ANSYS Icepak User's Guide.pdf

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

Table of Contents
1. Using This Manual ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.What’s In This Manual ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. How To Use This Manual .................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. For the Beginner ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. For the Experienced User .......................................................................................................... 4
1.3.Typographical Conventions Used In This Manual ................................................................................ 4
1.4. Mathematical Conventions ............................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Mouse and Keyboard Conventions Used In This Manual ..................................................................... 6
1.6.When To Call Your ANSYS Icepak Support Engineer ............................................................................ 6
2. Getting Started ....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.What is ANSYS Icepak? ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Program Structure ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.3. Program Capabilities ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1. General .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2. Model Building ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.3.3. Meshing ................................................................................................................................. 10
2.3.4. Materials ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.5. Physical Models ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.6. Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................................. 12
2.3.7. Solver .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.8.Visualization ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.9. Reporting .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.3.10. Applications ......................................................................................................................... 13
2.4. Overview of Using ANSYS Icepak ..................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1. Planning Your ANSYS Icepak Analysis ...................................................................................... 13
2.4.2. Problem Solving Steps ............................................................................................................ 14
2.5. Starting ANSYS Icepak ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.5.1. Starting ANSYS Icepak on a Linux System ................................................................................ 15
2.5.2. Starting ANSYS Icepak on a Windows System .......................................................................... 15
2.5.3. Startup Screen ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.5.4. Startup Options for Linux Systems .......................................................................................... 17
2.5.5. Environment Variables on Linux Systems ................................................................................ 18
2.6. Accessing the ANSYS Icepak Manuals .............................................................................................. 19
2.7. Sample Session ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.7.1. Problem Description .............................................................................................................. 19
2.7.2. Outline of Procedure .............................................................................................................. 20
2.7.3. Step 1: Create a New Project ................................................................................................... 20
2.7.4. Step 2: Build the Model ........................................................................................................... 22
2.7.5. Step 3: Generate a Mesh ......................................................................................................... 33
2.7.6. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings .................................................................................. 37
2.7.7. Step 5: Save the Model ........................................................................................................... 38
2.7.8. Step 6: Calculate a Solution ..................................................................................................... 39
2.7.9. Step 7: Examine the results ..................................................................................................... 40
2.7.10. Step 8: Summary .................................................................................................................. 52
3. User Interface ........................................................................................................................................ 53
3.1.The Graphical User Interface ............................................................................................................ 53
3.1.1. The Main Window .................................................................................................................. 54
3.1.2. The ANSYS Icepak Menus ....................................................................................................... 54
3.1.3.The ANSYS Icepak Toolbars ..................................................................................................... 82
3.1.4.The Model manager Window .................................................................................................. 88
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3.1.5. Graphics Windows .................................................................................................................. 90
3.1.6.The Message Window ............................................................................................................. 93
3.1.7. The Edit Window .................................................................................................................... 93
3.1.8. File Selection Dialog Boxes ..................................................................................................... 94
3.1.9. Control Panels ........................................................................................................................ 99
3.1.10. Accessing Online Help ........................................................................................................ 105
3.2. Using the Mouse ........................................................................................................................... 106
3.2.1. Controlling Panel Inputs ....................................................................................................... 107
3.2.2. Using the Mouse in the Model manager Window .................................................................. 107
3.2.3. Using the Context Menus in the Model manager Window ..................................................... 107
3.3. The Main library Node Context Menu ............................................................................................ 108
3.4.The Materials Node Context Menu ................................................................................................. 108
3.5. The fans and packages Node Context Menu .................................................................................. 108
3.5.1. The Groups Node Context Menus ......................................................................................... 108
3.5.2.The Post-processing Node Context Menu .............................................................................. 110
3.5.3.The Points Node Context Menus ........................................................................................... 110
3.5.4.The Surfaces Node Context Menus ........................................................................................ 110
3.5.5.The Trash Node Context Menus ............................................................................................. 111
3.5.6.The Inactive Node Context Menu .......................................................................................... 111
3.5.7.The Model Node Context Menus ........................................................................................... 112
3.6.The Cabinet Context Menu ............................................................................................................ 115
3.7.The Materials Node Context Menu ................................................................................................. 115
3.8.The Assembly Node Context Menu ................................................................................................ 115
3.8.1. Using the Clipboard ............................................................................................................. 116
3.9. Using the Context Menus in the Graphics Display Window ............................................................. 117
3.10. Manipulating Graphics With the Mouse ....................................................................................... 123
3.10.1. Rotating a Model ................................................................................................................ 124
3.10.2. Translating a Model ............................................................................................................ 124
3.10.3. Zooming In and Out ........................................................................................................... 124
3.10.4. Adding Objects to the Model .............................................................................................. 124
3.10.5. Selecting Objects within a Model ........................................................................................ 124
3.10.6. Translating Objects within a Model ..................................................................................... 125
3.10.7. Resizing Objects within a Model ......................................................................................... 125
3.10.8. Moving the Display Identifiers ............................................................................................ 125
3.10.9. Changing the Color Spectrum ............................................................................................. 125
3.10.10. Changing the Mouse Controls ........................................................................................... 125
3.10.11. Switching Between Modes ................................................................................................ 126
3.11.Triad (coordinate axis) and Rotation Cursors ................................................................................. 127
3.11.1. Pointer Modes .................................................................................................................... 127
3.12. 3-D Input Device Support ............................................................................................................ 128
3.13. Using the Keyboard ..................................................................................................................... 129
