ANSYS Fluent Users Guide.pdf(2700多页)

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

Table of Contents
Using This Manual ...................................................................................................................................... lxv
1.The Contents of This Manual .............................................................................................................. lxv
2.The Contents of the Fluent Manuals ................................................................................................. lxvii
3. Typographical Conventions .............................................................................................................. lxix
4. Mathematical Conventions ............................................................................................................... lxxi
5. Technical Support ........................................................................................................................... lxxii
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. GUI Components .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1. The Tree ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2.The Menu Bar ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Toolbars ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3.1.The Mode Toolbar ............................................................................................................ 4
1.1.3.2.The Standard Toolbar ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1.3.3. The Graphics Toolbar ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1.3.4.The Objects Toolbar ......................................................................................................... 6
1.1.4.Task Pages ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.5. The Console ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.6. Dialog Boxes ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.1.6.1. Input Controls ............................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.1.Tabs ...................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.2. Buttons ................................................................................................................. 10
1.1.6.1.3. Check Boxes ......................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.4. Radio Buttons ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.5.Text Entry Boxes .................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.6. Integer Number Entry Boxes .................................................................................. 11
1.1.6.1.7. Real Number Entry Boxes ...................................................................................... 11
1.1.6.1.8. Single-Selection Lists ............................................................................................ 11
1.1.6.1.9. Multiple-Selection Lists ......................................................................................... 12
1.1.6.1.10. Drop-Down Lists ................................................................................................. 12
1.1.6.1.11. Scales ................................................................................................................. 13
1.1.6.2. Types of Dialog Boxes .................................................................................................... 13
1.1.6.2.1. Information Dialog Boxes ...................................................................................... 13
1.1.6.2.2. Warning Dialog Boxes ........................................................................................... 13
1.1.6.2.3. Error Dialog Boxes ................................................................................................. 14
1.1.6.2.4. The Working Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 14
1.1.6.2.5. Question Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 14
1.1.6.2.6. The Select File Dialog Box .................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.2.6.1.The Select File Dialog Box (Windows) ........................................................... 14
1.1.6.2.6.2.The Select File Dialog Box (Linux) .................................................................. 15
1.1.7. Graphics Windows .................................................................................................................. 18
1.1.7.1. Printing the Contents of the Graphics Window (Windows Systems Only) ......................... 20
1.1.7.2. Using the Page Setup Dialog Box (Windows Systems Only) ............................................ 20
1.2. Customizing the Graphical User Interface (Linux Systems Only) ........................................................ 22
1.3. Using the GUI Help System .............................................................................................................. 23
1.3.1.Task Page and Dialog Box Help ............................................................................................... 24
1.3.2. Context-Sensitive Help (Linux Only) ........................................................................................ 24
1.3.3. Opening the User’s Guide Table of Contents ............................................................................ 24
1.3.4. Opening the Reference Guide ................................................................................................. 25
1.3.5. Help on Help .......................................................................................................................... 26
1.3.6. Accessing Printable (PDF) Manuals ......................................................................................... 26
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1.3.7. Help for Text Interface Commands .......................................................................................... 26
1.3.8. Accessing the Customer Portal Web Site ................................................................................. 26
1.3.9. Obtaining License Use Information ......................................................................................... 26
1.3.10.Version and Release Information ........................................................................................... 27
2.Text User Interface (TUI) ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.1.Text Menu System ........................................................................................................................... 29
2.1.1. Command Abbreviation ......................................................................................................... 30
2.1.2. Command Line History ........................................................................................................... 31
2.1.3. Scheme Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.4. Aliases ................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2. Text Prompt System ........................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.1. Numbers ................................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.2. Booleans ................................................................................................................................ 33
2.2.3. Strings ................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.4. Symbols ................................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.5. Filenames .............................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.6. Lists ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.7. Evaluation .............................................................................................................................. 35
