实例介绍
【实例简介】
模电大神拉扎维的经典模电入门教材。和国内囫囵吞枣的填鸭式的教材相比，此书内容覆盖面较小，但更重视基础原理的讲解和数学模型的分析，想要学懂模电，她是你最好的朋友。
Fundamentals of Microelectronics Second edition Behzad razavi University of california, Los Angeles WILEY vP publisher Don Fowley ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER: Dan sayre EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Jessica Knecht MARKETING MANAGER Christopher ruel DESIGNER Kristine Carney SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis soo ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER: Joyce Poh This book was set by Aptara Corporation Cover and text printed and bound by rr donnelley This book is printed on acid free paper. Founded in 1807, John Wiley sons, Inc has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our websitewww.wiley.com/go/citizenship Copyright(c 2014 John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the copyright ClearanceCenter,Inc.222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,Mao1923,websitewww.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008,websitehttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are availableatwww.wileycom/go/returnlabel.Ifyouhavechosentoadoptthistextbookforusein your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative Printed in the United States of america 10987654321 To Angelina and Jahan, for their love and patience About the Author Behzad Razavi received the bsee degree from Sharif University of Technology in 1985 and the msee and phdee degrees from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respec tively. He was with at&T Bell Laboratories and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996 Since 1996, he has been Associate Professor and subsequently Professor of electrical en gineering at University of California, Los Angeles. His current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications and data converters Professor Razavi was an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994 and at Stanford University in 1995. He served on the Technical Program Committees of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (IssCC) from 1993 to 2002 and Vlsi Circuits symposium from 1998 to 2002. He has also served as guest editor and associate Editor of the ieee journal of solid-State Circuits. IeeE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronic Professor razavi received the beatrice winner award for editorial excellence at the 1994 ISSCC, the best paper award at the 1994 European Solid-State Circuits Conference, the best panel award at the 1995 and 1997 ISSCC, the TRW Innovative Teaching Award in 1997, the best paper award at the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference in 1998, and the Mcgraw-Hill First Edition of the Year award in 2001. He was the co-recipient of both the Jack Kilby Outstanding student Paper award and the beatrice winner Award for Editorial Excellence at the 2001 IsScC. He received the lockheed martin excellence in Teaching Award in 2006, the UCLA Faculty Senate Teaching Award in 2007, and the CICC Best Invited Paper Award in 2009 and 2012. He was the co-recipient of the 2012 VLSI Circuits Symposium Best Student Paper Award. He was also recognized as one of the top 10 authors in the 50-year history of IssCC. Professor Razavi received the Ieee Donald Pederson award in Solid-State Circuits in 2011 Professor Razavi is a Fellow of IEEE, has served as an IEEE Distinguished lecturer, and is the author of principles of Data Conversion System Design, RF Microelectron ics(translated to Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), Design of Analog CMos integrated Circuits(translated to Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications, and Fundamentals of Microelectronics(translated to Korean and Portuguese). He is also the editor of Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock recovery Circuits and Phase-Locking in High-Performance Systems Preface The first edition of this book was published in 2008 and has been adopted by numerous universities around the globe for undergraduate microelectronics education. In response to the feedback received from students and instructors this second edition entails a number of revisions that enhance the pedagogical aspects of the book 1. Numerous sidebars have been added throughout the text on the history and appli- cations of electronic devices and circuits, helping the reader remain engaged and motivated and allowing the instructor to draw upon real-life examples during the lec ture. The sidebars are intended to demonstrate the impact of electronics, elevate the reader's understanding of the concepts, or provide a snapshot of the latest develop ments in the field 2. A chapter on oscillators has been added. A natural descendent of feedback circuits, discrete and integrated oscillators have become indispensible in most devices and hence merit a detailed stud- 3. The end-of-chapter problems have been rearranged to better agree with the progres sion of the chapter. Also, to allow the reader to quickly find the problems for each section, the corresponding section titles have been added. Moreover, the challenging problems have been ranked in terms of their difficulty level by one or two stars Since students often ask for the answers to problems so as to check the validity of their approach, the answers to