The Java Virtual Machine Specification, Java SE 8 Edition-jvms8.pdf

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Table of Contents
Preface to the Java SE 8 Edition xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Bit of History 1
1.2 The Java Virtual Machine 2
1.3 Organization of the Specification 3
1.4 Notation 4
1.5 Feedback 4
2 The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine 5
2.1 The class File Format 5
2.2 Data Types 6
2.3 Primitive Types and Values 6
2.3.1 Integral Types and Values 7
2.3.2 Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values 8
2.3.3 The returnAddress Type and Values 10
2.3.4 The boolean Type 10
2.4 Reference Types and Values 11
2.5 Run-Time Data Areas 11
2.5.1 The pc Register 12
2.5.2 Java Virtual Machine Stacks 12
2.5.3 Heap 13
2.5.4 Method Area 13
2.5.5 Run-Time Constant Pool 14
2.5.6 Native Method Stacks 14
2.6 Frames 15
2.6.1 Local Variables 16
2.6.2 Operand Stacks 17
2.6.3 Dynamic Linking 18
2.6.4 Normal Method Invocation Completion 18
2.6.5 Abrupt Method Invocation Completion 18
2.7 Representation of Objects 19
2.8 Floating-Point Arithmetic 19
2.8.1 Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE
754 19
2.8.2 Floating-Point Modes 20
2.8.3 Value Set Conversion 20
2.9 Special Methods 22
2.10 Exceptions 23
2.11 Instruction Set Summary 25
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2.11.1 Types and the Java Virtual Machine 26
2.11.2 Load and Store Instructions 29
2.11.3 Arithmetic Instructions 30
2.11.4 Type Conversion Instructions 32
2.11.5 Object Creation and Manipulation 34
2.11.6 Operand Stack Management Instructions 34
2.11.7 Control Transfer Instructions 34
2.11.8 Method Invocation and Return Instructions 35
2.11.9 Throwing Exceptions 36
2.11.10 Synchronization 36
2.12 Class Libraries 37
2.13 Public Design, Private Implementation 37
3 Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine 39
3.1 Format of Examples 39
3.2 Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs 40
3.3 Arithmetic 45
3.4 Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool 46
3.5 More Control Examples 47
3.6 Receiving Arguments 50
3.7 Invoking Methods 51
3.8 Working with Class Instances 53
3.9 Arrays 55
3.10 Compiling Switches 57
3.11 Operations on the Operand Stack 59
3.12 Throwing and Handling Exceptions 60
3.13 Compiling finally 63
3.14 Synchronization 66
3.15 Annotations 67
4 The class File Format 69
4.1 The ClassFile Structure 70
4.2 The Internal Form of Names 74
4.2.1 Binary Class and Interface Names 74
4.2.2 Unqualified Names 75
4.3 Descriptors 75
4.3.1 Grammar Notation 75
4.3.2 Field Descriptors 76
4.3.3 Method Descriptors 77
4.4 The Constant Pool 78
4.4.1 The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure 79
4.4.2 The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and
CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures 80
4.4.3 The CONSTANT_String_info Structure 81
4.4.4 The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info
Structures 82
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4.4.5 The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info
Structures 83
4.4.6 The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure 85
4.4.7 The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure 85
4.4.8 The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure 87
4.4.9 The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure 89
4.4.10 The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure 89
4.5 Fields 90
4.6 Methods 92
4.7 Attributes 95
4.7.1 Defining and Naming New Attributes 101
4.7.2 The ConstantValue Attribute 101
4.7.3 The Code Attribute 102
4.7.4 The StackMapTable Attribute 106
4.7.5 The Exceptions Attribute 113
4.7.6 The InnerClasses Attribute 114
4.7.7 The EnclosingMethod Attribute 117
4.7.8 The Synthetic Attribute 118
4.7.9 The Signature Attribute 119
4.7.9.1 Signatures 120
4.7.10 The SourceFile Attribute 123
4.7.11 The SourceDebugExtension Attribute 124
4.7.12 The LineNumberTable Attribute 125
4.7.13 The LocalVariableTable Attribute 126
4.7.14 The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute 128
4.7.15 The Deprecated Attribute 130
4.7.16 The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations Attribute 131
4.7.16.1 The element_value structure 132
4.7.17 The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations Attribute 135
4.7.18 The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute 136
4.7.19 The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute 138