2.2.8. Default Value Binding ............................................................................................................. 36
2.3. Interrupts ....................................................................................................................................... 36
2.4. System Commands ......................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.1. System Commands for Linux-based Operating Systems .......................................................... 36
2.4.2. System Commands for Windows Operating Systems ............................................................... 37
2.5. Text Menu Input from Character Strings .......................................................................................... 37
2.6. Using the Text Interface Help System ............................................................................................... 38
3. Reading and Writing Files ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Shortcuts for Reading and Writing Files ........................................................................................... 41
3.1.1. Default File Suffixes ................................................................................................................ 42
3.1.2. Binary Files ............................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.3. Detecting File Format ............................................................................................................. 43
3.1.4. Recent File List ....................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.5. Reading and Writing Compressed Files ................................................................................... 43
3.1.5.1. Reading Compressed Files ............................................................................................. 43
3.1.5.2.Writing Compressed Files ............................................................................................... 44
3.1.6.Tilde Expansion (Linux Systems Only) ...................................................................................... 45
3.1.7. Automatic Numbering of Files ................................................................................................ 45
3.1.8. Disabling the Overwrite Confirmation Prompt ........................................................................ 46
3.1.9.Toolbar Buttons ...................................................................................................................... 46
3.2. Reading Mesh Files ......................................................................................................................... 46
3.3. Reading and Writing Case and Data Files ......................................................................................... 47
3.3.1. Reading and Writing Case Files ............................................................................................... 48
3.3.2. Reading and Writing Data Files ............................................................................................... 48
3.3.3. Reading and Writing Case and Data Files Together .................................................................. 49
3.3.4. Reading and Writing Files Using Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) .............................................. 49
3.3.5. Automatic Saving of Case and Data Files ................................................................................. 50
3.4. Reading and Writing Parallel Data Files ............................................................................................ 53
3.4.1. Writing Parallel Data Files ....................................................................................................... 54
3.4.2. Reading Parallel Data Files ...................................................................................................... 54
3.4.3. Availability and Limitations ..................................................................................................... 54
3.5. Reading Fluent/UNS and RAMPANT Case and Data Files ................................................................... 55
3.6. Reading and Writing Profile Files ..................................................................................................... 55
3.6.1. Reading Profile Files ............................................................................................................... 55
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3.6.2.Writing Profile Files ................................................................................................................. 56
3.7. Reading and Writing Boundary Conditions ...................................................................................... 57
3.8.Writing a Boundary Mesh ................................................................................................................ 58
3.9. Reading Scheme Source Files .......................................................................................................... 58
3.10. Creating and Reading Journal Files ................................................................................................ 58
3.10.1. Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 60
3.11. Creating Transcript Files ................................................................................................................ 60
3.12. Importing Files .............................................................................................................................. 61
3.12.1. ABAQUS Files ....................................................................................................................... 63
3.12.2. CFX Files .............................................................................................................................. 63
3.12.3. Meshes and Data in CGNS Format ......................................................................................... 64
3.12.4. EnSight Files ......................................................................................................................... 65
3.12.5. ANSYS FIDAP Neutral Files .................................................................................................... 65
3.12.6. GAMBIT and GeoMesh Mesh Files ......................................................................................... 65
3.12.7. HYPERMESH ASCII Files ......................................................................................................... 66
3.12.8. I-deas Universal Files ............................................................................................................ 66
3.12.9. LSTC Files ............................................................................................................................. 66
3.12.10. Marc POST Files .................................................................................................................. 66
3.12.11. Mechanical APDL Files ........................................................................................................ 67
3.12.12. NASTRAN Files .................................................................................................................... 67
3.12.13. PATRAN Neutral Files .......................................................................................................... 67
3.12.14. PLOT3D Files ...................................................................................................................... 68
