实例介绍
【实例简介】
Digital image processing, an integral part of microscopy, is increasingly important to the fields of medicine and scientific research. This book provides a unique one-stop reference on the theory, technique, and applications of this technology. Written by leading experts in the field, this book pre
This page intentionally left blank Microsd。pe Image Processing Qiang wu Fatima a merchant Kenneth r Castleman AMSTERDAM· BOSTON· HEIDELBERO· LONDON NEW YORK· OXFORI· PARIS· SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO· SINGAPORE· SYDNEY· TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobalds road. London wcix 8RR. UK OO This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright C 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Exception: The appendix, Glossary of Microscope Image Processing Terms, is copyright C 1996 Pearson Education (from Digital Image Processing, First Edition by Kenneth R. Castleman and reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc) electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any in formation storage any No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any mean retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44)1865 843830, fax: (+44)1865 853333 E-mail:permissions@elsevier.com.Youmayalsocompleteyourrequeston-linevia theelsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselectingsupport&Contactthen Copyright and Permission"and then"Obtaining Permissions Library of congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the british librar ISBN:978-0-12-372578-3 For information on all Academic Press publications visitourWebsiteatwww.books.elseviercom Printed in the United States of America 080910111287654321 Working together to grow braries in developing countries www.elsevier.comwww.bookaid.orgwww.sabre.org ELSEVier bOOKaID Sabre Foundation Contents Foreword XXI Preface Acknowledgments XXV 1 Introduction KennethR. Castleman and lan T. Young 1 The Microscope and Image Processing 1.2 Scope of This book 1.3 Our Approach 1.3.1 The Four Types of Images 1.3.1.1 Optical Image 1.3.1.2 Continuous Image 1.3.1.3 Digital Image 1.3. 1.4 Displayed Image 1. 3. 2 The result 1.3.2.1 Analytic Functions 3344455678 1.3.3 The Sampling Theorem 4 The challenge 1. 5 Nomenclature 1.6 Summary of Important Points 2 Fundamentals of microscopy Kenneth R Castleman and lan T. Young 2.1 Origins of the microscope 2.2 Optical Imaging 2.2.1 Image formation by a lens P maging a Poin t soui 13 2. 2. 1. 2 Focal Length 2.2.1.3 Numerical Aperture 14 2.2.1.4 Lens Shape 2.3 Diffraction-Limited Optical Systems 15 2.3.1 Linear System Analysis 16 Contents 2.4 Incoherent lllumination 6 2.4.1 The Point spread Function 16 2.4.2 The Optical Transfer function 17 2.5 Coherent illumination 18 2. 5. 1 The Coherent Point Spread function 18 2.5.2 The Coherent Optical Transfer Function 19 2. 6 Resolution 20 2.6.1 Abbe distance 21 2.6.2 Ravleigh distance 21 2.6. 3 Size calculations 21 2. 7 Aberration 22 2. 8 Calibration 22 2.8.1 Spatial Calibration 23 2.8.2 Photometric Calibration 23 2.9 Summary of important points 24 3 Image Digitization 27 Kenneth castleman 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Resolution 28 3.3 Sampling 29 3.3.1 Interpolation 30 3.3.2 Aliasing 32 3.4 Noise 33 3.5 Shading 34 3.6 Photometry 34 3. 7 Geometric Distortion 3.8 Complete System Design 3.8.1 Cumulative resolution 3.8.2 Design rules of Thumb 36 3.8.2. 1 Pixel Spacing 36 3.8.2.2 Resolution 36 3.8.2. 