3.14. Quitting ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................................................ 130
4. ANSYS Icepak in Workbench ............................................................................................................... 133
4.1. The ANSYS File Menu .................................................................................................................... 133
4.2. The ANSYS Icepak Toolbar ............................................................................................................. 135
4.3. Using Icepak With the Remote Solve Manager (RSM) ...................................................................... 135
4.4. The Preferences Panel ................................................................................................................... 135
5. Reading,Writing, and Managing Files ................................................................................................. 137
5.1. Overview of Files Written and Read by ANSYS Icepak ..................................................................... 137
5.2. Files Created by ANSYS Icepak ....................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1. Problem Setup Files .............................................................................................................. 139
5.2.2. Mesh Files ............................................................................................................................ 139
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5.2.3. Solver Files ........................................................................................................................... 139
5.2.4. Optimization Files ................................................................................................................ 140
5.2.5. Postprocessing Files ............................................................................................................. 140
5.2.6. Metadata Files ...................................................................................................................... 140
5.3. Merging Model Data ..................................................................................................................... 140
5.3.1. Geometric Transformations .................................................................................................. 142
5.4. Saving a Project File ...................................................................................................................... 143
5.4.1. Recent Projects .................................................................................................................... 145
5.5. Saving Image Files ........................................................................................................................ 146
5.5.1. Choosing the Image File Format ........................................................................................... 148
5.5.2. Specifying the Print Region ................................................................................................... 149
5.6. Packing and Unpacking Model Files .............................................................................................. 150
5.7. Cleaning up the Project Data ......................................................................................................... 150
6. Importing and Exporting Model Files ................................................................................................. 153
6.1. Files That Can Be Imported into ANSYS Icepak ............................................................................... 153
6.2. Importing IGES, and STEP Files into ANSYS Icepak .......................................................................... 154
6.2.1. How to Import IGES or STEP Files .......................................................................................... 154
6.2.2. Reading an IGES or STEP File into ANSYS Icepak .................................................................... 156
6.2.3. Using Families ...................................................................................................................... 158
6.2.4. Converting CAD Geometry into ANSYS Icepak Objects .......................................................... 161
6.2.5.Visibility of CAD Geometry in the Graphics Window .............................................................. 171
6.3. Importing IDF Files into ANSYS Icepak ........................................................................................... 174
6.3.1. Overview of Importing IDF Files into ANSYS Icepak ............................................................... 174
6.3.2. Reading an IDF File into ANSYS Icepak .................................................................................. 175
6.3.3. Updating the Imported IDF File in ANSYS Icepak ................................................................... 183
6.3.4. Using the Imported IDF File in ANSYS Icepak ......................................................................... 184
6.4. Importing IDX Files into ANSYS Icepak ........................................................................................... 184
6.4.1. Overview of Importing IDX Files into ANSYS Icepak ............................................................... 184
6.4.2. Reading an IDX File into ANSYS Icepak .................................................................................. 185
6.4.3. Using the Imported IDX File in ANSYS Icepak ......................................................................... 190
6.5. Importing Electronics Cooling XML Files into ANSYS Icepak ........................................................... 190
6.5.1. Importing EC XML Files ......................................................................................................... 194
6.6. Importing Trace Files into ANSYS Icepak ........................................................................................ 195
6.6.1. Licensing Requirements for Importing Trace Files .................................................................. 195
6.6.2. Importing Trace Files ............................................................................................................ 195
6.7.Trace Heating ................................................................................................................................ 203
6.7.1.Trace Heating Boundary Conditions ...................................................................................... 204
6.8. Importing Other Files into ANSYS Icepak ....................................................................................... 205
6.8.1. General Procedure ................................................................................................................ 205
6.8.2. IGES Files .............................................................................................................................. 206
6.8.3. CSV/Excel Files ..................................................................................................................... 207
6.8.4. Networks ............................................................................................................................. 212
6.8.5. Gradient, Cadence, and Apache Sentinel Powermap Files ....................................................... 213
6.8.6. Gradient Powermap Files for Stacked Die Packages ............................................................... 214
6.8.7. Apache RedHawk Chip Thermal Model (CTM) Powermap Files ............................................... 214
6.9. Exporting ANSYS Icepak Files ........................................................................................................ 216
6.9.1. IGES, STEP, and Tetin Files ...................................................................................................... 216
6.9.2. Saving an AutoTherm File ..................................................................................................... 216
6.9.3.Write Sentinel TI HTC File ...................................................................................................... 217
6.9.4. CSV/Excel Files ..................................................................................................................... 218
6.9.5. Networks ............................................................................................................................. 220
6.9.6. IDF Files ............................................................................................................................... 221
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6.9.7. Electronics Cooling XML Files ................................................................................................ 222
6.9.8. Gradient, Cadence Thermal Resistance and SIwave Temperature Files .................................... 226
6.9.9.Write Simplorer Files ............................................................................................................. 226
6.9.10. CFD Post/Mechanical data .................................................................................................. 226
7. Unit Systems ........................................................................................................................................ 227
7.1. Overview of Units in ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................................ 227
7.2. Units for Meshing .......................................................................................................................... 228
7.3. Built-In Unit Systems in ANSYS Icepak ............................................................................................ 228
7.4. Customizing Units ......................................................................................................................... 228
7.4.1.Viewing Current Units ........................................................................................................... 229
7.4.2. Changing the Units for a Quantity ......................................................................................... 229
7.4.3. Defining a New Unit ............................................................................................................. 231
7.4.4. Deleting a Unit ..................................................................................................................... 232
7.5. Units for Postprocessing ................................................................................................................ 232
8. Defining a Project ................................................................................................................................ 235
8.1. Overview of Interface Components ............................................................................................... 235
8.1.1.The File Menu ....................................................................................................................... 235
8.1.2. The File commands Toolbar .................................................................................................. 238
8.1.3.The Model manager Window ................................................................................................ 239