3.12.15. PTC Mechanica Design Files ................................................................................................ 68
3.12.16. Tecplot Files ....................................................................................................................... 68
3.12.17. Fluent 4 Case Files .............................................................................................................. 68
3.12.18. PreBFC Files ........................................................................................................................ 69
3.12.19. Partition Files ..................................................................................................................... 69
3.12.20. CHEMKIN Mechanism ......................................................................................................... 69
3.13. Exporting Solution Data ................................................................................................................ 69
3.13.1. Exporting Limitations ........................................................................................................... 70
3.14. Exporting Solution Data after a Calculation .................................................................................... 71
3.14.1. ABAQUS Files ....................................................................................................................... 73
3.14.2. Mechanical APDL Files .......................................................................................................... 73
3.14.3. Mechanical APDL Input Files ................................................................................................. 74
3.14.4. ASCII Files ............................................................................................................................ 75
3.14.5. AVS Files ............................................................................................................................... 75
3.14.6. ANSYS CFD-Post-Compatible Files ........................................................................................ 75
3.14.7. CGNS Files ............................................................................................................................ 76
3.14.8. Data Explorer Files ................................................................................................................ 77
3.14.9. EnSight Case Gold Files ......................................................................................................... 77
3.14.10. FAST Files ........................................................................................................................... 80
3.14.11. FAST Solution Files .............................................................................................................. 81
3.14.12. FieldView Unstructured Files ............................................................................................... 81
3.14.13. I-deas Universal Files ........................................................................................................... 82
3.14.14. NASTRAN Files .................................................................................................................... 83
3.14.15. PATRAN Files ...................................................................................................................... 83
3.14.16. RadTherm Files ................................................................................................................... 84
3.14.17. Tecplot Files ....................................................................................................................... 84
3.15. Exporting Steady-State Particle History Data .................................................................................. 85
3.16. Exporting Data During a Transient Calculation ............................................................................... 86
3.16.1. Creating Automatic Export Definitions for Solution Data ....................................................... 87
3.16.2. Creating Automatic Export Definitions for Transient Particle History Data .............................. 90
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3.17. Exporting to ANSYS CFD-Post ........................................................................................................ 93
3.18. Managing Solution Files ................................................................................................................ 94
3.19. Mesh-to-Mesh Solution Interpolation ............................................................................................ 95
3.19.1. Performing Mesh-to-Mesh Solution Interpolation ................................................................. 96
3.19.2. Format of the Interpolation File ............................................................................................ 98
3.20. Mapping Data for Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) Applications ..................................................... 99
3.20.1. FEA File Formats ................................................................................................................... 99
3.20.2. Using the FSI Mapping Dialog Boxes ..................................................................................... 99
3.21. Saving Picture Files ..................................................................................................................... 104
3.21.1. Using the Save Picture Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 105
3.21.1.1. Choosing the Picture File Format ................................................................................ 105
3.21.1.2. Specifying the Color Mode ......................................................................................... 106
3.21.1.3. Choosing the File Type ............................................................................................... 107
3.21.1.4. Defining the Resolution ............................................................................................. 107
3.21.1.5. Picture Options .......................................................................................................... 107
3.21.2. Picture Options for PostScript Files ...................................................................................... 107
3.21.2.1.Window Dumps (Linux Systems Only) ......................................................................... 108
3.21.2.2. Previewing the Picture Image ..................................................................................... 108
3.22. Setting Data File Quantities ......................................................................................................... 108
3.23.The .fluent File ............................................................................................................................. 110
4. Unit Systems ........................................................................................................................................ 111
4.1. Restrictions on Units ..................................................................................................................... 111
4.2. Units in Mesh Files ........................................................................................................................ 112
4.3. Built-In Unit Systems in ANSYS Fluent ............................................................................................ 112
4.4. Customizing Units ......................................................................................................................... 112