4.7.20 The RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute 139
4.7.20.1 The target_info union 145
4.7.20.2 The type_path structure 149
4.7.21 The RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute 153
4.7.22 The AnnotationDefault Attribute 154
4.7.23 The BootstrapMethods Attribute 155
4.7.24 The MethodParameters Attribute 157
4.8 Format Checking 159
4.9 Constraints on Java Virtual Machine Code 160
4.9.1 Static Constraints 160
4.9.2 Structural Constraints 164
4.10 Verification of class Files 167
4.10.1 Verification by Type Checking 168
4.10.1.1 Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts 171
4.10.1.2 Verification Type System 175
4.10.1.3 Instruction Representation 178
4.10.1.4 Stack Map Frame Representation 180
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4.10.1.5 Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods 185
4.10.1.6 Type Checking Methods with Code 188
4.10.1.7 Type Checking Load and Store Instructions 197
4.10.1.8 Type Checking for protected Members 199
4.10.1.9 Type Checking Instructions 202
4.10.2 Verification by Type Inference 322
4.10.2.1 The Process of Verification by Type Inference 322
4.10.2.2 The Bytecode Verifier 322
4.10.2.3 Values of Types long and double 326
4.10.2.4 Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created
Objects 326
4.10.2.5 Exceptions and finally 328
4.11 Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine 330
5 Loading, Linking, and Initializing 333
5.1 The Run-Time Constant Pool 333
5.2 Java Virtual Machine Startup 336
5.3 Creation and Loading 336
5.3.1 Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader 338
5.3.2 Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader 339
5.3.3 Creating Array Classes 340
5.3.4 Loading Constraints 340
5.3.5 Deriving a Class from a class File Representation 342
5.4 Linking 343
5.4.1 Verification 344
5.4.2 Preparation 344
5.4.3 Resolution 345
5.4.3.1 Class and Interface Resolution 346
5.4.3.2 Field Resolution 347
5.4.3.3 Method Resolution 348
5.4.3.4 Interface Method Resolution 350
5.4.3.5 Method Type and Method Handle Resolution 351
5.4.3.6 Call Site Specifier Resolution 355
5.4.4 Access Control 356
5.4.5 Overriding 356
5.5 Initialization 357
5.6 Binding Native Method Implementations 360
5.7 Java Virtual Machine Exit 360
6 The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set 361
6.1 Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must" 361
6.2 Reserved Opcodes 362
6.3 Virtual Machine Errors 362
6.4 Format of Instruction Descriptions 363
mnemonic 364
6.5 Instructions 366
aaload 367
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aastore 368
aconst_null 370
aload 371
aload_<n> 372
anewarray 373
areturn 374
arraylength 375
astore 376
astore_<n> 377
athrow 378
baload 380
bastore 381
bipush 382
caload 383
castore 384
checkcast 385
d2f 387
d2i 388
d2l 389
dadd 390
daload 392
dastore 393
dcmp<op> 394
dconst_<d> 396
ddiv 397
dload 399
dload_<n> 400
dmul 401
dneg 403
drem 404
dreturn 406
dstore 407
dstore_<n> 408
dsub 409
dup 410
dup_x1 411
dup_x2 412
dup2 413
dup2_x1 414
dup2_x2 415
f2d 417
f2i 418
f2l 419
fadd 420
faload 422
fastore 423
fcmp<op> 424
fconst_<f> 426
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fdiv 427
fload 429
fload_<n> 430
fmul 431
fneg 433
frem 434
freturn 436
fstore 437
fstore_<n> 438
fsub 439
getfield 440
getstatic 442
goto 444
goto_w 445
i2b 446
i2c 447
i2d 448
i2f 449
i2l 450
i2s 451
iadd 452
iaload 453
iand 454
iastore 455
iconst_<i> 456
idiv 457
if_acmp<cond> 458
if_icmp<cond> 459
if<cond> 461
ifnonnull 463
ifnull 464
iinc 465
iload 466
iload_<n> 467
imul 468
ineg 469
instanceof 470
invokedynamic 472
invokeinterface 477
invokespecial 481
invokestatic 486
invokevirtual 489
ior 494
irem 495
ireturn 496
ishl 497
ishr 498
istore 499
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istore_<n> 500
isub 501
iushr 502
ixor 503
jsr 504
jsr_w 505
l2d 506
l2f 507
l2i 508
ladd 509
laload 510
land 511
lastore 512
lcmp 513
lconst_<l> 514
ldc 515
ldc_w 517
ldc2_w 519
ldiv 520
lload 521
lload_<n> 522
lmul 523
lneg 524
lookupswitch 525
lor 527
lrem 528
lreturn 529
lshl 530
lshr 531
lstore 532
lstore_<n> 533
lsub 534
lushr 535
lxor 536
monitorenter 537
monitorexit 539
multianewarray 541
new 543
newarray 545
nop 547
pop 548
pop2 549
putfield 550
putstatic 552
ret 554
return 555
saload 556
sastore 557
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sipush 558
swap 559
tableswitch 560
wide 562
7 Opcode Mnemonics by Opcode 565
Index 569
A Limited License Grant 587