Antenna.Theory.Analysis.and.Design(3rd.Edition)

【实例简介】
天线工程师的圣经，天线理论 分析与设计，本书是willey图书出版的，另外在美国高等教育中电磁场专业几乎人手一册。
Copyrighted Materials Copyright@2005JOhnWiley&sonsRetrievedfromwww.knovel.com 回回回回回回回回回回回回 Preface The third edition of Antenna Theory is designed to meet the needs of electrical engi neering and physics students at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate levels and those of practicing engineers. The text presumes that the students have knowledge of basic undergraduate electromagnetic theory, including Maxwells equations and the wave equation, introductory physics, and differential and integral calculus. Mathemat ical techniques required for understanding some advanced topics in the later chapters are incorporated in the individual chapters or are included as appendices The third edition has maintained all of the attractive features of the first two edi- tions, including the three-dimensional graphs to display the radiation characteristics of antennas, especially the amplitude patterns This feature was hailed as an innovative and first of its kind addition in a textbook on antennas. Additional graphs have been added to illustrate features of the radiation characteristics of some antennas however there have been many new features added to this edition. In particular, A new chapter on Smart Antennas( Chapter 16) A section on Fractal Antennas(Section 11.6) Summary tables of important equations in the respective chapters( Chapters 2,4 5,6,12-14) New figures, photos, and tables Additional end-of-the-chapter problems CD with the following Multimedia Material Power Point view graphs of lecture notes for each chapter, in multicolor End-of-the-chapter Interactive Questionnaires for review(40-65 for each chap ter) based on Java animations based on java Applets based on java MATLAB programs translated from the FORTRAN programs of the second edition A number of new MATLAB programs FORTRAN Programs from the second edition The Cd is attached to the book, and it will open automatically once inserted in the computer. It is highly recommended that the reader uses the Internet explorer (E)to open the Multimedia Material; other browsers may not perform well. For additional instructions on how to open and use the material in the CD, there is a hELP file in the cd XIII XIV PREFACE The books main objective is to introduce, in a unified manner, the fundamental princi ples of antenna theory and to apply them to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas. Because there are so many methods of analysis and design and a plethora of antenna structures, applications are made to some of the most basic and practical con figurations, such as linear dipoles; loops; arrays; broadband, and frequency-independent antennas; aperture antennas; horn antennas; microstrip antennas; and reflector antennas a tutorial chapter on Smart Antennas has been included to introduce the student in a technology that will advance antenna theory and design, and revolutionize wireless communications. It is based on antenna theory, digital signal processing, networks and communications. matlab simulation software has also been included. as well as a plethora of references for additional reading Introductory material on analytical methods, such as the moment method and Fourier transform( spectral) technique, is also included. These techniques, together with the fundamental principles of antenna theory can be used to analyze and design almost any antenna configuration a chapter on antenna measurements introduces state-of-the art methods used in the measurements of the most basic antenna characteristics(pattern, gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, impedance, current, and polarization and updates progress made in antenna instrumentation, antenna range design, and scale modelin Techniques and systems used in near-to far-field measurements and transformations are also discussed A sufficient number of topics have been covered, some for the first time in an under graduate text, so that the book will serve not only as a text but also as a reference for the practicing and design engineer and even the amateur radio buff. These include design procedures, and associated computer programs, for Yagi-Uda and log-periodic arrays horns, and microstrip patches; synthesis techniques using the Schelkunoff, Fourier transform, Woodward-Lawson, Tschebyscheff, and taylor methods; radiation charac teristics of corrugated, aperture-matched, and multimode horns; analysis and design of rectangular and circular microstrip patches; and matching techniques such as the binomial, Tschebyscheff, T-,gamma, and omega matches The text contains sufficient mathematical detail to enable the average undergraduate electrical engineering and physics students to follow, without too much difficulty, the flow of analysis and design. a certain amount of analytical detail, rigor, and thoroughness allows many of the topics to be traced to their origin. My experiences as a student, engineer and teacher have shown that a text for this course must not be a book of unrelated formulas, and it must not resemble a"cookbook This book begins with the most elementary material, develops underlying concepts needed for sequential topics, and progresses to more advanced methods and system configurations. Each chapter is subdivided into sections or subsections whose individual headings clearl identify the antenna characteristic(s) discussed, examined, or illustrated a distinguished feature of this book is its three-dimensional graphical illustrations from the first edition, which have been expanded and supplemented in the second and third editions. In the past, antenna texts have displayed the three-dimensional energy radiated by an antenna by a number of separate two-dimensional patterns. With the advent and revolutionary advances in digital computations and graphical displays an additional dimension has been introduced for the first time in an undergraduate antenna text by displaying the radiated energy of a given radiator by a single three dimensional graphical illustration. Such an image, formed by the graphical capabilities of the computer and available at most computational facilities gives a clear view of PREFACE XV the energy radiated in all space surrounding the antenna. It is hoped that this will lead to a better understanding of the underlying principles of radiation and provide a clearer visualization of the pattern formation in all space In addition, there is an abundance of general graphical illustrations, design data, references, and an expanded list of end-of-the chapter problems. Many of the principles are illustrated with examples, graphical illustrations, and physical arguments. Although students are often convinced that they understand the principles, difficulties arise when they attempt to use them. An example, especially a graphical illustration, can often better illuminate those principles. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words Numerical techniques and computer solutions are illustrated and encouraged. a number of matlaB computer programs are included in the Cd attached to the book Each program is interactive and prompts the user to enter the data in a sequential man ner. Some of these programs are translations of the fortran ones that were included in the first and second editions. However, many new ones have been developed. Every chapter, other than Chapters 3 and 17, have at least one MATLAB computer program some have as many as four. The outputs of the MatlaB programs include graphical illustrations and tabulated results. For completeness, the FortRan computer pro grams are also included, although there is not as much interest in them. The computer programs can be used for analysis and design. Some of them are more of the design type while some of the others are of the analysis type. Associated with each program there is a read me file, which summarizes the respective program The purpose of the Lecture Notes is to provide the instructors a copy of the text figures and some of the most important equations of each chapter. They can be used by the instructors in their lectures but need to be supplemented with additional narratives The students can use them to listen to the instructors' lectures without having to take detailed notes, but can supplement them in the margins with annotations from the lectures. Each instructor will use the notes in a different way The Interactive Questionnaires are intended as reviews of the material in each chapter. The student can use them to review for tests, exams, and so on. For each ques tion, there are three possible answers, but only one is correct. If the reader chooses one of them and it the correct answer it will so indicate however if the chosen answer is the wrong one, the program will automatically indicate the correct answer. An explanation button is provided, which gives a short narrative on the correct answer or indicates where in the book the correct answer can be found The animations can be used to illustrate some of the radiation characteristics such as amplitude patterns, of some antenna types, like line sources, dipoles, loops, arrays and horns. The Applets cover more chapters and can be used to examine some of the radiation characteristics(such as amplitude patterns, impedance, bandwidth, etc. ) of some of the antennas. This can be accomplished very rapidly without having to resort to the matlab programs, which are more detailed For course use, the text is intended primarily for a two-semester(or two-or three quarter) sequence in antenna theory. The first course should be given at the senior undergraduate level, and should cover most of the material in Chapters 1 through 7 and Chapters 16 and 17. The material in Chapters through 16 should be covered in a beginning graduate-level course Selected chapters and sections from the book can be covered in a single semester, without loss of continuity. However, it is almost essential that most of the material in Chapters 2 through 6 be covered in the first course and before proceeding to any more advanced topics. To cover all the material of the text PREFACE in the proposed time frame would be, in some cases, a very ambitious task. Sufficient topics have been included, however, to make the text complete and to give the teacher the flexibility to emphasize, deemphasize or omit sections or chapters Some of the chapters and sections can be omitted without loss of continuity In the entire book, an eJo time variation is assumed and it is suppressed The Inter national System of Units, which is an expanded form of the rationalized mKs system, is used in the text. In some cases, the units of length are in meters (or centimeters) and in feet (or inches). Numbers in parentheses o refer to equations, whereas those in brackets refer to references. For emphasis, the most important equations, once they are derived are boxed In some of the basic chapters the most important equations are summarized in tables I would like to acknowledge the invaluable suggestions from all those that con tributed to the first and second editions too numerous to mention here Their names and contributions are stated in the respective editions. It is a pleasure to acknowl- edge the invaluable suggestions and constructive criticisms of the reviewers of the third edition: Dr Stuart A Long of University of Houston, Dr Christos Christodoulou of University of New Mexico, Dr. Leo Kempel of Michigan State, and Dr. Sergey N. Makarov of Worcester Polytechnic University. There have been many other con- tributors to this edition, and their contributions are valued and acknowledged. Many graduate and undergraduate students from Arizona State University who have written many of the matlaB computer programs. Some of these programs were translated from the FOrtran ones, which appeared in the first and second editions. How- ever a number of entirely new MatLAB programs have been created, which are included for the first time, and do not have a FORTRaN counterpart. The name(s) of the individual contributors to each program is included in the respective program The author acknowledges Dr. Sava V. Savov of Technical University of Varna, Bul garia, for the valuable discussions, contributions and figures related to the integration of equation(5-59) in closed form in terms of bessel functions; Dr. Yahya