4.4.1. Listing Current Units ............................................................................................................. 113
4.4.2. Changing the Units for a Quantity ......................................................................................... 113
4.4.3. Defining a New Unit ............................................................................................................. 113
4.4.3.1. Determining the Conversion Factor .............................................................................. 114
5. Reading and Manipulating Meshes .................................................................................................... 115
5.1. Mesh Topologies ........................................................................................................................... 115
5.1.1. Examples of Acceptable Mesh Topologies ............................................................................. 116
5.1.2. Face-Node Connectivity in ANSYS Fluent .............................................................................. 121
5.1.2.1. Face-Node Connectivity for Triangular Cells .................................................................. 122
5.1.2.2. Face-Node Connectivity for Quadrilateral Cells ............................................................. 123
5.1.2.3. Face-Node Connectivity for Tetrahedral Cells ................................................................ 124
5.1.2.4. Face-Node Connectivity for Wedge Cells ....................................................................... 125
5.1.2.5. Face-Node Connectivity for Pyramidal Cells .................................................................. 126
5.1.2.6. Face-Node Connectivity for Hex Cells ........................................................................... 127
5.1.2.7. Face-Node Connectivity for Polyhedral Cells ................................................................. 128
5.1.3. Choosing the Appropriate Mesh Type ................................................................................... 128
5.1.3.1. Setup Time .................................................................................................................. 128
5.1.3.2. Computational Expense ............................................................................................... 129
5.1.3.3. Numerical Diffusion ..................................................................................................... 129
5.2. Mesh Requirements and Considerations ........................................................................................ 130
5.2.1. Geometry/Mesh Requirements ............................................................................................. 130
5.2.2. Mesh Quality ........................................................................................................................ 131
5.2.2.1. Mesh Element Distribution .......................................................................................... 133
5.2.2.2. Cell Quality .................................................................................................................. 134
5.2.2.3. Smoothness ................................................................................................................ 135
5.2.2.4. Flow-Field Dependency ............................................................................................... 135
5.3. Mesh Sources ................................................................................................................................ 135
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5.3.1. ANSYS Meshing Mesh Files ................................................................................................... 135
5.3.2. Fluent Meshing Mode Mesh Files .......................................................................................... 136
5.3.3. Fluent Meshing Mesh Files .................................................................................................... 136
5.3.4. GAMBIT Mesh Files ............................................................................................................... 136
5.3.5. GeoMesh Mesh Files ............................................................................................................. 136
5.3.6. PreBFC Mesh Files ................................................................................................................. 136
5.3.6.1. Structured Mesh Files .................................................................................................. 136
5.3.6.2. Unstructured Triangular and Tetrahedral Mesh Files ...................................................... 137
5.3.7. ICEM CFD Mesh Files ............................................................................................................ 137
5.3.8. I-deas Universal Files ............................................................................................................ 137
5.3.8.1. Recognized I-deas Datasets .......................................................................................... 138
5.3.8.2. Grouping Nodes to Create Face Zones .......................................................................... 138
5.3.8.3. Grouping Elements to Create Cell Zones ....................................................................... 138
5.3.8.4. Deleting Duplicate Nodes ............................................................................................ 138
5.3.9. NASTRAN Files ..................................................................................................................... 138
5.3.9.1. Recognized NASTRAN Bulk Data Entries ....................................................................... 139
5.3.9.2. Deleting Duplicate Nodes ............................................................................................ 139
5.3.10. PATRAN Neutral Files .......................................................................................................... 139
5.3.10.1. Recognized PATRAN Datasets ..................................................................................... 140
5.3.10.2. Grouping Elements to Create Cell Zones ..................................................................... 140
5.3.11. Mechanical APDL Files ........................................................................................................ 140
5.3.11.1. Recognized ANSYS 5.4 and 5.5 Datasets ..................................................................... 141
5.3.12. CFX Files ............................................................................................................................. 141
5.3.13. Using the fe2ram Filter to Convert Files ............................................................................... 142
5.3.14. Using the tpoly Filter to Remove Hanging Nodes/Edges ................................................... 143
5.3.14.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 144
5.3.15. Fluent/UNS and RAMPANT Case Files .................................................................................. 144
5.3.16. Fluent 4 Case Files .............................................................................................................. 144
5.3.17. ANSYS FIDAP Neutral Files .................................................................................................. 145
5.3.18. Reading Multiple Mesh/Case/Data Files ............................................................................... 145
5.3.18.1. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via the Solution Mode of Fluent ...................................... 146
