6.5.7 Filter Combinations 149 Lighting Techniques and Their Use 150 3.7.1 How to Find a Suitable lighting? 150 3. 7.2 Planning the Lighting Solution-Influence Factors 151 3.7.3 Lighting Systematics 154 3.7.3.1 Directional Properties of the light 155 Contents IX 3. 7.3.2 Arrangement of the Lighting 157 3. 7.3.3 Properties of the Illuminated Field 158 3.7.4 The lighting Techniques in Detail 160 3.7. 4.1 Diffuse Bright Field Incident light 160 3. 7.4.2 Directed Bright Field Incident Light 162 3. 7.4.3 Telecentric Bright Field Incident Light 163 3.7.4.4 Structured Bright Field Incident Light 165 3. 7.4.5 Diffuse/Directed Partial Bright Field Incident Light 169 3. 7.4.6 Diffuse/Directed Dark Field Incident Light 173 3. 7.4.7 The Limits of the Incident Lighting 176 3. 7.4.8 Diffuse Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 177 3. 7.4.9 Directed Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 178 3.7.4.10 Telecentric Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 180 3. 7.4.11 Diffuse/Directed Transmitted Dark Field Lighting 184 3.7.5 Combined lighting Techniques 184 38 Lighting Control 186 3.8.1 Reasons for light Control-the Environmental Industrial Conditions 186 3.8.2 Electrical Control 186 3.8.2.1 Stable Operation 186 3.8.2.2 Brightness Control 189 3.8.2. 3 Temporal Control: Static-Pulse- Flash 189 3.8.2.4 Some Considerations for the Use of Flash Light 191 3.8. 2.5 Temporal and local Control: Adaptive Lighting 195 3.8.3 Geometrical Control 198 3.8.3. 1 Lighting from Large Distances 198 3.8.3.2 Light Deflection 199 3.8.4 Suppression of Ambient and Extraneous light-Measures for a Stable lighting 200 3.9 Lighting Perspectives for the Future 201 References 202 Optical Systems in Machine vision 205 Dr. Karl Lenhardt, Jos. Schneider optische werke gmbH 4.1 A Look on the Foundations of geometrical Optics 205 4.1.1 From electrod the light ra 205 4.1.2 The Basic laws of Geometrical Optics 208 4.2 Gaussian Optics 210 4.2.1 Reflection and Refraction at the boundary between two Media 210 4.2.2 Linearizing the law of refraction -the paraxial Approximation 212 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Design and Structure of the Eye 1 1.3 Optical Aberrations and Consequences for Visual Performance 5 1.4 Chromatic Aberration 9 1.5 Neural Adaptation to Monochromatic Aberrations 12 1.6 Optimizing Retinal Processing with Limited Cell Numbers, Space and Energy 13 1.7 Adaptation to Di
Related Titles Florczyk, S Pratt. W.K Robot vision Digital Image Processing Video-based Indoor Exploration PIKS Inside with Autonomous 756 pages and mobile robots 2001 216 pages with 89 figures and 3 tables Hardcover 2005 SBN0-471-37407-5 Hardcover Nikolaidis. N. Pitas. I SBN3-527-40544-5 3-D Image Processing Mather. P. M Algorithms Computer Processing 190 pages of Remotely-Sensed Images 2001 An Introduction Hardcover SBN0-471-37736-8 442 pages 2004 Pitas. I Softcover Digital Image Processing SBN0-470-84919-3 Algorithms and Applications Bose, T, Meyer, F 432 pages Digital Signal 2000 and Image Processing Hardcover SBN0-471-37739-2 International Edition Vincze, M, Hager, G D(eds approx. 656 pages 2003 Robust Vision for vision-Based Ha Control of Motion SBN0-471-45230-0 approx. 262 pages Mann s 2000 Hardcover Intelligent Image Processing SBN0-7803-5378-1 360 pages Petrou, M, Bosdogianni, P 2002 Hardcover Image processin SBN0-471-40637-6 The Fundamentals 354 pages 1999 Hardcover SBN0-471-99883-4 Handbook of machine vision Edited by Alexander Hornberg WILEY VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag gmbh co KGaA The editor All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, editors, authors and Prof. Dr. Alexander Hornberg publisher do not warrant the information contained Hochschule Esslingen in these books to be free of errors Readers are FB Mechatronik u. Eletrotechnik advised to keep in mind that statements, data alexander hornberg@fht-esslingende lustration, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No: applied for c dividual controllable stack of red and iR British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication