实例介绍
【实例简介】
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
Think Complexity Allen b. downe O REILLY Beijing· Cambridge· Farnham·Koln· Sebastopol· Tokyo Think Complexi by Allen b. Downey Copyright@ 2012 Allen Downey. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of america Published by O Reilly Media, Inc, 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O'Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions arealsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinformationcontactour corporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:(800)998-9938orcorporate@oreilly.com Editors: Mike Loukides and Meghan Blanchette Indexer: Allen downey Production Editor: Kristen Borg Cover designer Karen montgomery Proofreader: Katie DePasquale Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert ro March 2012 First edition Revision History for the first Edition: 201202-21 clease Seehttp:/oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449314637forreleasedetails Think Complexity is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0UnportedLicense(http://creativecommons.org/icenses/by-nc-sa/3.o/egalcode).Theauthormaintains anonlineversionathttp://thinkcomplex.com/thinkcomplexity.pdf. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc. Think Complexity, the image of a black eagle, and related trade dress are trademarks of o reilly media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc, was aware of a rademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial cap While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con tained herein ISBN:978-1-449-31463-7 1329856783 Table of contents Preface 1.〔 omplexity Science∴ What Is this book about A New Kind of science Paradigm Shift? The Axes of scientific Models A New Kind of model A New Kind of engineering A New Kind of Thinking 2. GraphS.... What'sa(xaph)"… Representing graphs Random graphs ap Paul Erdos: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak 18 terators Generators 20 3. Analysis of Algorithms 21 Order of growth 22 Analysis of Basic Python Operations 24 Analysis of Search algorithms 26 Hashtable 27 Summing lists 33 List Comprehensions 4. Small World Graphs∴ 37 Analysis of Graph Algorithms FIFO Implementation Stanley milgi 39 Watts and Strogatz 40 Dijkstra 41 What Kind of Explanation Is That? 43 5. Scale-Free networks 45 Zipf'S L 45 Cumulative distributions 46 Continuous distributions 48 Pareto distributions 49 Barabasi and albert Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws 52 Explanatory models 54 6. Cellular automata 57 Stephen wolfram 5 Implementing Cas CADrawer 61 Classifying CAs 62 Randomness Determinism 64 Structures 65 Universality Falsifiability 69 What Is This a model of? 70 7. Game of lit Implementing Life 74 Life patterns Conways conjecture alism 77 Instrumentalism Turmites 8. fractals 81 Fractal cas 82 Percolate 84 9. Self-Organized criticality........................ 87 Sand pile Spectral density 88 Fast Fourier transform 90 iv Table of Contents Pink noise Reductionism and holism 92 SOC. Causation and Prediction 95 10. Agent-Based Models ,97 Thomas Schelling 97 Agent-Based Models Traffic Jams 9 100 Prisoner's dilemma 102 Emergence 103 Free will 104 11.〔 ase Study: Sugarscape∴ ∴,107 g airscape 107 The Occupy movement 108 A New Take on Sugarscape 108 Taxation and the Leave behind 109 The gini coefficient 109 Results with Taxation 110 Conclusion 12. Case Study: Ant Trails 115 Introduction 115 Model overview 115 API Design Sparse matrices 118 WX Applications 12 13. Case Study: Directed Graphs and Knots ,121 Directed Graphs 121 Implementation 122 g Knots 122 Knots in Wikipedia 124 14. Case Study: The Volunteers Dilemma 125 The Prairie dog's dilemma 125 analysis 126 The norms game 127 esults 128 Improving the Chances 129 Table of Contents v Call for submissions ,131 B. Reading List... 133 Index ⅵ i Table of Contents Preface Why I Wrote This Book This book is inspired by boredom and fascination: boredom with the usual presentation of data structures and algorithms, and fascination with complex systems. The problem with data structures is that they are often taught without a motivating context; the problem with complexity science is that it is usually not taught at all In 2005, i developed a new class at olin College where students read about topics in complexity, implement experiments in Python, and learn about algorithms and data structures. I wrote the first draft of this book when i taught the class again in 2008 For the third offering, in 2011, I prepared the book for publication and invited the students to submit their work in the form of case studies for inclusion in the book I recruited nine professors at Olin to serve as a program committee and choose the re ports that were ready for publication. The case studies that met the standard are in cluded in this book For the next edition we invite additional submissions from readers (see Appendix a) Suggestions for Teachers This book is intended as a scaffold for an intermediate-level college class in Python programming and algorithms. My class uses the following structure Read 8 Complexity science is a collection of diverse topics. There are many interconnec tions, but it takes time to see them To help students see the big picture, I give them readings from popular presentations of work in the field. My reading list and sug gestions on how to use it are in Appendix b