UNIX Internals : The New Frontiers PDF Uresh Vahalia

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UNIX 高级教程--系统技术内幕 英文版
UNIX Internals The new frontiers Resh Vahalia EMC Corporation Hopkinton, MA ≡ An alan r. Apt B0k≡ Prentice hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vahalia. Ures UNIX internals the new frontiers Uresh vahalia p Includes index ISBN C-13-101908-2 1. UNIX (Computer file) 2. Operating systems(Computers) I. Title. QA7676063V331996 95-25213 00543-dc20 CP Acquisitions editor: Alan Apt Editorial assistant Shirley McGuire Editorial/production supervision: Spectrum Publisher Services Full service coordinator: Irwin Zucker Buyer: Donna sullivan Cover designer: Joseph sengotta Cover illustrator: Don martinet Cover art director: Amy rosen UNIX is a registered trademark licensed exclusively by X/Open Co, Ltd. Sun OS and Solaris are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Digital uNiX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation Other designation used by vendors as trademarks to distinguish their products may appear in this book. In all cases where the publisher is aware of a current trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capitals or all capitals @1996 by Prentice-Hall, Inc Simon schuster/A Viacom Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher The author and publisher of this book used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs Printed in the united States of America 10987654 工SBN0-13-101908-2 Prentice-Hall International (UK)Limited, Londol Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Inc. Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc, Tokyo Simon schuster Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda, rio de janeiro To Bhinna, whose memory will be forever in my heart, Rohan, for his laughter and enthusiasm, and to Archana, for her love and encouragement. Foreword Peter h salus Managing Editor -Computing Systems There are more flavors of uNiX than of most brands ofice cream. Despite the industrial impetus on the part of X/Open and its members, the single UNIX specification appears to be ever-further from our grasp In fact, it may not be an important goal. Ever since Interactive Systems produced the first commercial UNIX system and Whitesmiths produced the first UNIX clone, the user community has been confronted by a variety of implementations running on multiple platforms Created in 1969, uNiX was not even a decade old when versions began to proliferate. Be fore it was 20 years old, there were rival consortial(the Open Software Foundation and uniX Inter- national) and a large number of versions the two main streams were those of aT&T (now novell) and the University of California at Berkeley. Descriptions of those UNIXes were made easily avail- able by Maurice Bach Bach 86 and Sam Leffler, Kirk McKusick, mike Karels, and John Quarter- man Leff 89 No single book offered the interested student a view of the UNIX Operating Systems vari ous implementations. Uresh Vahalia has now done this. He has gone boldly where none have gone before and elucidated the internals of SVR4, 4. 4BSD, and Mach. Even more, he presents elaborate discussions of both Solaris and SunOS, Digital UNIX, and HP-UX he has done so clearly and without the bias that some writers have displayed toward this UNiX or that. With relatively new UNIX clones such as Linux already developing variants and even Berkeley derivatives diverging from one another, a book like this, which exposes the internals and principles that motivated UNIX's growth and popularity is of exceptional value. On June 12, 1972, Ken Thompson and dennis ritchie released the UNX Programmers Manual. Second Edition In its Preface the authors remark: The number of uniX installations has grown to 10, with more expected. They could never have expected what has actually happened Foreword I have traced the paleontology and history of the system elsewhere [Salu 94], but vahalia has given us a truly original and comprehensive view of the comparative anatomy of the species References [Bach 86] Bach, M.J., The Design of the UNIX Operating System, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. NJ. 1986 LLeff 89] Leffler, S.J., McKusick, M.K., Karels, M.J., and Quarterman, J.S., The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNLX Operating System, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA,1989 Salu 94 Salus, P H, A Quarter Century of UNIX, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994 [Thom 72] Thompson, K, and Ritchie, D M, UNIX Programmer's ManuaL, Second Edition, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ,1972 Preface Since the early 1970S, the UNIX system has undergone considerable metamorphosis. It started as a small, experimental operating system distributed freely(almost) by Bell Telephone Laboratories to growing band of loyal followers. Over the years, it absorbed contributions from numerous mem- bers of academia and industry, endured battles over ownership and standardization, and evolved into its current state as a stable, mature operating system. Today there are several commercial and re search variants of the UNIX system, each different from the other in many respects, yet all similar enough to be recognizable as different members of the same family. a uNiX programmer who has gained experience on one specific UNIX system can be productive on a number of different hard ware platforms and UNIX variants without skipping a beat Hundreds of books have described various features of the UNIX system. Although most of them describe user-visible aspects such as the command shell or the programming interface, only a small number of books discuss UNIX internals. UNIX internals refers to a study of the uNiX ker- nel, which comprises the heart of the operating system. To date each book on UNIX internals has focused on one specific UNiX release Bachs The Design ofthe UNIX Operating System [Bach 86 is a landmark book on the System v Release 2(SVR2)kernel. Leffler et al. 