even-numbered problems have been posted on the book's 5. Various typographical errors have been corrected I wish to thank all of the students and instructors who have provided valuable feedback in the past five years and helped me decide on the revisions for this edition Behzad razavi January 2013 Preface to First Edition With the advances in the semiconductor and communication industries it has become increasingly important for electrical engineers to develop a good understanding of micro electronics. This book addresses the need for a text that teaches microelectronics from a modern and intuitive perspective. Guided by my industrial, research, and academic expe rience, I have chosen the topics, the order, and the depth and breadth so as to efficiently impart analysis and design principles that the students will find useful as they enter the industry or graduate school One salient feature of this book is its synthesis-or design-oriented approach Rather than pulling a circuit out of a bag and trying to analyze it, I set the stage by stating a problem that we face in real life(e.g, how to design a cellphone charger ). I then attempt to arrive at a solution using basic principles, thus presenting both failures and successes in the process. When we do arrive at the final solution the student has seen the exact role of each device as well as the logical thought sequence behind synthesizing the circuit Another essential component of this book is"analysis by inspection. This"mentality is created in two steps. First, the behavior of elementary building blocks is formulated using a"verbal description of each analytical result(e. g, "looking into the emitter, we see 1/8m ).Second, larger circuits are decomposed and"mapped"to the elementary blocks to avoid the need for writing KVLs and KCls. This approach both imparts a great deal of lifies the anal The two articles following this preface provide helpful suggestions for students and instructors. I hope these suggestions make the task of learning or teaching microelectronics loyable avar set of Powerpoint slides, a solutions manual, and many other teaching aids are ilable for instructors Behzad Razavi November 2007 Acknowledgments This book has taken four years to write and benefited from contributions of many indi viduals. I wish to thank the following for their input at various stages of this books devel- opment: David Allstot(University of Washington), Joel Berlinghieri, Sr(The Citadel) Bernhard Boser (University of California, Berkeley ), Charles Bray(University of Mem- phis), Marc Cahay (University of Cincinnati), Norman Cox (University of Missouri, Rolla), James Daley (University of Rhode Island), Tranjan Farid(University of North Carolina at Charlotte), Paul Furth(New Mexico State University), Roman Genov (Uni- versity of Toronto), Maysan Ghovanloo(North Carolina State University), Gennady Gildenblat(Pennsylvania State University), Ashok Goel(Michigan Technological Univer sity), Michael Gouzman(SUNY, Stony Brook), Michael Green(University of California Irvine), Sotoudeh Hamedi-Hagh(San Jose State University), Reid Harrison(University of Utah), Payam Heydari (University of California, Irvine), Feng Hua(Clarkson Univer sity), Marian Kazmierchuk(Wright State University), Roger King (University of Toledo) Edward Kolesar(Texas Christian University), Ying-Cheng Lai(Arizona State Univer- sity), Daniel Lau( University of Kentucky, Lexington), Stanislaw Legowski (University of Wyoming), Philip Lopresti (University of Pennsylvania), Mani Mina(lowa State Univer- sity), James Morris(Portland State University), Khalil Najafi (University of Michigan) Homer Nazeran(University of Texas, El Paso), Tamara Papalias(San Jose State Univer sity), Matthew Radmanesh( California State University, Northridge), Angela Rasmussen (University of Utah), Sal R. Riggio, Jr (Pennsylvania State University), Ali Sheikholeslami (University of Toronto), Kalpathy B. Sundaram(University of Central Florida), Yannis Tsividis( Columbia University), Thomas Wu (University of Central Florida), Darrin Young Case Western Reserve University) I am grateful to Naresh Shanbhag(University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) for test driving a draft of the book in a course and providing valuable feedback. The fol lowing UCLA students diligently prepared the solutions manual: Lawrence Au, Hamid Hatamkhani, Alireza Mehrnia, Alireza Razzaghi, William Wai-Kwok Tang, and Ning Wang Ning Wang also produced the powerpoint slides for the entire book. Eudean Sun (University of California, Berkeley)and John Tyler(Texas A&M University) served as accuracy checkers I would like to thank them for their hard work I thank my publisher, Catherine Shultz, for her dedication and exuberance. Lucille Buonocore, Carmen Hernandez, Dana Kellogg, Madelyn Lesure, Christopher Ruel, Ken neth Santor, Lauren Sapira, Daniel Sayre, Gladys Soto, and Carolyn Weisman of wiley and Bill Zobrist(formerly with Wiley)also deserve my gratitude. In addition, I wish to thank Jessica Knecht and Joyce Poh for their hard work on the second edition My wife, Angelina, typed the entire book and kept her humor as this project dragged on. My deepest thanks go to her. Behzad razavi Suggestions for Students You are about to embark upon a journey through the fascinating world of microelectronics