3 Noise 36 3.8.2.4 Photometry 36 3.8.2.5 Distortion 37 3.9 Summary of Important points 37 4 Image display Kenneth Castleman 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Display Characteristics 40 4.2.1 Displayed Image Size Contents 4.2.2 Aspect Ratio 40 4.2.3 Photometric resolution 41 4.2.4 Grayscale linearit 2 4.2.5 Low-Frequency response 42 4.2.5.1 Pixel polarit 2 4.2.5.2 Pixel Interaction 43 4.2.6 High-Frequency Response 4.2.7 The Spot-Spacing Compromise 43 4.2.8 Noise Considerations 43 4.3 Volatile Displays 4.4 Sampling for Display pi 45 4.4.1 Oversampling 46 4.4.2 Resampling 46 4.5 Display Calibration 47 4.6 Summary of Important Points 47 5 Geometric Transformations 51 Kenneth castleman 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Implementation 52 5.3 Gray-Level Interpolation 52 5.3.1 Nearest-Neighbor Interpolation 5.3.2 Bilinear Interpolation 53 5.3.3 Bicubic Interpolation 5.3.4 Higher-Order Interpolation 5.4 Spatial transformation 55 5.4.1 Control-Grid Mapping 5.5 Applications 56 5.5.1 Distortion removal 5.5.2 Image Registration 56 5.5.3 Stitching 56 5.6 Summary of Important points 6 Image Enhancement 59 Yu-Ping Wang, Qiang Wu, and Kenneth R. Castleman 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Spatial Domain Methods 60 6.2.1 Contrast Stretching 6.2.2 Clipping and Thresholding 61 6.2.3 Image Subtraction and Averaging 61 6.2.4 Histogram Equalization 62 6.2.5 Histogram Specification 62 Contents 2.6 Spatial Filtering 63 6.2.7 Directional and Steerable Filtering 65 6.2.8 Median Filtering 67 6.3 Fourier transform methods 68 6.3. 1 Wiener Filtering and Wiener Deconvolution 68 6.3.2 Deconvolution Using a Least-Squares Approach 70 6.3.3 Low-Pass Filtering in the Fourier Domain 71 6.3.4 High-Pass filtering in the Fourier domain 71 6. 4 Wavelet Transform Methods 72 6. 4. 1 Wavelet Thresholding 72 6. 4.2 Differential Wavelet Transform and multiscale Pointwise product 73 6.5 Color Image Enhancement 74 6.5.1 Pseudo-Color Transformations 75 6. 5.2 Color Image Smoothing 75 6.5. 3 Color Image Sharpening 75 6.6 Summary of Important points 76 7 Wavelet Image Processing Hyohoon Choi and Alan C. Bovik 7.1 Introduction 79 7. 1.1 Linear transformations 80 7. 1.2 Short-Time Fourier transform and Wavelet Transform 81 7.2 Wavelet Transforms 83 7.2.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform 83 7. 2.2 Wavelet Series Expansion 84 7.2.3 Haar Wavelet Functions 85 7.3 Multiresolution Analysis 85 7.3. 1 Multiresolution and Scaling Function 86 7.3.2 Scaling Functions and wavelets 87 7. 4 Discrete Wavelet Transform 88 7.4.1 Decomposition 88 7.4.2 Reconstruction 91 7.4.3 Filter banks 92 7.4.3.1 Two-Channel Subband Coding 92 7.4.3.2 Orthogonal Filter Design 93 7.4.4 Compact Support 95 7.4.5 Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms 96 7.4.5.1 Biorthogonal Filter Banks 97 7.4.5.2 Examples of Biorthogonal Wavelets 99 i Contents 7.4.6 Lifting So chemes 7.4.6.1 Biorthogonal Wavelet Design 100 7.4.6.2 Wavelet Transform Using lifting 101 7.5 Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 102 7.5.1 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Bases 102 7.5.2 Forward transform 103 7.5.3 Inverse Transform 105 7.5.4 Two-Dimensional biorthogonal wavelets 105 7.5.5 Overcomplete Transforms 106 7.6 Examples 107 7.6.1 Image compression 107 7.6.2 Image Enhancement 107 7.6.3 Extended Depth-of-Field by Wavelet Image Fusion 108 7.7 Summary of Important points 108 8 Morphological Image Processing Roberto A. Lotufo, Romaric audigier, Andre v. saude d rubens c. machado 8.1 Introduction 113 8.2 Binary Morphology 115 8.2.1 Binary erosion and dilation 115 8.2.2 Binary Opening and Closing 8.2.3 Binary morphological Reconstruction from Markers 8.2.3.1 Connectivit 8.2.3.2 Markers 8.2.3. 3 The Edge-Off Operation 120 8.2.4 Reconstruction from Opening 120 8.2.5 Area Opening and Closing 122 8.2.6 Skeletonization 123 8.3 Grayscale Operations 127 8.3. 1 Threshold Decomposition 128 8.3.2 Erosion and dilation 129 8.3.2.1 Gradient 131 8.3.3 Opening and closing 131 8.3.3. 1 Top-Hat Filtering 131 8.3.3.2 Alternating Sequential Filters 133 8.3.4 Component Filters and Grayscale Morphological reconstruction 134 8.3.4. 1 Morphological Reconstruction 135 8.3.4.2 Alternating Sequential Component Filters 135 8.3.4.3 Grayscale Area Opening and Closing 135 8.3.4. 4 Edge-Off Operator 136 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
