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C Primer Plus, Fifth Edition.pdf

C/C++语言基础

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C语言学习手册(英文原版),编程,从阅读英文原版开启

C primer 5th Edition.pdf

【文件目录】

Table of content
Chapter 1. Getting Ready................................................................................................................ 1
Whence C? ............................................................................................................................... 1
Why C?...................................................................................................................................... 1
Whither C? ................................................................................................................................ 3
What Computers Do................................................................................................................. 4
High-level Computer Languages and Compilers .................................................................. 5
Using C: Seven Steps.............................................................................................................. 6
Programming Mechanics......................................................................................................... 9
Language Standards.............................................................................................................. 15
How This Book Is Organized................................................................................................. 16
Conventions Used in This Book............................................................................................ 16
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 18
Review Questions .................................................................................................................. 18
Programming Exercise........................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 2. Introducing C ............................................................................................................... 19
A Simple Example of C.......................................................................................................... 19
The Example Explained......................................................................................................... 20
The Structure of a Simple Program...................................................................................... 30
Tips on Making Your Programs Readable........................................................................... 31
Taking Another Step in Using C............................................................................................ 32
While You're at It—Multiple Functions ................................................................................. 33
Introducing Debugging........................................................................................................... 35
Keywords and Reserved Identifiers...................................................................................... 38
Key Concepts.......................................................................................................................... 38
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 39
Review Questions .................................................................................................................. 39
Programming Exercises......................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 3. Data and C................................................................................................................... 41
A Sample Program................................................................................................................. 42
Data Variables and Constants .............................................................................................. 44
Data: Data-Type Keywords ................................................................................................... 44
Basic C Data Types ............................................................................................................... 47
Using Data Types................................................................................................................... 70
Arguments and Pitfalls........................................................................................................... 70
One More Example: Escape Sequences ............................................................................. 72
Key Concepts.......................................................................................................................... 74
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 74
Review Questions .................................................................................................................. 75
Programming Exercises......................................................................................................... 77
Chapter 4. Character Strings and Formatted Input/Output........................................................ 77
Introductory Program ............................................................................................................. 78
Character Strings: An Introduction........................................................................................ 79
Constants and the C Preprocessor ...................................................................................... 83
Exploring and Exploiting printf() and scanf()............................................................ 88
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 108
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 109
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 110
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 112
Chapter 5. Operators, Expressions, and Statements ............................................................... 113
Introducing Loops................................................................................................................. 113
Fundamental Operators....................................................................................................... 115
Some Additional Operators ................................................................................................. 124
Expressions and Statements............................................................................................... 132
Type Conversions ................................................................................................................ 138
Function with Arguments ..................................................................................................... 141
A Sample Program............................................................................................................... 142
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 144
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 144
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 145
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 147
Chapter 6. C Control Statements: Looping................................................................................ 149
Revisiting the while Loop .................................................................................................. 150
The while Statement.......................................................................................................... 152
Which Is Bigger: Using Relational Operators and Expressions....................................... 156
Indefinite Loops and Counting Loops................................................................................. 164
The for Loop ....................................................................................................................... 165
More Assignment Operators:  =, -=, *=, /=, %=.............................................................. 171
The Comma Operator.......................................................................................................... 171
An Exit-Condition Loop: do while.................................................................................... 176
Which Loop?......................................................................................................................... 179
Nested Loops........................................................................................................................ 180
Introducing Arrays ................................................................................................................ 181
A Loop Example Using a Function Return Value.............................................................. 184
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 188
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 188
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 189
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 193
Chapter 7. C Control Statements: Branching and Jumps ........................................................ 195
The if Statement................................................................................................................. 196
Adding else to the if Statement ...................................................................................... 197
Let's Get Logical................................................................................................................... 211
A Word-Count Program ....................................................................................................... 216
The Conditional Operator: ?:.............................................................................................. 219
Loop Aids: continue and break...................................................................................... 221
Multiple Choice: switch and break................................................................................. 225
The goto Statement............................................................................................................ 232
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 235
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 236
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 236
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 239
Chapter 8. Character Input/Output and Input Validation.......................................................... 241
Single-Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() ........................................................ 241
Buffers ................................................................................................................................... 242
Terminating Keyboard Input................................................................................................ 243
Redirection and Files ........................................................................................................... 247
Creating a Friendlier User Interface ................................................................................... 251
Input Validation..................................................................................................................... 256
Menu Browsing..................................................................................................................... 261
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 266
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 266
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 266
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 267
Chapter 9. Functions ................................................................................................................... 269
Reviewing Functions............................................................................................................ 269
ANSI C Function Prototyping .............................................................................................. 281
Recursion .............................................................................................................................. 285
Compiling Programs with Two or More Source Code Files ............................................. 291
Finding Addresses: The & Operator ................................................................................... 295
Altering Variables in the Calling Function .......................................................................... 296
Pointers: A First Look........................................................................................................... 298
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 305
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 305
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 305
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 307
Chapter 10. Arrays and Pointers ................................................................................................ 307
Arrays .................................................................................................................................... 308
Multidimensional Arrays....................................................................................................... 316
Pointers and Arrays.............................................................................................................. 320
Functions, Arrays, and Pointers.......................................................................................... 323
Pointer Operations ............................................................................................................... 328
Protecting Array Contents ................................................................................................... 332
Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays................................................................................ 336
Variable-Length Arrays (VLAs) ........................................................................................... 344
Compound Literals ............................................................................................................... 347
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 349