5.3.18.2. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via the Meshing Mode of Fluent ...................................... 147
5.3.18.3. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via tmerge ...................................................................... 148
5.3.19. Reading Surface Mesh Files ................................................................................................. 149
5.4. Non-Conformal Meshes ................................................................................................................. 150
5.4.1. Non-Conformal Mesh Calculations ........................................................................................ 150
5.4.1.1. The Periodic Boundary Condition Option ..................................................................... 153
5.4.1.2. The Periodic Repeats Option ........................................................................................ 154
5.4.1.3. The Coupled Wall Option ............................................................................................. 156
5.4.1.4. Matching Option ......................................................................................................... 157
5.4.1.5.The Mapped Option ..................................................................................................... 158
5.4.1.6. Interface Zones Automatic Naming Conventions .......................................................... 160
5.4.1.6.1. Periodic Boundary Condition ............................................................................... 160
5.4.1.6.2. Periodic Repeats ................................................................................................. 160
5.4.1.6.3. Coupled Wall ....................................................................................................... 160
5.4.1.6.4. Matching ............................................................................................................ 161
5.4.1.6.5. Mapped .............................................................................................................. 161
5.4.2. Non-Conformal Interface Algorithm ...................................................................................... 162
5.4.3. Requirements and Limitations of Non-Conformal Meshes ..................................................... 163
5.4.4. Using a Non-Conformal Mesh in ANSYS Fluent ...................................................................... 165
5.5. Checking the Mesh ....................................................................................................................... 168
5.5.1. Mesh Check Report .............................................................................................................. 169
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5.5.2. Repairing Meshes ................................................................................................................. 170
5.6. Reporting Mesh Statistics .............................................................................................................. 172
5.6.1. Mesh Size ............................................................................................................................. 172
5.6.2. Memory Usage ..................................................................................................................... 173
5.6.2.1. Linux Systems .............................................................................................................. 173
5.6.2.2.Windows Systems ........................................................................................................ 173
5.6.3. Mesh Zone Information ........................................................................................................ 174
5.6.4. Partition Statistics ................................................................................................................. 174
5.7. Converting the Mesh to a Polyhedral Mesh .................................................................................... 174
5.7.1. Converting the Domain to a Polyhedra ................................................................................. 175
5.7.1.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 178
5.7.2. Converting Skewed Cells to Polyhedra .................................................................................. 179
5.7.2.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 179
5.7.2.2. Using the Convert Skewed Cells Dialog Box .................................................................. 180
5.7.3. Converting Cells with Hanging Nodes / Edges to Polyhedra ................................................... 181
5.7.3.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 181
5.8. Modifying the Mesh ...................................................................................................................... 182
5.8.1. Merging Zones ..................................................................................................................... 182
5.8.1.1.When to Merge Zones .................................................................................................. 183
5.8.1.2. Using the Merge Zones Dialog Box ............................................................................... 183
5.8.2. Separating Zones ................................................................................................................. 184
5.8.2.1. Separating Face Zones ................................................................................................. 184
5.8.2.1.1. Methods for Separating Face Zones ..................................................................... 184
5.8.2.1.2. Inputs for Separating Face Zones ......................................................................... 185
5.8.2.2. Separating Cell Zones .................................................................................................. 186
5.8.2.2.1. Methods for Separating Cell Zones ...................................................................... 186
5.8.2.2.2. Inputs for Separating Cell Zones .......................................................................... 187
5.8.3. Fusing Face Zones ................................................................................................................ 188
5.8.3.1. Inputs for Fusing Face Zones ........................................................................................ 189
5.8.3.1.1. Fusing Zones on Branch Cuts ............................................................................... 190
5.8.4. Creating Conformal Periodic Zones ....................................................................................... 190
5.8.5. Slitting Periodic Zones .......................................................................................................... 191
5.8.6. Slitting Face Zones ............................................................................................................... 191
5.8.6.1. Inputs for Slitting Face Zones ....................................................................................... 192
5.8.7. Orienting Face Zones ............................................................................................................ 193
5.8.8. Extruding Face Zones ........................................................................................................... 193
5.8.8.1. Specifying Extrusion by Displacement Distances .......................................................... 193
5.8.8.2. Specifying Extrusion by Parametric Coordinates ........................................................... 194