8.2. Creating, Opening, Reloading, and Deleting a Project File ............................................................... 241
8.2.1. Creating a New Project ......................................................................................................... 242
8.2.2. Opening an Existing Project .................................................................................................. 244
8.2.3. Reloading the Main Version of a Project ................................................................................ 245
8.3. Configuring a Project .................................................................................................................... 246
8.3.1. Display Options .................................................................................................................... 247
8.3.2. Editing Options .................................................................................................................... 250
8.3.3. Printing Options ................................................................................................................... 250
8.3.4. Miscellaneous Options ......................................................................................................... 251
8.3.5. Editing the Library Paths ....................................................................................................... 252
8.3.6. Editing the Graphical Styles .................................................................................................. 254
8.3.7. Interactive Editing ................................................................................................................ 256
8.3.8. Meshing Options .................................................................................................................. 258
8.3.9. Solution Options .................................................................................................................. 259
8.3.10. Postprocessing Options ...................................................................................................... 261
8.3.11. Other Preferences and Settings ........................................................................................... 261
8.4. Specifying the Problem Parameters ............................................................................................... 262
8.4.1. Time Variation ...................................................................................................................... 264
8.4.2. Solution Variables ................................................................................................................. 264
8.4.3. Flow Regime ........................................................................................................................ 267
8.4.4. Forced- or Natural-Convection Effects ................................................................................... 269
8.4.5. Ambient Values .................................................................................................................... 272
8.4.6. Default Fluid, Solid, and Surface Materials .............................................................................. 273
8.4.7. Initial Conditions .................................................................................................................. 274
8.4.8. Specifying a Spatial Power Profile ......................................................................................... 274
8.4.9. Modeling Solar Radiation Effects ........................................................................................... 275
8.4.10. Modeling Altitude Effects ................................................................................................... 277
8.5. Problem Setup Wizard ................................................................................................................... 278
9. Building a Model ................................................................................................................................. 283
9.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 283
9.1.1. The Object Creation Toolbar ................................................................................................. 283
9.1.2.The Object Modification Toolbar ........................................................................................... 284
9.1.3.The Model Node in the Model manager Window ................................................................... 284
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9.1.4. The Model Menu .................................................................................................................. 285
9.2. Defining the Cabinet ..................................................................................................................... 285
9.2.1. Resizing the Cabinet ............................................................................................................. 286
9.2.2. Repositioning the Cabinet .................................................................................................... 290
9.2.3. Changing the Walls of the Cabinet ........................................................................................ 293
9.2.4. Changing the Name of the Cabinet ....................................................................................... 293
9.2.5. Modifying the Graphical Style of the Cabinet ........................................................................ 293
9.3. Configuring Objects within the Cabinet ......................................................................................... 294
9.3.1. Overview of the Object Panels and Object Edit Windows ....................................................... 294
9.3.2. Creating a New Object .......................................................................................................... 298
9.3.3. Selecting and Deselecting an Object ..................................................................................... 298
9.3.4. Editing an Object ................................................................................................................. 299
9.3.5. Deleting an Object ............................................................................................................... 299
9.3.6. Resizing an Object ................................................................................................................ 300
9.3.7. Repositioning an Object ....................................................................................................... 301
9.4. Creating a New Local Coordinate System ....................................................................................... 307
9.5. Editing an Existing Local Coordinate System .................................................................................. 308
9.6.Viewing the Definition of a Local Coordinate System ...................................................................... 308
9.7. Deleting Local Coordinate Systems ................................................................................................ 309
9.8. Activating and Deactivating Local Coordinate Systems .................................................................. 309
9.8.1. Aligning an Object with Another Object in the Model ........................................................... 309
9.9. Aligning Object Faces ................................................................................................................... 310
9.10. Aligning Object Edges ................................................................................................................. 311
9.11. Aligning Object Vertices .............................................................................................................. 312
9.12. Aligning Object Centers .............................................................................................................. 313
9.13. Aligning Object Face Centers ....................................................................................................... 313
9.14. Matching Object Faces ................................................................................................................ 314
9.15. Matching Object Edges ............................................................................................................... 315
9.15.1. Copying an Object .............................................................................................................. 315
9.16. Object Attributes ........................................................................................................................ 319
9.16.1. Description ........................................................................................................................ 319
9.16.2. Graphical Style ................................................................................................................... 320
9.16.3. Position and Size ................................................................................................................ 321
9.16.4. Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 321
9.17. Two-Dimensional Polygons ......................................................................................................... 326
9.18. Three-Dimensional Polygons ....................................................................................................... 328
9.18.1. Prism Objects ..................................................................................................................... 330
9.18.2. Cylindrical Objects .............................................................................................................. 331
9.18.3. Ellipsoid Objects ................................................................................................................. 334
9.18.4. Elliptical Cylinder Objects ................................................................................................... 335
9.18.5. CAD Objects ....................................................................................................................... 339
9.18.6. Physical Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 340
9.19. Adding Objects to the Model ....................................................................................................... 341
9.20. Grouping Objects ........................................................................................................................ 341
9.20.1. Creating a Group ................................................................................................................ 342
9.20.2. Renaming a Group ............................................................................................................. 342
9.20.3. Changing the Graphical Style of a Group ............................................................................. 343
9.20.4. Adding Objects to a Group ................................................................................................. 344
9.20.5. Removing Objects From a Group ........................................................................................ 345
9.20.6. Copying Groups ................................................................................................................. 346