Fortunately, microelectronics appears in so many facets of our lives that we can readily gather enough motivation to study it. The reading, however, is not as easy as that of a novel; we must deal with analysis and design, applying mathematical rigor as well as engineering intuition every step of the way. This article provides some suggestions that students may find helpful in studying microelectronics Rigor and Intuition Before reading this book, you have taken one or two courses on basic circuit theory, mastering Kirchoff's Laws and the analysis of RlC circuits. While quite abstract and bearing no apparent connection with real life, the concepts studied in these courses form the foundation for microelectronics--just as calculus does for engineering Our treatment of microelectronics also requires rigor but entails two additional com ponents. First, we identify many applications for the concepts that we study. Second, we must develop intuition, i.e., a for the operation of microelectronic devices and cir cuits. Without an intuitive understanding, the analysis of circuits becomes increasingly more difficult as we add more devices to perform more complex functions Analysis by Inspection We will expend a considerable effort toward establishing the mentality and the skills necessary for analysis by inspection. That is, looking at a complex circuit, we wish to decompose or"map"it to simpler topologies, thus formulating the behavior with a few lines of algebra. As a simple example, suppose we have encountered the resistive divider shown in Fig. (a) and derived its Thevenin equivalent. Now, if given the circuit in Fig. (b), we can readily replace Vin, R1, and R2 with a Thevenin equivalent, thereby simplifying the calculations Example of analysis by inspections 40 Pages per Week While taking courses on microelectronics, you will need to read about 40 pages of this book every week, with each page containing many new concepts, derivations, and examples. The lectures given by the instructor create a"skeleton"of each chapter, but it rests upon you to"connect the dots by reading the book carefully and understanding each paragraph before proceeding to the next Reading and understanding 40 pages of the book each week requires concentration and discipline. You will face new material and detailed derivations on each page and should set aside two-or three-hour distraction-free blocks of time(no phone calls, TV, email, etc so that you can follow the evolution of the concepts while honing your analytical skills. I also suggest that you attempt each example before reading its solution 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
模电大神拉扎维的经典模电入门教材。和国内囫囵吞枣的填鸭式的教材相比，此书内容覆盖面较小，但更重视基础原理的讲解和数学模型的分析，想要学懂模电，她是你最好的朋友。
Fundamentals of Microelectronics Second edition Behzad razavi University of california, Los Angeles WILEY vP publisher Don Fowley ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER: Dan sayre EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Jessica Knecht MARKETING MANAGER Christopher ruel DESIGNER Kristine Carney SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis soo ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER: Joyce Poh This book was set by Aptara Corporation Cover and text printed and bound by rr donnelley This book is printed on acid free paper. Founded in 1807, John Wiley sons, Inc has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our websitewww.wiley.com/go/citizenship Copyright(c 2014 John Wiley sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the copyright ClearanceCenter,Inc.222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,Mao1923,websitewww.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008,websitehttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are availableatwww.wileycom/go/returnlabel.Ifyouhavechosentoadoptthistextbookforusein your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative Printed in the United States of america 10987654321 To Angelina and Jahan, for their love and patience About the Author Behzad Razavi received the bsee degree from Sharif University of Technology in 1985 and the msee and phdee degrees from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respec tively. He was with at&T Bell Laboratories and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996 Since 1996, he has been Associate Professor and subsequently Professor of electrical en gineering at University of California, Los Angeles. His current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications and data converters Professor Razavi was an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994 and at Stanford University in 1995. He served on the Technical Program Committees of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (IssCC) from 1993 to 2002 and Vlsi Circuits symposium from 1998 to 2002. He has also served as guest editor and associate Editor of the ieee journal of solid-State Circuits. IeeE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronic Professor razavi received the beatrice winner award for editorial excellence at the 1994 ISSCC, the best paper award at the 1994 European Solid-State Circuits Conference, the best panel award at the 1995 and 1997 ISSCC, the TRW Innovative Teaching Award in 1997, the best paper award at the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference in 