ring lights for presence check of circuits and Data quality check of soldering points a catalogue record for this book is available from C Vision Control GmbH, Suhl/Germany le British Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publicatio the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de C 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag gmbh Co KGaA All rights reserved (including those of translati into other languages). No part of this book may be produced in any form- by photocopying microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names. trademarks. etc used in this book when not specifically marked as such, are ng dered unprotected by law Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid- free and chlorine- free paper Co Typesetting Steingraeber Satztechnik GmbH Ladenburg Printing: betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding: Litges Dopf Buchbinderei Gmbh, heppenheim SBN-13:978-3527405848 sBN10:3-527405844 Contents Processing of Information in the Human Visual System Prof. Dr. F. Schaeffel, University of tubingen 1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Design and Structure of the Eye 1 1.3 Optical aberrations and Consequences for visual performance 5 1.4 Chromatic aberration 9 1.5 Neural Adaptation to Monochromatic Aberrations 12 1.6 Optimizing Retinal processing with Limited Cell Numbers, Space and Energy 1 1.7 Adaptation to Different Light Levels 13 18 Rod and cone responses 15 1.9 Spiking and Coding 18 1.10 Temporal and Spatial Performance 19 1.11 ON/OFF Structure, Division of the Whole Illuminance Amplitude in Two Segments 20 1.12 Consequences of the Rod and Cone Diversity on Retinal wiring 21 1.13 Motion Sensitivity in the retina 21 1.14 Visual Information Processing in Higher Centers 23 1.14.1 Morphology 23 1. 14.2 Functional Aspects -Receptive Field Structures and Cortical Modules 24 1.15 Effects of Attention 26 1.16 Color Vision, Color Constancy, and Color Contrast 27 1.17 Depth Perception 28 1.18 Adaptation in the Visual System to Color, Spatial, and Temporal Contrast 29 1.19 Conclusions 30 References 32 VI Contents 2 Introduction to building a machine vision Inspection 35 Axel Telljohann, Consulting Team machine vision(CTMv) 2.1 Preface 35 2.2 Specifying a Machine Vision System 36 2.2. 1 Task and benefit 37 2.2.2 Parts 37 2.2.2.1 Different Part Types 38 2.2.3 Part Presentation 38 2.2.4 Performance Requirements 39 2.2.4.1 Accuracy 39 2.2, 4.2 Time performance 39 2.2.5 Information Interfaces 39 2.2.6 Installation Space 40 2.2.7 Environment 41 2. 2. 8 Checklist 41 2.3 Designing a Machine vision System 41 2.3.1 Camera Type 41 2. 3.2 Field of view 42 2.3.3 Resolution 43 2.3.3.1 Camera Sensor Resolution 44 2.3.3.2 Spatial Resolution 44 2.3.3.3 Measurement Accuracy 44 2.3.3.4 Calculation of resolution 45 2.3.3.5 Resolution for a Line scan Camera 45 2.3.4 Choice of Camera, Frame grabber, and hardware Platform 46 2.3.4.1 Camera Model 46 2.3.4.2 Frame Grabber 46 2.3.4.3 Pixel Rate 46 2.3.4.4 Hardware Platform 47 2.3.5 Lens design 48 2.3.5.1 Focal Length 48 2.3.5.2 Lens flange Focal Distance 49 2.3.5.3 Extension Tubes 49 2.3.5.4 Lens diameter and sensor Size 50 2.3.5.5 Sensor Resolution and Lens Quality 50 2.3.6 Choice of illumination 50 2.3.6.1 Concept: Maximize Contrast 51 2.3.6.2 Illumination Setups 51 2.3.6. 3 Light Sources 52 2.3.6.4 Approach to the Optimum Setup 52 2.3.6.5 Interfering Lighting 53 2.3.7 Mechanical Design 53 Contents Vll 2.3. 8 Electrical Desi 2.3.9 Software 54 2.3.9.1 Software Library 54 2.3.9.2 Software Structure 54 2.3.9. 3 General Topics 55 2.4 Costs 56 2.5 Words on Project Realization 57 2.5.1 Development and Installation 57 2.5.2 Test Run and acceptance Test 58 2.5.3 Training and Documentation 58 2.6 Examples 58 2.6.1 Diameter Inspection of Rivets 59 2.6.1.1Task59 2.6.1.2 Specification 59 2.6.1.3D 2.6.2 Tubing Inspection 65 2.6.2.1Task65 2.6.2.2 Specification 65 2.6. 2 3 Design 66 Lighting in Machine Vision 73 I Jahr, Vision Control gmbH 3.1 Introduction 73 3.1. 1 Prologue 73 3.1.2 The Involvement of lighting in the Complex machine vision olution 75 Demands on Machine Vision lighting 78 3.3 Light used in Machine Vision 82 3.3. 