Digital image processing, an integral part of microscopy, is increasingly important to the fields of medicine and scientific research. This book provides a unique one-stop reference on the theory, technique, and applications of this technology. Written by leading experts in the field, this book pre
This page intentionally left blank Microsd。pe Image Processing Qiang wu Fatima a merchant Kenneth r Castleman AMSTERDAM· BOSTON· HEIDELBERO· LONDON NEW YORK· OXFORI· PARIS· SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO· SINGAPORE· SYDNEY· TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobalds road. London wcix 8RR. UK OO This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright C 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Exception: The appendix, Glossary of Microscope Image Processing Terms, is copyright C 1996 Pearson Education (from Digital Image Processing, First Edition by Kenneth R. Castleman and reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc) electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any in formation storage any No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any mean retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44)1865 843830, fax: (+44)1865 853333 E-mail:permissions@elsevier.com.Youmayalsocompleteyourrequeston-linevia theelsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselectingsupport&Contactthen Copyright and Permission"and then"Obtaining Permissions Library of congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the british librar ISBN:978-0-12-372578-3 For information on all Academic Press publications visitourWebsiteatwww.books.elseviercom Printed in the United States of America 080910111287654321 Working together to grow braries in developing countries www.elsevier.comwww.bookaid.orgwww.sabre.org ELSEVier bOOKaID Sabre Foundation Contents Foreword XXI Preface Acknowledgments XXV 1 Introduction KennethR. Castleman and lan T. Young 1 The Microscope and Image Processing 1.2 Scope of This book 1.3 Our Approach 1.3.1 The Four Types of Images 1.3.1.1 Optical Image 1.3.1.2 Continuous Image 1.3.1.3 Digital Image 1.3. 1.4 Displayed Image 1. 3. 2 The result 1.3.2.1 Analytic Functions 3344455678 1.3.3 The Sampling Theorem 4 The challenge 1. 5 Nomenclature 1.6 Summary of Important Points 2 Fundamentals of microscopy Kenneth R Castleman and lan T. Young 2.1 Origins of the microscope 2.2 Optical Imaging 2.2.1 Image formation by a lens P maging a Poin t soui 13 2. 2. 1. 2 Focal Length 2.2.1.3 Numerical Aperture 14 2.2.1.4 Lens Shape 2.3 Diffraction-Limited Optical Systems 15 2.3.1 Linear System Analysis 16 Contents 2.4 Incoherent lllumination 6 2.4.1 The Point spread Function 16 2.4.2 The Optical Transfer function 17 2.5 Coherent illumination 18 2. 5. 1 The Coherent Point Spread function 18 2.5.2 The Coherent Optical Transfer Function 19 2. 6 Resolution 20 2.6.1 Abbe distance 21 2.6.2 Ravleigh distance 21 2.6. 3 Size calculations 21 2. 7 Aberration 22 2. 8 Calibration 22 2.8.1 Spatial Calibration 23 2.8.2 Photometric Calibration 23 2.9 Summary of important points 24 3 Image Digitization 27 Kenneth castleman 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Resolution 28 3.3 Sampling 29 3.3.1 Interpolation 30 3.3.2 Aliasing 32 3.4 Noise 33 3.5 Shading 34 3.6 Photometry 34 3. 7 Geometric Distortion 3.8 Complete System Design 3.8.1 Cumulative resolution 3.8.2 Design rules of Thumb 36 3.8.2. 1 Pixel Spacing 36 3.8.2.2 Resolution 36 3.8.2. 