1998, and the Mcgraw-Hill First Edition of the Year award in 2001. He was the co-recipient of both the Jack Kilby Outstanding student Paper award and the beatrice winner Award for Editorial Excellence at the 2001 IsScC. He received the lockheed martin excellence in Teaching Award in 2006, the UCLA Faculty Senate Teaching Award in 2007, and the CICC Best Invited Paper Award in 2009 and 2012. He was the co-recipient of the 2012 VLSI Circuits Symposium Best Student Paper Award. He was also recognized as one of the top 10 authors in the 50-year history of IssCC. Professor Razavi received the Ieee Donald Pederson award in Solid-State Circuits in 2011 Professor Razavi is a Fellow of IEEE, has served as an IEEE Distinguished lecturer, and is the author of principles of Data Conversion System Design, RF Microelectron ics(translated to Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), Design of Analog CMos integrated Circuits(translated to Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications, and Fundamentals of Microelectronics(translated to Korean and Portuguese). He is also the editor of Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock recovery Circuits and Phase-Locking in High-Performance Systems Preface The first edition of this book was published in 2008 and has been adopted by numerous universities around the globe for undergraduate microelectronics education. In response to the feedback received from students and instructors this second edition entails a number of revisions that enhance the pedagogical aspects of the book 1. Numerous sidebars have been added throughout the text on the history and appli- cations of electronic devices and circuits, helping the reader remain engaged and motivated and allowing the instructor to draw upon real-life examples during the lec ture. The sidebars are intended to demonstrate the impact of electronics, elevate the reader's understanding of the concepts, or provide a snapshot of the latest develop ments in the field 2. A chapter on oscillators has been added. A natural descendent of feedback circuits, discrete and integrated oscillators have become indispensible in most devices and hence merit a detailed stud- 3. The end-of-chapter problems have been rearranged to better agree with the progres sion of the chapter. Also, to allow the reader to quickly find the problems for each section, the corresponding section titles have been added. Moreover, the challenging problems have been ranked in terms of their difficulty level by one or two stars Since students often ask for the answers to problems so as to check the validity of their approach, the answers to even-numbered problems have been posted on the book's 5. Various typographical errors have been corrected I wish to thank all of the students and instructors who have provided valuable feedback in the past five years and helped me decide on the revisions for this edition Behzad razavi January 2013 Preface to First Edition With the advances in the semiconductor and communication industries it has become increasingly important for electrical engineers to develop a good understanding of micro electronics. This book addresses the need for a text that teaches microelectronics from a modern and intuitive perspective. Guided by my industrial, research, and academic expe rience, I have chosen the topics, the order, and the depth and breadth so as to efficiently impart analysis and design principles that the students will find useful as they enter the industry or graduate school One salient feature of this book is its synthesis-or design-oriented approach Rather than pulling a circuit out of a bag and trying to analyze it, I set the stage by stating a problem that we face in real life(e.g, how to design a cellphone charger ). I then attempt to arrive at a solution using basic principles, thus presenting both failures and successes in the process. When we do arrive at the final solution the student has seen the exact role of each device as well as the logical thought sequence behind synthesizing the circuit Another essential component of this book is"analysis by inspection. This"mentality is created in two steps. First, the behavior of elementary building blocks is formulated using a"verbal description of each analytical result(e. g, "looking into the emitter, we see 1/8m ).Second, larger circuits are decomposed and"mapped"to the elementary blocks to avoid the need for writing KVLs and KCls. This approach both imparts a great deal of lifies the anal The two articles following this preface provide helpful suggestions for students and instructors. I hope these suggestions make the task of learning or teaching microelectronics loyable avar set of Powerpoint slides, a solutions manual, and many other teaching aids are ilable for instructors Behzad Razavi November 2007 Acknowledgments This book has taken four years to write and benefited from contributions of many indi viduals. I wish to thank the following for their input at various stages of this books devel- opment: David Allstot(University of Washington), Joel Berlinghieri, Sr(The Citadel) Bernhard Boser (University of California, Berkeley ), Charles Bray(University of Mem- phis), Marc Cahay (University of Cincinnati), Norman Cox (University of Missouri, Rolla), James Daley (University of Rhode Island), Tranjan Farid(University