Exercises This book presents a series of exercises; many of them ask students to reimplement seminal experiments and extend them. One of the attractions of complexity is that the research frontier is accessible with moderate programming skills and under graduate mathematics Discussion The topics in this book raise questions in the philosophy of science, and lend themselves to further reading and classroom discussion Case studies n my class, we spend almost half the semester on case studies. Students participate in an idea generation process, form teams, and work for 6-7 weeks on a series of experiments, which they then present in the form of a publishable 4-6 page report Anoutlineofthecourseandmynotesareavailableathttps:/sites.googlecom/site/comp dolin Suggestions for Autodidacts In 2009-10, I was a Visiting Scientist at Google, working in their Cambridge office One of the things that impressed me about the software engineers i worked with was their broad intellectual curiosity and drive to expand their knowledge and skills I hope this book helps people like them explore a set of topics and ideas they might not encounter otherwise, practice programming skills in Python, and learn more about data structures and algorithms (or review material that might have been less engaging the first time around) Some features of this book intended for autodidacts are Technical depth There are many books about complex systems, but most are written for a popular audience. They usually skip the technical details, which is frustrating for people who can handle it This book presents the mathematics and other technical content you need to really understand this work Further reading Throughout the book, I include pointers to further reading, including original papers(most of which are available electronically), related articles from Wikipe dia, I and other sources Exercises and(some) solutions For many of the exercises, I provide code to get you started, and solutions if you get stuck or want to compare your code to mine 1. Some professors have an allergic reaction to Wikipedia, on the grounds that students may depend too heavily on an unreliable source. Since many of my references are Wikipedia articles, I want to explain my thinking. First, the articles on complexity science and related topics tend to be very good; second, they are written at a level that is accessible after you have read this book(but sometimes not before); and finally, they are freely available to readers all over the world. If there is a danger in sending readers to thesereferencesitisnotthattheyareunreliablebutthatthereaderswontcomeback!(seehttp://xkcd cOm/903) ⅶ ii Preface 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
Think Complexity Allen b. downe O REILLY Beijing· Cambridge· Farnham·Koln· Sebastopol· Tokyo Think Complexi by Allen b. Downey Copyright@ 2012 Allen Downey. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of america Published by O Reilly Media, Inc, 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O'Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions arealsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinformationcontactour corporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:(800)998-9938orcorporate@oreilly.com Editors: Mike Loukides and Meghan Blanchette Indexer: Allen downey Production Editor: Kristen Borg Cover designer Karen montgomery Proofreader: Katie DePasquale Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert ro March 2012 First edition Revision History for the first Edition: 201202-21 clease Seehttp:/oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449314637forreleasedetails Think Complexity is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0UnportedLicense(http://creativecommons.org/icenses/by-nc-sa/3.o/egalcode).Theauthormaintains anonlineversionathttp://thinkcomplex.com/thinkcomplexity.pdf. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc. Think Complexity, the image of a black eagle, and related trade dress are trademarks of o reilly media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc, was aware of a rademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial cap While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con tained herein ISBN:978-1-449-31463-7 1329856783 Table of contents Preface 1.〔 omplexity Science∴ What Is this book about A New Kind of science Paradigm Shift? The Axes of scientific Models A New Kind of model A New Kind of engineering A New Kind of Thinking 2. GraphS.... What'sa(xaph)"… Representing graphs Random graphs ap Paul Erdos: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak 18 terators Generators 20 3. Analysis of Algorithms 21 Order of growth 22 Analysis of Basic Python Operations 24 Analysis of Search algorithms 26 Hashtable 27 Summing lists 33 List Comprehensions 4. Small World Graphs∴ 37 Analysis of Graph Algorithms FIFO Implementation Stanley milgi 39 Watts and Strogatz 40 Dijkstra 41 What Kind of Explanation Is That? 43 5. Scale-Free networks 45 Zipf'S L 45 Cumulative distributions 46 Continuous distributions 48 Pareto distributions 49 Barabasi and albert Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws 52 Explanatory models 54 6. Cellular automata 57 Stephen wolfram 5 Implementing Cas CADrawer 61 Classifying CAs 62 Randomness Determinism 64 Structures 65 Universality Falsifiability 69 What Is This a model of? 70 7. Game of lit Implementing Life 74 Life patterns Conways conjecture alism 77 Instrumentalism Turmites 8. fractals 81 Fractal cas 82 Percolate 84 9. Self-Organized criticality........................ 