rahmat Samii and dr. John P. gianvittorio of ucla for the figures on fractal antennas I would like to thank Craig R. Birtcher of Arizona State University for proofreading part of the manuscript; Bo Yang of Arizona State University for proofreading part of the manuscript, revising a number of the matlaB programs, and developing the flow chart for accessing the CD Multimedia material; and Razib s. Shishir of Arizona State University for developing all of the Java-based software, including the Interac tive Questionnaires, Applets, and Animations. Special thanks to the many companies (Motorola, InC, Northrop Grumman Corporation, March Microwave Systems, BV Ball aerospace Technologies Corporation, Samsung, Midland Radio Corporation, Winegard Company, Antenna Research Associates, Inc, Seavey Engineering Asso ciates, Inc, and tCl, a Dielectric Company) for providing photos, illustrations, and copyright permissions. The author acknowledges the long-term friendship and support from Dennis de Carlo, George C. Barber, Dr Karl Moeller, Dr Brian Mccabe, Dr. W Dev Palmer, Michael C. Miller, Frank A. Cansler, and the entire AhE Program mem bership, too long to be included here. The friendship and collaborative arrangements with prof. Thodoros d. tsiboukis and prof, john n. sahalos both from the aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, are recognized and appreciated. The loyalty and friendship of my graduate students is acknowledged and valued To all my teachers thank you. You have been my role models and inspiration PREFACE I am also grateful to the staff of John wiley sons, Inc, especially George Telecki Associate Publisher, Wiley-Interscience, for his interest, support, cooperation, and pro duction of the third edition; Danielle Lacourciere, Associate Managing Editor, for the roduction of the book; and Rachel witmer, Editorial Assistant, for managing the production of the cover. Finally, I must pay tribute to my family(Helen, Renie, and Stephanie) for their support, patience, sacrifice, and understanding for the many hours of neglect during the completion of the first, second, and third editions of this book It has been a pleasant but daunting task Constantine a. balanis Arizona State University Tempe AZ Copyrighted Materials Copyright@2005JOhnWiley&sonsRetrievedfromwww.knovel.com 回回回回回回回回回回回回 Contents Preface 1 Antennas 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Antennas 1.3 Radiation Mechanism 1. 4 Current distribution on a Thin wire antenna 1.5 Historical advancement 1.6 Multimedia 24 References 24 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 27 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Radiation pattern 27 2.3 Radiation Power Density 38 2. 4 Radiation Intensity 2.5 Beamwidth 2.6 Directivity 44 2.7 Numerical Techniques 58 2.8 Antenna Efficiency 2.9 Gain 2.10 Beam Efficiency 69 2.11 Bandwidth 2.12 Polarization 2. 13 Input Impedance 80 2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 87 2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 92 2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 2.18 Antenna Temperature 104 2.19 Multimedia 108 References Problems 14 CONTENTS 3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 33 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Vector potential a for an electric current source j 135 3.3 The Vector Potential f for a magnetic Current Source M 137 3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric () and magnetic (M) Current Sources 3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave equation 139 3.6 Far-Field Radiation 142 3.7 Duality Theorem 144 3.8 Reciprocity and reaction Theorems 144 References 15 0 Problems 4 Linear Wire Antennas 15 4.1 Introd 51 4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 151 4.3 Small dipole 4. 4 Region Separation 165 4.5 Finite Length Dipole 170 4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 182 4.7 Linear elements near or on infinite perfect Conductors 184 4. 8 Ground effects 205 4.9C Iter Cod 214 4.10 Multimedia 217 References 218 Problems 5 Loop Antennas 23 5.1 Introduction 231 5.2 Small Circular Loop 232 5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 246 5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 261 5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 263 5.7 Ferrite Loop 266 5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 268 5.9 Multimedia 0 References 273 Problems 6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 283 6.1 Introduction 283 6.2 Two-Element Array 284 6.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and spacin 290 6.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity CONTENTS X 6.5 Design procedure 6.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 320 6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical solution 阝22 6.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 324 6.9 Superdirectivity 345 6.10 Planar Array 349 6.11 Design Considerations 362 6.12 Circular Array 365 6.13 Multimedia 369 References 370 Problems 371 7 Antenna Synthesis and continuous Sources 35 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Continuous sources 阝386 7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 88 7. 4 Fourier transform method 393 7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 7.6 Taylor Line-Source(Tschebyscheff-Error) 406 7. Taylor Line-Source(One-Parameter 410 7. 8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 417 7.9 Line-Source Phase distributions 418 7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 419 7.11 Multimedia 423 Ref 423 Problems 424 8 Integral equations, Moment Method, and Self and mutual Impedances 43 8.1 Introduction A433 8.2 Integral Equation Method 434 8. 3 Finite diameter wires 442 8. 4 Moment method solution 45 8.5 Self-Impedance 458 8.6 Mutual Impedance between Linear Elements 468 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 478 8. 8 Multimedia 91 References A01 Problems 494 9 Broadband dipoles and Matching Techniques 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biconical antenna 9.3 Triangular Sheet, bow-Tie, and wire simulation 9.4 Cylindrical Dipole 508 【实例截图】
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