9.20.7. Moving a Group ................................................................................................................. 346
9.20.8. Editing the Properties of Like Objects in a Group ................................................................. 346
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9.20.9. Deleting a Group ................................................................................................................ 347
9.20.10. Activating or Deactivating a Group ................................................................................... 347
9.20.11. Using a Group to Create an Assembly ................................................................................ 347
9.20.12. Saving a Group as a Project ............................................................................................... 347
9.21. Material Properties ...................................................................................................................... 347
9.21.1. Using the Materials Library and the Materials Panel ............................................................. 349
9.21.2. Editing an Existing Material ................................................................................................. 350
9.21.3.Viewing the Properties of a Material .................................................................................... 356
9.21.4. Copying a Material ............................................................................................................. 356
9.21.5. Creating a New Material ..................................................................................................... 357
9.21.6. Saving Materials and Properties .......................................................................................... 357
9.21.7. Deleting a Material ............................................................................................................. 359
9.21.8. Defining Properties Using Velocity-Dependent Functions .................................................... 359
9.21.9. Defining Properties Using Temperature-Dependent Functions ............................................ 360
9.22. Using the Temperature value curve Window ................................................................................ 360
9.23. Using the Curve specification Panel ............................................................................................. 362
9.24. Custom Assemblies ..................................................................................................................... 363
9.24.1. Creating and Adding an Assembly ...................................................................................... 363
9.24.2. Editing Properties of an Assembly ....................................................................................... 364
9.24.3. Assembly Viewing Options ................................................................................................. 370
9.24.4. Selecting an Assembly ........................................................................................................ 370
9.24.5. Editing Objects in an Assembly ........................................................................................... 370
9.24.6. Copying an Assembly ......................................................................................................... 370
9.24.7. Moving an Assembly .......................................................................................................... 371
9.24.8. Saving an Assembly ............................................................................................................ 371
9.24.9. Loading an Assembly ......................................................................................................... 371
9.24.10. Merging an Assembly With Another Project ...................................................................... 371
9.24.11. Deleting an Assembly ....................................................................................................... 371
9.24.12. Expanding an Assembly Into Its Components .................................................................... 372
9.24.13. Summary Information for an Assembly ............................................................................. 372
9.24.14.Total Volume of an Assembly ............................................................................................. 372
9.24.15.Total Area of an Assembly ................................................................................................. 372
9.25. Checking the Design of Your Model ............................................................................................. 372
9.25.1. Object and Material Summaries .......................................................................................... 372
9.25.2. Design Checks .................................................................................................................... 374
10. Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 377
10.1. Location and Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 377
10.2. Modeling IC Packages ................................................................................................................. 377
10.3. Modeling Heat Exchangers/Cold Plates ........................................................................................ 379
10.4. Modeling Recirculation Openings ................................................................................................ 380
10.5. Network Nodes ........................................................................................................................... 381
10.6. Adding a Network to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ........................................................................... 381
11. Heat Exchangers ................................................................................................................................ 389
11.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 389
11.2. Modeling a Planar Heat Exchanger in ANSYS Icepak ..................................................................... 389
11.2.1. Modeling the Pressure Loss through a Heat Exchanger ........................................................ 389
11.2.2. Modeling the Heat Transfer through a Heat Exchanger ........................................................ 390
11.2.3. Calculating the Heat Transfer Coefficient ............................................................................. 390
11.3. Adding a Heat Exchanger to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ................................................................ 391
12. Openings ........................................................................................................................................... 395
12.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 396
12.2. Free Openings ............................................................................................................................ 396
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12.3. Recirculation Openings ............................................................................................................... 396
12.3.1. Recirculation Mass Flow Rate .............................................................................................. 397
12.3.2. Flow Direction for Recirculation Openings .......................................................................... 397
12.3.3. Recirculation Opening Thermal Specifications ..................................................................... 398
12.4. Recirculation Opening Species Filters .......................................................................................... 399
12.5. Adding an Opening to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ......................................................................... 399
12.5.1. User Inputs for a Free Opening ............................................................................................ 401
12.5.2. User Inputs for a Recirculation Opening .............................................................................. 406
13. Grilles ................................................................................................................................................ 409
13.1. Vents .......................................................................................................................................... 409
13.2. Planar Resistances ....................................................................................................................... 410
13.3. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 410
13.4. Pressure Drop Calculations for Grilles ........................................................................................... 411
13.5. Adding a Grille to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ................................................................................ 414
13.5.1. Using the Pressure drop curve Window to Specify the Curve for a Grille ............................... 417
13.5.2. Using the Curve specification Panel to Specify the Pressure Drop Curve for a Grille ............... 419
14. Sources .............................................................................................................................................. 423
14.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 423
14.2. Thermal Options ......................................................................................................................... 423
14.3. Source Usage .............................................................................................................................. 424
14.4. Adding a Source to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .............................................................................. 424
14.4.1. User Inputs for Thermal specification .................................................................................. 427
15. Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) ............................................................................................................ 435
15.1. Location and Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 435
15.2.Types of PCBs .............................................................................................................................. 435
15.2.1. Hollow PCBs ....................................................................................................................... 435
15.2.2. Compact PCBs .................................................................................................................... 437
15.2.3. Detailed PCBs ..................................................................................................................... 438
15.2.4. ECAD PCBs ......................................................................................................................... 438
15.3. Racks of PCBs .............................................................................................................................. 438
15.4. Adding a PCB to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .................................................................................. 439