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 350
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 351
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 353
Chapter 11. Character Strings and String Functions................................................................ 355
Representing Strings and String I/O................................................................................... 355
String Input............................................................................................................................ 364
String Output......................................................................................................................... 369
The Do-It-Yourself Option.................................................................................................... 372
String Functions.................................................................................................................... 374
A String Example: Sorting Strings ...................................................................................... 389
The ctype.h Character Functions and Strings ............................................................... 392
Command-Line Arguments.................................................................................................. 393
String-to-Number Conversions............................................................................................ 396
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 399
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 399
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 399
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 402
Chapter 12. Storage Classes, Linkage, and Memory Management ....................................... 404
Storage Classes ................................................................................................................... 404
Storage-Class Specifiers ..................................................................................................... 418
Storage Classes and Functions.......................................................................................... 420
A Random-Number Function and a Static Variable.......................................................... 421
Roll 'Em ................................................................................................................................. 424
Allocated Memory: malloc() and free()...................................................................... 428
ANSI C Type Qualifiers........................................................................................................ 433
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 439
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 439
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 440
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 442
Chapter 13. File Input/Output...................................................................................................... 444
Communicating with Files.................................................................................................... 444
Standard I/O.......................................................................................................................... 446
A Simple-Minded File-Condensing Program ..................................................................... 451
File I/O: fprintf(), fscanf(), fgets(), and fputs()............................................ 453
Adventures in Random Access: fseek() and ftell()................................................ 456
Behind the Scenes with Standard I/O ................................................................................ 460
Other Standard I/O Functions ............................................................................................. 461
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 468
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 469
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 470
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 471
Chapter 14. Structures and Other Data Forms ......................................................................... 473
Sample Problem: Creating an Inventory of Books ............................................................ 474
Setting Up the Structure Declaration.................................................................................. 475
Defining a Structure Variable .............................................................................................. 476
Arrays of Structures ............................................................................................................. 479
Nested Structures................................................................................................................. 483
Pointers to Structures .......................................................................................................... 485
Telling Functions About Structures..................................................................................... 487
Saving the Structure Contents in a File.............................................................................. 502
Structures: What Next?........................................................................................................ 506
Unions: A Quick Look .......................................................................................................... 506
Enumerated Types............................................................................................................... 509
typedef: A Quick Look ...................................................................................................... 513
Fancy Declarations............................................................................................................... 515
Functions and Pointers ........................................................................................................ 517
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 523
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 523
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 524
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 526
Chapter 15. Bit Fiddling............................................................................................................... 529
Binary Numbers, Bits, and Bytes ........................................................................................ 530
Other Number Bases ........................................................................................................... 532
C's Bitwise Operators........................................................................................................... 534
Bit Fields................................................................................................................................ 543
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 554
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 554
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 554
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 556
Chapter 16. The C Preprocessor and the C Library ................................................................. 558
First Steps in Translating a Program.................................................................................. 558
Manifest Constants: #define ............................................................................................ 559
Using Arguments with #define......................................................................................... 564
Macro or Function? .............................................................................................................. 570
File Inclusion: #include .................................................................................................... 571
Other Directives.................................................................................................................... 575
Inline Functions..................................................................................................................... 583
The C Library ........................................................................................................................ 585
The Math Library .................................................................................................................. 587
The General Utilities Library................................................................................................ 589
The Assert Library ................................................................................................................ 596
memcpy() and memmove() from the string.h Library ................................................ 597
Variable Arguments: stdarg.h......................................................................................... 599
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 601
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 601
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 601
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 603
Chapter 17. Advanced Data Representation............................................................................. 605
Exploring Data Representation ........................................................................................... 606
Beyond the Array to the Linked List.................................................................................... 608
Abstract Data Types (ADTs) ............................................................................................... 615
Getting Queued with an ADT .............................................................................................. 629
Simulating with a Queue...................................................................................................... 641
The Linked List Versus the Array........................................................................................ 645
Binary Search Trees ............................................................................................................ 649
Other Directions.................................................................................................................... 671
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 671
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 672
Review Questions ................................................................................................................ 672
Programming Exercises....................................................................................................... 673
Appendix A. Answers to the Review Quesions......................................................................... 674
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 1..................................................................... 674
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 2..................................................................... 675
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 3..................................................................... 677
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 4..................................................................... 679
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 5..................................................................... 682
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 6..................................................................... 685
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 7..................................................................... 688
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 8..................................................................... 692
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 9..................................................................... 693
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 10................................................................... 695
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 11................................................................... 698
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 12................................................................... 701
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 13................................................................... 702
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 14................................................................... 705
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 15................................................................... 708
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 16................................................................... 709
Answers to Review Questions for Chapter 17................................................................... 711
Appendix B. Reference Section.................................................................................................. 715
Section I: Additional Reading .............................................................................................. 715
Section II: C Operators ........................................................................................................ 718
Section III: Basic Types and Storage Classes................................................................... 724
Section IV: Expressions, Statements, and Program Flow................................................ 729
Section V: The Standard ANSI C Library with C99 Additions.......................................... 735
Section VI: Extended Integer Types................................................................................... 776
Section VII: Expanded Character Support......................................................................... 779
Section VIII: C99 Numeric Computational Enhancements............................................... 784
Section IX: Differences Between C and C  ....................................................................

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