1 What is Light? Axioms of Light 82 3.3.2 Light and Light Perception 84 3.3.3 Light Sources for Machine Vision 88 3.3.3.1 Incandescent Lamps /Halogen Lamps 89 3.3.3.2 Metal Vapor Lamps 91 3.3.3.3 Xenon Lamps 92 3.3.3.4 Fluorescent Lamps 93 3. 3.3.5 LEDs(Light Emitting Diodes)95 3.3.3.6 Lasers99 3.3.4 The Light Sources in Comparison 100 3. 3.5 Considerations for Light Sources: Lifetime, Aging, Drift 100 3.3.5.1 Lifetime 100 3.3.5.2 Aging and drift 102 VII Contents Interaction of Test Object and light 105 3.4.1 Risk Factor Test Object 105 3.4.1.1 What Does the Test object do With the Incoming Light? 106 3.4.1.2 Reflection /reflectance/scattering 107 3.4.1.3 Total reflection 111 3.4.1.4 Transmission/ transmittance 112 3.4.1.5 Absorption/absorbance 113 3.4.1.6 Diffraction 114 3.4.1.7 Refraction 115 3.4.2 Light Color and Part Color 116 3.4.2.1 Visible Light(vIS)-Monochromatic Light 116 3.4.2.2 Visible Light(VIS)-White Light 118 3.4.2.3 Infrared Light(IR) 119 3.4.2.4 Ultraviolet Light(UV) 121 3.4.2.5 Polarized light 122 3.5 Basic Rules and Laws of Light Distribution 125 3.5.1 Basic Physical quantities of light 125 3.5.2 The photometric Inverse Square law 127 3.5.3 The Constancy of Luminance 128 3.5.4 What Light Arrives at the sensor light Transmission Through the Lens 129 3.5.5 Light Distribution of Lighting Components 131 3.5.6 Contrast 134 3.5.7 Exposure 136 3.6 Light Filters 138 3.6.1 Characteristic Values of Light Filters 138 3.6.2 Influences of light Filters on the optical path 140 3.6.3 Types of Light Filters 141 3.6.4 Anti-Reflective Coatings(Ar) 143 3.6.5 Light Filters for Machine Vision 144 3.6.5.1 UV Blocking Filter 144 3.6.5.2 Daylight Suppression Filter 144 3.6.5.3 IR Suppression Filter 146 3.6.5.4 Neutral Filter/ Neutral Density Filter /Gray Filter 146 3.6.5.5 Polarization filter 147 3.6.5. 6 Color Filters 148 3.6.5.7 Filter Combinations 149 Lighting Techniques and Their Use 150 3.7.1 How to Find a Suitable lighting? 150 3. 7.2 Planning the Lighting Solution-Influence Factors 151 3.7.3 Lighting Systematics 154 3.7.3.1 Directional Properties of the light 155 Contents IX 3. 7.3.2 Arrangement of the Lighting 157 3. 7.3.3 Properties of the Illuminated Field 158 3.7.4 The lighting Techniques in Detail 160 3.7. 4.1 Diffuse Bright Field Incident light 160 3. 7.4.2 Directed Bright Field Incident Light 162 3. 7.4.3 Telecentric Bright Field Incident Light 163 3.7.4.4 Structured Bright Field Incident Light 165 3. 7.4.5 Diffuse/Directed Partial Bright Field Incident Light 169 3. 7.4.6 Diffuse/Directed Dark Field Incident Light 173 3. 7.4.7 The Limits of the Incident Lighting 176 3. 7.4.8 Diffuse Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 177 3. 7.4.9 Directed Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 178 3.7.4.10 Telecentric Bright Field Transmitted Lighting 180 3. 7.4.11 Diffuse/Directed Transmitted Dark Field Lighting 184 3.7.5 Combined lighting Techniques 184 38 Lighting Control 186 3.8.1 Reasons for light Control-the Environmental Industrial Conditions 186 3.8.2 Electrical Control 186 3.8.2.1 Stable Operation 186 3.8.2.2 Brightness Control 189 3.8.2. 3 Temporal Control: Static-Pulse- Flash 189 3.8.2.4 Some Considerations for the Use of Flash Light 191 3.8. 2.5 Temporal and local Control: Adaptive Lighting 195 3.8.3 Geometrical Control 198 3.8.3. 1 Lighting from Large Distances 198 3.8.3.2 Light Deflection 199 3.8.4 Suppression of Ambient and Extraneous light-Measures for a Stable lighting 200 3.9 Lighting Perspectives for the Future 201 References 202 Optical Systems in Machine vision 205 Dr. Karl Lenhardt, Jos. Schneider optische werke gmbH 4.1 A Look on the Foundations of geometrical Optics 205 4.1.1 From electrod the light ra 205 4.1.2 The Basic laws of Geometrical Optics 208 4.2 Gaussian Optics 210 4.2.1 Reflection and Refraction at the boundary between two Media 210 4.2.2 Linearizing the law of refraction -the paraxial Approximation 212 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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