16. Enclosures ......................................................................................................................................... 449
16.1. Location and Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 449
16.2. Adding an Enclosure to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ....................................................................... 449
17. Plates ................................................................................................................................................. 453
17.1. Defining a Plate in ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................................. 453
17.2. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 454
17.2.1. Plate Thickness ................................................................................................................... 454
17.3.Thermal Model Type .................................................................................................................... 454
17.4. Surface Roughness ...................................................................................................................... 455
17.5. Using Plates in Combination with Other Objects .......................................................................... 455
17.6. Adding a Plate to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ................................................................................. 455
17.6.1. User Inputs for the Thermal Model ...................................................................................... 458
17.6.2. User Inputs for the Low- and High-Side Properties of the Plate ............................................. 464
18. Walls .................................................................................................................................................. 467
18.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 467
18.1.1. Wall Thickness .................................................................................................................... 467
18.2. Surface Roughness ...................................................................................................................... 468
18.3.Wall Velocity ................................................................................................................................ 468
18.4. Thermal Boundary Conditions ..................................................................................................... 469
18.4.1. Specified Heat Flux ............................................................................................................. 470
18.4.2. Specified Temperature ........................................................................................................ 471
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18.5. External Thermal Conditions ........................................................................................................ 472
18.5.1. Convective Heat Transfer .................................................................................................... 472
18.5.2. Radiative Heat Transfer ....................................................................................................... 473
18.6. Constructing Multifaceted Walls .................................................................................................. 474
18.7. Adding a Wall to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .................................................................................. 476
18.7.1. User Inputs for a Symmetry Wall .......................................................................................... 479
18.7.2. User Inputs for a Stationary or Moving Wall ......................................................................... 479
18.7.2.1. Using the Curve specification Panel to Specify a Spatial Boundary Profile .................... 484
19. Periodic Boundaries .......................................................................................................................... 487
19.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 488
19.2. Adding a Periodic boundary to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ............................................................ 489
20. Blocks ................................................................................................................................................ 493
20.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 493
20.2. Block Type .................................................................................................................................. 493
20.3. Surface Roughness ...................................................................................................................... 494
20.4. Physical and Thermal Specifications ............................................................................................. 495
20.5. Block-Combination Thermal Characteristics ................................................................................. 495
20.5.1. Blocks with Coincident Surfaces .......................................................................................... 496
20.5.2. Blocks with Intersecting Volumes ........................................................................................ 497
20.6. A Block and an Intersecting Plate ................................................................................................. 500
20.7. Blocks Positioned on an External Wall .......................................................................................... 501
20.8. Cylinder, Polygon, Ellipsoid, or Elliptical Cylinder Blocks Positioned on a Prism Block ...................... 501
20.9. Network Blocks ........................................................................................................................... 502
20.9.1. Two-Resistor Model ............................................................................................................ 502
20.9.2. Star Network Model ............................................................................................................ 502
20.9.3. Fully Shunted Network Model ............................................................................................. 503
20.9.4. General Network Model ...................................................................................................... 504
20.10. Adding a Block to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .............................................................................. 505
20.10.1. User Inputs for the Block Surface Specification .................................................................. 509
20.10.2. User Inputs for the Block Thermal Specification ................................................................. 512
20.10.3. User Inputs for Network Blocks ......................................................................................... 521
21. Fans ................................................................................................................................................... 527
21.1. Defining a Fan in ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................................... 527
21.2. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 528
21.2.1. Simple Fans ........................................................................................................................ 528
21.2.2. Fans on Solid Blocks ........................................................................................................... 530
21.3. Flow Direction ............................................................................................................................ 531
21.4. Fans in Series .............................................................................................................................. 531
21.5. Fans in Parallel ............................................................................................................................ 532
21.6. Fans on Blocks ............................................................................................................................ 532
21.7. Specifying Swirl .......................................................................................................................... 533
21.7.1. Swirl Magnitude ................................................................................................................. 533
21.7.2. Fan RPM ............................................................................................................................. 534
21.8. Fixed Flow .................................................................................................................................. 534
21.9. Fan Characteristic Curve .............................................................................................................. 534
21.10. Additional Fan Options .............................................................................................................. 535
21.10.1. Fan Efficiency ................................................................................................................... 535
21.10.2. Fan Resistance Modeling .................................................................................................. 535
21.11. Adding a Fan to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ................................................................................. 536
21.11.1. Using the Fan curve Window to Specify the Curve for a Characteristic Curve Fan Type ........ 540
21.11.2. Using the Curve specification Panel to Specify the Curve for a Characteristic Curve Fan
Type ............................................................................................................................................. 542
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21.11.3. Loading a Pre-Defined Fan Object ..................................................................................... 544
22. Blowers .............................................................................................................................................. 547
22.1. Impellers ..................................................................................................................................... 547
22.2. Centrifugal Blowers ..................................................................................................................... 548
22.3. Specifying Blower Properties ....................................................................................................... 549
22.3.1. Blower Characteristic Curve ................................................................................................ 549
22.3.2. Specifying Swirl .................................................................................................................. 549
22.4. Adding a Blower to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .............................................................................. 550
23. Resistances ........................................................................................................................................ 557