5.8.9. Replacing, Deleting, Deactivating, and Activating Zones ........................................................ 194
5.8.9.1. Replacing Zones .......................................................................................................... 194
5.8.9.2. Deleting Zones ............................................................................................................ 195
5.8.9.3. Deactivating Zones ...................................................................................................... 196
5.8.9.4. Activating Zones .......................................................................................................... 197
5.8.10. Copying Cell Zones ............................................................................................................. 197
5.8.11. Replacing the Mesh ............................................................................................................ 198
5.8.11.1. Inputs for Replacing the Mesh .................................................................................... 198
5.8.11.2. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 199
5.8.12. Managing Adjacent Zones .................................................................................................. 199
5.8.12.1. Renaming Zones Using the Adjacency Dialog Box ...................................................... 201
5.8.13. Reordering the Domain and Zones ..................................................................................... 201
5.8.13.1. About Reordering ...................................................................................................... 202
5.8.14. Scaling the Mesh ................................................................................................................ 202
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5.8.14.1. Using the Scale Mesh Dialog Box ................................................................................ 203
5.8.14.1.1. Changing the Unit of Length ............................................................................. 204
5.8.14.1.2. Unscaling the Mesh ........................................................................................... 204
5.8.14.1.3. Changing the Physical Size of the Mesh ............................................................. 204
5.8.15. Translating the Mesh .......................................................................................................... 204
5.8.15.1. Using the Translate Mesh Dialog Box .......................................................................... 205
5.8.16. Rotating the Mesh .............................................................................................................. 205
5.8.16.1. Using the Rotate Mesh Dialog Box .............................................................................. 206
6. Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 207
6.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 207
6.1.1. Available Cell Zone and Boundary Types ............................................................................... 207
6.1.2.The Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions Task Page ................................................................ 208
6.1.3. Changing Cell and Boundary Zone Types .............................................................................. 210
6.1.3.1. Categories of Zone Types ............................................................................................. 211
6.1.4. Setting Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions .......................................................................... 211
6.1.5. Copying Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ........................................................................ 212
6.1.6. Changing Cell or Boundary Zone Names ............................................................................... 213
6.1.7. Defining Non-Uniform Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ................................................... 213
6.1.8. Defining and Viewing Parameters ......................................................................................... 213
6.1.8.1. Creating a New Parameter ........................................................................................... 215
6.1.8.2.Working With Advanced Parameter Options ................................................................. 217
6.1.8.2.1. Defining Scheme Procedures With Input Parameters ............................................ 217
6.1.8.2.2. Defining UDFs With Input Parameters .................................................................. 219
6.1.8.2.3. Using the Text User Interface to Define UDFs and Scheme Procedures With Input
Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 219
6.1.9. Selecting Cell or Boundary Zones in the Graphics Display ...................................................... 220
6.1.10. Operating and Periodic Conditions ..................................................................................... 221
6.1.11. Highlighting Selected Boundary Zones ............................................................................... 221
6.1.12. Saving and Reusing Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ..................................................... 222
6.2. Cell Zone Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 222
6.2.1. Fluid Conditions ................................................................................................................... 222
6.2.1.1. Inputs for Fluid Zones .................................................................................................. 223
6.2.1.1.1. Defining the Fluid Material .................................................................................. 224
6.2.1.1.2. Defining Sources ................................................................................................. 225
6.2.1.1.3. Defining Fixed Values .......................................................................................... 225
6.2.1.1.4. Specifying a Laminar Zone .................................................................................. 225
6.2.1.1.5. Specifying a Reaction Mechanism ....................................................................... 225
6.2.1.1.6. Specifying the Rotation Axis ................................................................................ 225
6.2.1.1.7. Defining Zone Motion ......................................................................................... 226
6.2.1.1.8. Defining Radiation Parameters ............................................................................ 229
6.2.2. Solid Conditions ................................................................................................................... 229
6.2.2.1. Inputs for Solid Zones .................................................................................................. 229
6.2.2.1.1. Defining the Solid Material .................................................................................. 230
6.2.2.1.2. Defining a Heat Source ........................................................................................ 230
6.2.2.1.3. Defining a Fixed Temperature .............................................................................. 230
6.2.2.1.4. Specifying the Rotation Axis ................................................................................ 230
6.2.2.1.5. Defining Zone Motion ......................................................................................... 231
6.2.2.1.6. Defining Radiation Parameters ............................................................................ 231