of North Carolina at Charlotte), Paul Furth(New Mexico State University), Roman Genov (Uni- versity of Toronto), Maysan Ghovanloo(North Carolina State University), Gennady Gildenblat(Pennsylvania State University), Ashok Goel(Michigan Technological Univer sity), Michael Gouzman(SUNY, Stony Brook), Michael Green(University of California Irvine), Sotoudeh Hamedi-Hagh(San Jose State University), Reid Harrison(University of Utah), Payam Heydari (University of California, Irvine), Feng Hua(Clarkson Univer sity), Marian Kazmierchuk(Wright State University), Roger King (University of Toledo) Edward Kolesar(Texas Christian University), Ying-Cheng Lai(Arizona State Univer- sity), Daniel Lau( University of Kentucky, Lexington), Stanislaw Legowski (University of Wyoming), Philip Lopresti (University of Pennsylvania), Mani Mina(lowa State Univer- sity), James Morris(Portland State University), Khalil Najafi (University of Michigan) Homer Nazeran(University of Texas, El Paso), Tamara Papalias(San Jose State Univer sity), Matthew Radmanesh( California State University, Northridge), Angela Rasmussen (University of Utah), Sal R. Riggio, Jr (Pennsylvania State University), Ali Sheikholeslami (University of Toronto), Kalpathy B. Sundaram(University of Central Florida), Yannis Tsividis( Columbia University), Thomas Wu (University of Central Florida), Darrin Young Case Western Reserve University) I am grateful to Naresh Shanbhag(University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) for test driving a draft of the book in a course and providing valuable feedback. The fol lowing UCLA students diligently prepared the solutions manual: Lawrence Au, Hamid Hatamkhani, Alireza Mehrnia, Alireza Razzaghi, William Wai-Kwok Tang, and Ning Wang Ning Wang also produced the powerpoint slides for the entire book. Eudean Sun (University of California, Berkeley)and John Tyler(Texas A&M University) served as accuracy checkers I would like to thank them for their hard work I thank my publisher, Catherine Shultz, for her dedication and exuberance. Lucille Buonocore, Carmen Hernandez, Dana Kellogg, Madelyn Lesure, Christopher Ruel, Ken neth Santor, Lauren Sapira, Daniel Sayre, Gladys Soto, and Carolyn Weisman of wiley and Bill Zobrist(formerly with Wiley)also deserve my gratitude. In addition, I wish to thank Jessica Knecht and Joyce Poh for their hard work on the second edition My wife, Angelina, typed the entire book and kept her humor as this project dragged on. My deepest thanks go to her. Behzad razavi Suggestions for Students You are about to embark upon a journey through the fascinating world of microelectronics Fortunately, microelectronics appears in so many facets of our lives that we can readily gather enough motivation to study it. The reading, however, is not as easy as that of a novel; we must deal with analysis and design, applying mathematical rigor as well as engineering intuition every step of the way. This article provides some suggestions that students may find helpful in studying microelectronics Rigor and Intuition Before reading this book, you have taken one or two courses on basic circuit theory, mastering Kirchoff's Laws and the analysis of RlC circuits. While quite abstract and bearing no apparent connection with real life, the concepts studied in these courses form the foundation for microelectronics--just as calculus does for engineering Our treatment of microelectronics also requires rigor but entails two additional com ponents. First, we identify many applications for the concepts that we study. Second, we must develop intuition, i.e., a for the operation of microelectronic devices and cir cuits. Without an intuitive understanding, the analysis of circuits becomes increasingly more difficult as we add more devices to perform more complex functions Analysis by Inspection We will expend a considerable effort toward establishing the mentality and the skills necessary for analysis by inspection. That is, looking at a complex circuit, we wish to decompose or"map"it to simpler topologies, thus formulating the behavior with a few lines of algebra. As a simple example, suppose we have encountered the resistive divider shown in Fig. (a) and derived its Thevenin equivalent. Now, if given the circuit in Fig. (b), we can readily replace Vin, R1, and R2 with a Thevenin equivalent, thereby simplifying the calculations Example of analysis by inspections 40 Pages per Week While taking courses on microelectronics, you will need to read about 40 pages of this book every week, with each page containing many new concepts, derivations, and examples. The lectures given by the instructor create a"skeleton"of each chapter, but it rests upon you to"connect the dots by reading the book carefully and understanding each paragraph before proceeding to the next Reading and understanding 40 pages of the book each week requires concentration and discipline. You will face new material and detailed derivations on each page and should set aside two-or three-hour distraction-free blocks of time(no phone calls, TV, email, etc so that you can follow the evolution of the concepts while honing your analytical skills. I also suggest that you attempt each example before reading its solution 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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