23.1. Geometry, Location, and Dimensions ........................................................................................... 557
23.2. Pressure Drop Calculation for a 3D Resistance .............................................................................. 557
23.3. Adding a Resistance to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ........................................................................ 559
24. Heat Sinks .......................................................................................................................................... 563
24.1. Simplified Heat Sinks ................................................................................................................... 563
24.1.1. Modeling a Simplified Heat Sink ......................................................................................... 564
24.1.2. Modeling Compact Heat Sinks Using Geometry-Based Correlations ..................................... 565
24.2. Detailed Heat Sinks ..................................................................................................................... 566
24.3. Adding a Heat Sink to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .......................................................................... 568
24.3.1. User Inputs for a Simplified Heat Sink .................................................................................. 571
24.3.2. User Inputs for a Detailed Heat Sink .................................................................................... 576
25. Packages ........................................................................................................................................... 581
25.1. Location and Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 581
25.2. Detailed Packages ....................................................................................................................... 581
25.2.1. Detailed Features ............................................................................................................... 582
25.2.2. Approximated Features ...................................................................................................... 582
25.3. Compact Conduction Model (CCM) Packages .............................................................................. 584
25.3.1. Lead-Frame Packages ......................................................................................................... 584
25.3.2. Ball Grid Array (BGA) Packages ............................................................................................ 584
25.4. Junction-to-Case Characterization Model .................................................................................... 584
25.5. Junction-to-Board Characterization Model ................................................................................... 585
25.6. Adding a Package to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ............................................................................ 586
25.6.1. User Inputs for BGA Packages ............................................................................................. 593
25.6.2. User Inputs for Lead-Frame Packages .................................................................................. 600
25.6.3. User Inputs for Stacked Die Packages .................................................................................. 602
25.6.4. User Inputs for Package on Package .................................................................................... 605
25.6.5. Loading a Pre-Defined Package Object ............................................................................... 608
25.7. Delphi Package Characterization ................................................................................................. 610
26.Transient Simulations ........................................................................................................................ 625
26.1. User Inputs for Transient Simulations ........................................................................................... 625
26.2. Specifying Variables as a Function of Time ................................................................................... 636
26.2.1. Displaying the Variation of Transient Parameters with Time .................................................. 638
26.2.2. Using the Time/value curve Window to Specify a Piecewise Linear Variation With Time ........ 640
26.2.3. Using the Curve specification Panel to Specify a Piecewise Linear Variation With Time .......... 641
26.3. Postprocessing for Transient Simulations ..................................................................................... 642
26.3.1. Examining Results at a Specified Time ................................................................................. 642
26.3.2. Creating an Animation ........................................................................................................ 643
26.3.3. Generating a Report ........................................................................................................... 644
26.3.4. Creating a History Plot ........................................................................................................ 645
27. Species Transport Modeling ............................................................................................................. 649
27.1. Overview of Modeling Species Transport ..................................................................................... 649
27.2. User Inputs for Species Transport Simulations .............................................................................. 650
27.2.1. Using the Curve specification Panel to Specify a Spatial Boundary Profile ............................. 658
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27.3. Postprocessing for Species Calculations ....................................................................................... 659
28. Radiation Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 661
28.1.When to Include Radiation .......................................................................................................... 661
28.2. Surface-to-surface Radiation Modeling ........................................................................................ 661
28.2.1. Radiation Modeling for Objects .......................................................................................... 662
28.3. User Inputs for Radiation Modeling ............................................................................................. 662
28.3.1. User Inputs for Specification of Radiation in Individual Object Panels ................................... 664
28.3.2. User Inputs for Specification of Radiation Using the Form factors Panel ................................ 666
28.4. Discrete Ordinates Radiation Modeling ........................................................................................ 671
28.5. Ray tracing Radiation Modeling ................................................................................................... 672
29. Optimization ..................................................................................................................................... 675
29.1.When to Use Optimization ........................................................................................................... 675
29.2. User Inputs for Optimization ........................................................................................................ 675
30. Parameterizing the Model ................................................................................................................ 683
30.1. Overview of Parameterization ..................................................................................................... 683
30.2. Defining a Parameter in an Input Field ......................................................................................... 684
30.3. Defining Check Box Parameters ................................................................................................... 687
30.3.1. Examples ........................................................................................................................... 688
30.4. Defining Radio Button Parameters (Option Parameters) ............................................................... 689
30.5. Defining a Parameter (Design Variable) Using the Parameters and optimization Panel ................... 690
30.6. Deleting Parameters .................................................................................................................... 693
30.7. Defining Trials ............................................................................................................................. 693
30.7.1. Import and Export of Trial Data ........................................................................................... 695
30.7.2. Selecting Trials ................................................................................................................... 696
30.8. Running Trials ............................................................................................................................. 698
30.8.1. Running a Single Trial ......................................................................................................... 698
30.8.2. Running Multiple Trials ....................................................................................................... 699
30.9. Function Reporting and Plotting ................................................................................................. 702
31. State-Space Characterization ............................................................................................................ 705
31.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................... 705
31.2.When to Use State-Space Characterization ................................................................................... 705
31.3. Perform State-Space Characterization .......................................................................................... 705
31.4. Simplorer .................................................................................................................................... 707
32. Krylov Reduced-order Models .......................................................................................................... 709
32.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................... 709
32.2.When to Use Krylov ROM Simulation ........................................................................................... 709
32.3. Creating and Using a Krylov ROM ................................................................................................ 709
33. Using Macros ..................................................................................................................................... 715
33.1. JEDEC Test Chambers .................................................................................................................. 715
33.2. Forced-Convection Test Chamber ................................................................................................ 716
33.3. Natural-Convection Test Chamber ............................................................................................... 718