's The design and Im plementation of the 4 3BSD UNIX Operating System Leff 88] is a comprehensive description of the 4.3BSD release by some of its principal designers. Goodheart and Cox's The Magic Garden Ex plained [Good 94] describes the internals of System V Release 4.0(SVR4) Design Perspectives This book views the uNiX kernel from a system design perspective It describes a number of main stream commercial and research UNIX variants. For each component of the kernel, the book ex plores its architecture and design, how the major UNIX systems have chosen to implement the P eface component, and the advantages and drawbacks of alternative approaches. Such a comparative treat ment gives the book a unique flavor and allows the reader to examine the system from a critical viewpoint. When studying an operating system, it is important to note both its strengths and its weaknesses. This is only possible by analyzing a number of alternatives UNIX Variants Although this book gives most attention to SVr4.2, it also explores 4.4BSD, Solaris 2.x, Mach, and Digital UNIX in detail. Further, it describes interesting features of a number of other variants, in- cluding some research that has not yet made it into commercial releases. It analyzes the major de velopments in UNIX from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. For completeness it includes a brief de- scription of traditional UNIX functionality and implementation. Where necessary, it provides an historical treatment, starting with the traditional approach, analyzing its drawbacks and limitations and presenting the modern solutions Intended Audience UNIX Internals is useful for university courses and as a professional reference as a university te it is suitable for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course on operating systems. It is not an in- troductory book and assumes knowledge of concepts such as the kernel, processes, and virtual memory. Each chapter contains a set of exercises designed to stimulate further thought and research and to provide additional insight into the system design. Many of the exercises are open-ended, and some require additional reading on the part of the student. Each chapter also has an exhaustive list of references, which should be useful for the student seeking to explore further. UNIX Internals is also suitable as a professional reference for operating system developers, application programmers, and system administrators. Operating system designers and architects can use it to study the kernel architecture in contemporary systems, evaluate the relative merits and drawbacks of different designs, and use the insight to develop the next generation of operating sys- tems. Application programmers can use the knowledge of the system internals to write more effi cient programs that take better advantage of the characteristics of the operating system. Finally system administrators can do a better job of configuring and tuning their systems by understanding how various parameters and usage patterns affect the system behavior Organization of the book Chapter 1,"Introduction, " traces the evolution of the UNIX system and analyzes the factors that have influenced major changes in the system. Chapters 2 through 7 describe the process subsystem In particular, Chapter 2 describes the process and kernel architecture in traditional UNIX systems SVR3, 4.3BSD, and earlier variants). Chapters 3 through 7 describe features of modern UNIX sys tems such as svr4, 4.4BSD, Solaris 2. x, and Digital UNIX. Chapter 3 discusses threads and how they are implemented in the kernel and in user libraries. Chapter 4 describes signals, job control, Preface and login session management. Chapter 5 describes the UNIX scheduler and the growing support for real-time applications. Chapter 6 deals with interprocess communications (IPC), including the set of features known as System V IPC. It also describes the mach architecture which uses IPC as the fundamental primitive for structuring the kernel. Chapter 7 discusses the synchronization frameworks used in modern uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems The next four chapters explore file systems. Chapter 8 describes the file system interface as seen by the user, and the vnode/vfs interface that defines the interactions between the kernel and the file system. Chapter 9 provides details of some specific file system implementations, including the original System V file system(s5fs), the Berkeley Fast File System(FFS), and many small, special purpose file systems that take advantage of the vnode/vfs interface to provide useful services Chapter 10 describes a number of distributed file systems, namely sun microsystems Network Flle System ( NFS), AT&T's Remote File Sharing (RFS), Carnegie-Mellon University's Andrew File System(AFS), and Transarc Corporations Distributed File System(DFS). Chapter 11 describes some advanced file systems that use journaling to provide higher availability and performance, and a new file system framework based on stackable vnode layers Chapters 12 through 15 describe memory management. Chapter 12 discusses kernel memory allocation and explores several interesting allocation algorithms. Chapter 13 introduces the notion of virtual memory and uses the 4.3BSD implementation to illustrate several issues. Chapter 14 de scribes the virtual memory architecture of SVR4 and Solaris. Chapter 15 describes the Mach and 4.4BSD memory models It also analyzes the effects of hardware features such as translation look- aside buffers and virtually addressed caches The last two chapters address the lo subsystem. Chapter 16 describes the device driver framework, the interaction between the kernel and the lo subsystem, and the svra device driver interface/driver kernel interface specification. Chapter 17 talks about the streams framework for writing network protocols and network and terminal drivers Typographical Conventions I have followed a small set of typographical conventions throughout this book. all system calls, li- brary routines, and shell commands are in italics(for instance, fork, fopen, and ls-1. The first oc currence of any term or concept is also italicized. Names of internal kernel functions and variables, as well as all code examples, are in fixed-width font, such as ufs lookup(). when specifying the calling syntax, the system call name is italicized, but the arguments are in fixed-width font. Finally, all file and directory names are in bold face(for instance, lete/passwd). In the figures, solid arrows represent direct pointers, whereas a dashed arrow implies that the relationship between the source and destination of the arrow is inferred indirectly Despite my best efforts, some errors are inevitable. Please send me all corrections, com- ments, and suggestions by electronic mail at vahalia @acm. org 【实例截图】
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