87 Sand pile Spectral density 88 Fast Fourier transform 90 iv Table of Contents Pink noise Reductionism and holism 92 SOC. Causation and Prediction 95 10. Agent-Based Models ,97 Thomas Schelling 97 Agent-Based Models Traffic Jams 9 100 Prisoner's dilemma 102 Emergence 103 Free will 104 11.〔 ase Study: Sugarscape∴ ∴,107 g airscape 107 The Occupy movement 108 A New Take on Sugarscape 108 Taxation and the Leave behind 109 The gini coefficient 109 Results with Taxation 110 Conclusion 12. Case Study: Ant Trails 115 Introduction 115 Model overview 115 API Design Sparse matrices 118 WX Applications 12 13. Case Study: Directed Graphs and Knots ,121 Directed Graphs 121 Implementation 122 g Knots 122 Knots in Wikipedia 124 14. Case Study: The Volunteers Dilemma 125 The Prairie dog's dilemma 125 analysis 126 The norms game 127 esults 128 Improving the Chances 129 Table of Contents v Call for submissions ,131 B. Reading List... 133 Index ⅵ i Table of Contents Preface Why I Wrote This Book This book is inspired by boredom and fascination: boredom with the usual presentation of data structures and algorithms, and fascination with complex systems. The problem with data structures is that they are often taught without a motivating context; the problem with complexity science is that it is usually not taught at all In 2005, i developed a new class at olin College where students read about topics in complexity, implement experiments in Python, and learn about algorithms and data structures. I wrote the first draft of this book when i taught the class again in 2008 For the third offering, in 2011, I prepared the book for publication and invited the students to submit their work in the form of case studies for inclusion in the book I recruited nine professors at Olin to serve as a program committee and choose the re ports that were ready for publication. The case studies that met the standard are in cluded in this book For the next edition we invite additional submissions from readers (see Appendix a) Suggestions for Teachers This book is intended as a scaffold for an intermediate-level college class in Python programming and algorithms. My class uses the following structure Read 8 Complexity science is a collection of diverse topics. There are many interconnec tions, but it takes time to see them To help students see the big picture, I give them readings from popular presentations of work in the field. My reading list and sug gestions on how to use it are in Appendix b Exercises This book presents a series of exercises; many of them ask students to reimplement seminal experiments and extend them. One of the attractions of complexity is that the research frontier is accessible with moderate programming skills and under graduate mathematics Discussion The topics in this book raise questions in the philosophy of science, and lend themselves to further reading and classroom discussion Case studies n my class, we spend almost half the semester on case studies. Students participate in an idea generation process, form teams, and work for 6-7 weeks on a series of experiments, which they then present in the form of a publishable 4-6 page report Anoutlineofthecourseandmynotesareavailableathttps:/sites.googlecom/site/comp dolin Suggestions for Autodidacts In 2009-10, I was a Visiting Scientist at Google, working in their Cambridge office One of the things that impressed me about the software engineers i worked with was their broad intellectual curiosity and drive to expand their knowledge and skills I hope this book helps people like them explore a set of topics and ideas they might not encounter otherwise, practice programming skills in Python, and learn more about data structures and algorithms (or review material that might have been less engaging the first time around) Some features of this book intended for autodidacts are Technical depth There are many books about complex systems, but most are written for a popular audience. They usually skip the technical details, which is frustrating for people who can handle it This book presents the mathematics and other technical content you need to really understand this work Further reading Throughout the book, I include pointers to further reading, including original papers(most of which are available electronically), related articles from Wikipe dia, I and other sources Exercises and(some) solutions For many of the exercises, I provide code to get you started, and solutions if you get stuck or want to compare your code to mine 1. Some professors have an allergic reaction to Wikipedia, on the grounds that students may depend too heavily on an unreliable source. Since many of my references are Wikipedia articles, I want to explain my thinking. First, the articles on complexity science and related topics tend to be very good; second, they are written at a level that is accessible after you have read this book(but sometimes not before); and finally, they are freely available to readers all over the world. If there is a danger in sending readers to thesereferencesitisnotthattheyareunreliablebutthatthereaderswontcomeback!(seehttp://xkcd cOm/903) ⅶ ii Preface 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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