33.4. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) .......................................................................................................... 720
33.4.1. Adding a PCB to Your ANSYS Icepak Model .......................................................................... 720
33.4.2. Adding PCB Attachments to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ........................................................ 722
33.5. Detailed Heat Sink ....................................................................................................................... 727
33.5.1. Adding a Detailed Heat Sink Macro to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ......................................... 727
33.6. Heat Pipes .................................................................................................................................. 731
33.6.1. Adding a Heat Pipe to Your ANSYS Icepak Model ................................................................. 731
33.7. Data Center Components ............................................................................................................ 733
33.7.1. CRAC macro ....................................................................................................................... 733
33.7.2. PDU Macro ......................................................................................................................... 736
33.7.3. Rack Macro ......................................................................................................................... 738
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33.7.4.Tile Object .......................................................................................................................... 741
33.8.Transient Temperature Dependent Power .................................................................................... 744
33.8.1. Create a Temperature-Dependent Powermap ...................................................................... 744
33.8.2. Set Transient Object Properties ........................................................................................... 745
33.8.3. Run the Macro .................................................................................................................... 746
33.9. Debug Divergence ...................................................................................................................... 747
33.9.1. Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 747
33.9.2. Run the Macro .................................................................................................................... 747
33.10. TEC Macros ............................................................................................................................... 749
33.10.1.TEC ................................................................................................................................... 749
33.10.2. Run TEC ............................................................................................................................ 750
33.11. Power Dependent Power ........................................................................................................... 752
33.11.1. Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 752
33.11.2. Set Up Target and Remote Sources .................................................................................... 753
33.11.2.1. Set Up Target Sources .............................................................................................. 753
33.11.2.2. Set Up Remote Sources ............................................................................................ 754
33.11.3. Run the Macro .................................................................................................................. 755
33.12. Create Bonding Wires ................................................................................................................ 757
33.13. Solar Flux Calculator .................................................................................................................. 758
34. Power and Temperature Limit Setup ................................................................................................ 761
34.1. Setting Up the Power and Temperature Limit Values .................................................................... 761
34.2. Comparing the Object Temperatures with the Temperature Limits ............................................... 763
35. Generating a Mesh ............................................................................................................................ 765
35.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................... 765
35.2. Mesh Quality and Type ................................................................................................................ 766
35.2.1. Mesh Quality ...................................................................................................................... 766
35.2.2. Hex-Dominant and Hexahedral Meshes .............................................................................. 767
35.3. Guidelines for Mesh Generation .................................................................................................. 768
35.3.1. Hex-Dominant Meshing Procedure ..................................................................................... 768
35.3.2. Hexahedral Meshing Procedure .......................................................................................... 770
35.4. Creating a Minimum-Count Mesh ................................................................................................ 772
35.4.1. Creating a Minimum-Count Hex-Dominant Mesh ................................................................ 772
35.4.2. Creating a Minimum-Count Hexahedral Mesh ..................................................................... 774
35.5. Refining the Mesh Globally .......................................................................................................... 775
35.5.1. Global Refinement for a Hex-Dominant Mesh ...................................................................... 775
35.5.2. Global Refinement for a Hexahedral Mesh ........................................................................... 780
35.6. Refining the Mesh Locally ............................................................................................................ 783
35.6.1. General Procedure .............................................................................................................. 783
35.6.2. Definitions of Object-Specific Meshing Parameters .............................................................. 784
35.6.3. Defining Meshing Parameters for Multiple Objects .............................................................. 785
35.6.4. Meshing Parameters for Cabinets ........................................................................................ 786
35.6.5. Meshing Parameters for Blocks ........................................................................................... 786
35.6.6. Meshing Parameters for Enclosures ..................................................................................... 789
35.6.7. Meshing Parameters for Fans .............................................................................................. 789
35.6.8. Meshing Parameters for Blowers ......................................................................................... 790
35.6.9. Meshing Parameters for Grilles ............................................................................................ 790
35.6.10. Meshing Parameters for Heat Exchangers .......................................................................... 793
35.6.11. Meshing Parameters for Heat Sink Objects ........................................................................ 793
35.6.12. Meshing Parameters for Networks ..................................................................................... 793
35.6.13. Meshing Parameters for Openings .................................................................................... 793
35.6.14. Meshing Parameters for Packages ..................................................................................... 794
35.6.15. Meshing Parameters for PCBs ............................................................................................ 794
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35.6.16. Meshing Parameters for Plates .......................................................................................... 794
35.6.17. Meshing Parameters for Resistances .................................................................................. 794
35.6.18. Meshing Parameters for Sources ....................................................................................... 795
35.6.19. Meshing Parameters for Traces .......................................................................................... 795
35.6.20. Meshing Parameters for Walls ........................................................................................... 795
35.6.21. Meshing Parameters for Assemblies .................................................................................. 796
35.7. Controlling the Meshing Order for Objects ................................................................................... 796
35.8. Non-Conformal Meshing Procedures for Assemblies .................................................................... 797
35.9. Displaying the Mesh .................................................................................................................... 799
35.9.1. Displaying the Mesh on Individual Objects .......................................................................... 799
35.9.2. Displaying the Mesh on a Cross-Section of the Model .......................................................... 804
35.10. Checking the Mesh ................................................................................................................... 808
35.10.1. Checking the Face Alignment ........................................................................................... 808
35.10.2. Checking the Element Volume .......................................................................................... 810
35.10.3. Checking the Skewness .................................................................................................... 812
35.11. Loading an Existing Mesh .......................................................................................................... 816
36. Calculating a Solution ....................................................................................................................... 817
36.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................... 817
36.2. General Procedure for Setting Up and Calculating a Solution ........................................................ 818
36.3. Choosing the Discretization Scheme ........................................................................................... 819
36.4. Setting Under-Relaxation Factors ................................................................................................ 821