3 Noise 36 3.8.2.4 Photometry 36 3.8.2.5 Distortion 37 3.9 Summary of Important points 37 4 Image display Kenneth Castleman 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Display Characteristics 40 4.2.1 Displayed Image Size Contents 4.2.2 Aspect Ratio 40 4.2.3 Photometric resolution 41 4.2.4 Grayscale linearit 2 4.2.5 Low-Frequency response 42 4.2.5.1 Pixel polarit 2 4.2.5.2 Pixel Interaction 43 4.2.6 High-Frequency Response 4.2.7 The Spot-Spacing Compromise 43 4.2.8 Noise Considerations 43 4.3 Volatile Displays 4.4 Sampling for Display pi 45 4.4.1 Oversampling 46 4.4.2 Resampling 46 4.5 Display Calibration 47 4.6 Summary of Important Points 47 5 Geometric Transformations 51 Kenneth castleman 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Implementation 52 5.3 Gray-Level Interpolation 52 5.3.1 Nearest-Neighbor Interpolation 5.3.2 Bilinear Interpolation 53 5.3.3 Bicubic Interpolation 5.3.4 Higher-Order Interpolation 5.4 Spatial transformation 55 5.4.1 Control-Grid Mapping 5.5 Applications 56 5.5.1 Distortion removal 5.5.2 Image Registration 56 5.5.3 Stitching 56 5.6 Summary of Important points 6 Image Enhancement 59 Yu-Ping Wang, Qiang Wu, and Kenneth R. Castleman 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Spatial Domain Methods 60 6.2.1 Contrast Stretching 6.2.2 Clipping and Thresholding 61 6.2.3 Image Subtraction and Averaging 61 6.2.4 Histogram Equalization 62 6.2.5 Histogram Specification 62 Contents 2.6 Spatial Filtering 63 6.2.7 Directional and Steerable Filtering 65 6.2.8 Median Filtering 67 6.3 Fourier transform methods 68 6.3. 1 Wiener Filtering and Wiener Deconvolution 68 6.3.2 Deconvolution Using a Least-Squares Approach 70 6.3.3 Low-Pass Filtering in the Fourier Domain 71 6.3.4 High-Pass filtering in the Fourier domain 71 6. 4 Wavelet Transform Methods 72 6. 4. 1 Wavelet Thresholding 72 6. 4.2 Differential Wavelet Transform and multiscale Pointwise product 73 6.5 Color Image Enhancement 74 6.5.1 Pseudo-Color Transformations 75 6. 5.2 Color Image Smoothing 75 6.5. 3 Color Image Sharpening 75 6.6 Summary of Important points 76 7 Wavelet Image Processing Hyohoon Choi and Alan C. Bovik 7.1 Introduction 79 7. 1.1 Linear transformations 80 7. 1.2 Short-Time Fourier transform and Wavelet Transform 81 7.2 Wavelet Transforms 83 7.2.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform 83 7. 2.2 Wavelet Series Expansion 84 7.2.3 Haar Wavelet Functions 85 7.3 Multiresolution Analysis 85 7.3. 1 Multiresolution and Scaling Function 86 7.3.2 Scaling Functions and wavelets 87 7. 4 Discrete Wavelet Transform 88 7.4.1 Decomposition 88 7.4.2 Reconstruction 91 7.4.3 Filter banks 92 7.4.3.1 Two-Channel Subband Coding 92 7.4.3.2 Orthogonal Filter Design 93 7.4.4 Compact Support 95 7.4.5 Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms 96 7.4.5.1 Biorthogonal Filter Banks 97 7.4.5.2 Examples of Biorthogonal Wavelets 99 i Contents 7.4.6 Lifting So chemes 7.4.6.1 Biorthogonal Wavelet Design 100 7.4.6.2 Wavelet Transform Using lifting 101 7.5 Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 102 7.5.1 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Bases 102 7.5.2 Forward transform 103 7.5.3 Inverse Transform 105 7.5.4 Two-Dimensional biorthogonal wavelets 105 7.5.5 Overcomplete Transforms 106 7.6 Examples 107 7.6.1 Image compression 107 7.6.2 Image Enhancement 107 7.6.3 Extended Depth-of-Field by Wavelet Image Fusion 108 7.7 Summary of Important points 108 8 Morphological Image Processing Roberto A. Lotufo, Romaric audigier, Andre v. saude d rubens c. machado 8.1 Introduction 113 8.2 Binary Morphology 115 8.2.1 Binary erosion and dilation 115 8.2.2 Binary Opening and Closing 8.2.3 Binary morphological Reconstruction from Markers 8.2.3.1 Connectivit 8.2.3.2 Markers 8.2.3. 3 The Edge-Off Operation 120 8.2.4 Reconstruction from Opening 120 8.2.5 Area Opening and Closing 122 8.2.6 Skeletonization 123 8.3 Grayscale Operations 127 8.3. 1 Threshold Decomposition 128 8.3.2 Erosion and dilation 129 8.3.2.1 Gradient 131 8.3.3 Opening and closing 131 8.3.3. 1 Top-Hat Filtering 131 8.3.3.2 Alternating Sequential Filters 133 8.3.4 Component Filters and Grayscale Morphological reconstruction 134 8.3.4. 1 Morphological Reconstruction 135 8.3.4.2 Alternating Sequential Component Filters 135 8.3.4.3 Grayscale Area Opening and Closing 135 8.3.4. 4 Edge-Off Operator 136 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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