36.5. Selecting the Multigrid Scheme ................................................................................................... 822
36.6. Selecting Linear Solver Advanced Controls .................................................................................. 822
36.7. Selecting the Version of the Solver ............................................................................................... 823
36.8. Initializing the Solution ............................................................................................................... 823
36.9. Monitoring the Solution .............................................................................................................. 824
36.9.1. Defining Solution Monitors ................................................................................................. 825
36.9.2. Plotting Residuals ............................................................................................................... 827
36.10. Defining Postprocessing Objects ............................................................................................... 828
36.11. Defining Reports ....................................................................................................................... 828
36.12. Setting the Solver Controls ........................................................................................................ 829
36.12.1. Using the Solve Panel to Set the Solver Controls ................................................................ 830
36.12.2. Advanced Solution Control Options .................................................................................. 835
36.12.3. Results Solution Control Options ....................................................................................... 837
36.12.4. Parallel Processing ............................................................................................................ 839
36.12.5. Optimizing the Parallel Solver Performance ....................................................................... 842
36.13. Partitioning the Grid .................................................................................................................. 842
36.13.1. Workstation Cluster .......................................................................................................... 842
36.14. Starting Parallel ANSYS Icepak with the Job Scheduler ............................................................... 843
36.14.1. Configure Icepak for Network Parallel ................................................................................ 844
36.14.1.1. Install and Configure Icepak ..................................................................................... 844
36.14.1.2. Installing Platform MPI ............................................................................................. 845
36.14.1.3. Configure Icepak Network Parallel for Microsoft 2012 Server ..................................... 848
36.14.2. Configure Remote Linux Nodes ......................................................................................... 851
36.14.3. Batch Processing of ANSYS Icepak Projects on a Windows Machine .................................... 854
36.15. Performing Calculations ............................................................................................................ 856
36.15.1. Starting the Calculation .................................................................................................... 856
36.15.2.The Solution residuals Graphics Display and Control Window ............................................ 857
36.15.3. Changing the Solution Monitors During the Calculation .................................................... 859
36.15.4. Ending the Calculation ...................................................................................................... 859
36.15.5. Judging Convergence ....................................................................................................... 860
36.16. Diagnostic Tools for Technical Support ....................................................................................... 860
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37. Examining the Results ....................................................................................................................... 863
37.1. Overview: The Post Menu and Postprocessing Toolbar ................................................................. 863
37.1.1.The Post Menu .................................................................................................................... 863
37.1.2. The Postprocessing Toolbar ................................................................................................ 865
37.2. Graphical Displays ....................................................................................................................... 866
37.2.1. Overview of Generating Graphical Displays ......................................................................... 866
37.2.2.The Significance of Color in Graphical Displays .................................................................... 867
37.2.3. Managing Postprocessing Objects ...................................................................................... 867
37.2.4. Displaying Results on Object Faces ..................................................................................... 870
37.2.5. Displaying Results on Cross-Sections of the Model .............................................................. 874
37.2.6. Displaying Results on Isosurfaces ........................................................................................ 882
37.2.7. Displaying Results at a Point ............................................................................................... 887
37.2.8. Contour Attributes ............................................................................................................. 890
37.2.9. Vector Attributes ................................................................................................................ 895
37.2.10. Particle Trace Attributes .................................................................................................... 898
37.3. XY Plots ...................................................................................................................................... 903
37.3.1. Variation Plots .................................................................................................................... 903
37.3.2. Trials Plots .......................................................................................................................... 908
37.3.3. Network Temperature Plots ................................................................................................ 912
37.4. Selecting a Solution Set to be Examined ...................................................................................... 914
37.5. Zoom-In Modeling ...................................................................................................................... 914
37.6. Display Powermap Property ........................................................................................................ 916
38. Generating Reports ........................................................................................................................... 921
38.1. Overview: The Report Menu ........................................................................................................ 921
38.2.Variables Available for Reporting ................................................................................................. 922
38.3. HTML Reports ............................................................................................................................. 925
38.4. Reviewing a Solution ................................................................................................................... 927
38.5. Summary Reports ....................................................................................................................... 928
38.6. Point Reports .............................................................................................................................. 934
38.7. Full Reports ................................................................................................................................. 937
38.8. Network Block Values Report ....................................................................................................... 939
38.9. EM Heat Losses Report ................................................................................................................ 940
38.10. Fan Operating Points Report ...................................................................................................... 940
39.Variables for Postprocessing and Reporting .................................................................................... 941
39.1. General Information about Variables ............................................................................................ 941
39.2. Definitions of Variables ................................................................................................................ 941
39.2.1.Velocity-Related Quantities ................................................................................................. 942
39.2.2. Pressure-Related Quantities ................................................................................................ 942
39.2.3. Temperature-Related Quantities ......................................................................................... 942
39.2.4. Radiation-Related Quantities .............................................................................................. 943
39.2.5. Species-Transport-Related Quantities ................................................................................. 943
39.2.6. Position-Related Quantities ................................................................................................ 944
39.2.7.Turbulence-Related Quantities ............................................................................................ 944
39.2.8. Thermal Conductivity-Related Quantities ............................................................................ 944
39.2.9. Joule Heating-Related Quantities ........................................................................................ 945
40. Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 947
40.1. Governing Equations ................................................................................................................... 947
40.1.1. The Mass Conservation Equation ........................................................................................ 947
40.1.2. Momentum Equations ........................................................................................................ 947
40.1.3. Energy Conservation Equation ............................................................................................ 948
40.2. Species Transport Equations ........................................................................................................ 948
40.3.Turbulence .................................................................................................................................. 949