6.2.3. Porous Media Conditions ...................................................................................................... 231
6.2.3.1. Limitations and Assumptions of the Porous Media Model ............................................. 231
6.2.3.2. Momentum Equations for Porous Media ...................................................................... 232
6.2.3.2.1. Darcy’s Law in Porous Media ................................................................................ 233
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6.2.3.2.2. Inertial Losses in Porous Media ............................................................................ 234
6.2.3.3. Relative Viscosity in Porous Media ................................................................................ 234
6.2.3.4.Treatment of the Energy Equation in Porous Media ....................................................... 235
6.2.3.4.1. Equilibrium Thermal Model Equations ................................................................. 235
6.2.3.4.2. Non-Equilibrium Thermal Model Equations .......................................................... 235
6.2.3.5.Treatment of Turbulence in Porous Media ..................................................................... 236
6.2.3.6. Effect of Porosity on Transient Scalar Equations ............................................................ 237
6.2.3.7. User Inputs for Porous Media ....................................................................................... 237
6.2.3.7.1. Defining the Porous Zone .................................................................................... 238
6.2.3.7.2. Defining the Porous Velocity Formulation ............................................................ 239
6.2.3.7.3. Defining the Fluid Passing Through the Porous Medium ...................................... 239
6.2.3.7.4. Enabling Reactions in a Porous Zone ................................................................... 239
6.2.3.7.5. Including the Relative Velocity Resistance Formulation ........................................ 239
6.2.3.7.6. Defining the Viscous and Inertial Resistance Coefficients ...................................... 240
6.2.3.7.7. Deriving Porous Media Inputs Based on Superficial Velocity, Using a Known Pressure
Loss .................................................................................................................................. 242
6.2.3.7.8. Using the Ergun Equation to Derive Porous Media Inputs for a Packed Bed ........... 243
6.2.3.7.9. Using an Empirical Equation to Derive Porous Media Inputs for Turbulent Flow
Through a Perforated Plate ............................................................................................... 244
6.2.3.7.10. Using Tabulated Data to Derive Porous Media Inputs for Laminar Flow Through a
Fibrous Mat ...................................................................................................................... 245
6.2.3.7.11. Deriving the Porous Coefficients Based on Experimental Pressure and Velocity
Data ................................................................................................................................. 245
6.2.3.7.12. Using the Power-Law Model .............................................................................. 246
6.2.3.7.13. Defining Porosity .............................................................................................. 246
6.2.3.7.14. Specifying the Heat Transfer Settings ................................................................. 247
6.2.3.7.14.1. Equilibrium Thermal Model ....................................................................... 247
6.2.3.7.14.2. Non-Equilibrium Thermal Model ............................................................... 247
6.2.3.7.15. Specifying the Relative Viscosity ........................................................................ 250
6.2.3.7.16. Defining Sources ............................................................................................... 250
6.2.3.7.17. Defining Fixed Values ........................................................................................ 250
6.2.3.7.18. Suppressing the Turbulent Viscosity in the Porous Region .................................. 251
6.2.3.7.19. Specifying the Rotation Axis and Defining Zone Motion ..................................... 251
6.2.3.8. Modeling Porous Media Based on Physical Velocity ....................................................... 251
6.2.3.8.1. Single Phase Porous Media .................................................................................. 251
6.2.3.8.2. Multiphase Porous Media .................................................................................... 252
6.2.3.8.2.1. The Continuity Equation ............................................................................. 252
6.2.3.8.2.2.The Momentum Equation ........................................................................... 253
6.2.3.8.2.3.The Energy Equation ................................................................................... 253
6.2.3.9. Solution Strategies for Porous Media ............................................................................ 254
6.2.3.10. Postprocessing for Porous Media ................................................................................ 254
6.2.4. 3D Fan Zones ....................................................................................................................... 255
6.2.4.1. Momentum Equations for 3D Fan Zones ....................................................................... 255
6.2.4.2. User Inputs for 3D Fan Zones ........................................................................................ 257
6.2.4.2.1. Defining the Geometry of a 3D Fan Zone ............................................................. 258
6.2.4.2.2. Defining the Properties of a 3D Fan Zone ............................................................. 259
6.2.4.3. 3D Fan Zone Limitations .............................................................................................. 260
6.2.5. Fixing the Values of Variables ................................................................................................ 260
6.2.5.1. Overview of Fixing the Value of a Variable ..................................................................... 261
6.2.5.1.1.Variables That Can Be Fixed ................................................................................. 262
6.2.5.2. Procedure for Fixing Values of Variables in a Zone ......................................................... 262
6.2.5.2.1. Fixing Velocity Components ................................................................................ 263
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6.2.5.2.2. Fixing Temperature and Enthalpy ........................................................................ 263
6.2.5.2.3. Fixing Species Mass Fractions .............................................................................. 264
6.2.5.2.4. Fixing Turbulence Quantities ............................................................................... 264
6.2.5.2.5. Fixing User-Defined Scalars ................................................................................. 264
6.2.6. Locking the Temperature for Solid and Shell Zones ............................................................... 265
6.2.7. Defining Mass, Momentum, Energy, and Other Sources .......................................................... 265
6.2.7.1. Sign Conventions and Units ......................................................................................... 266
6.2.7.2. Procedure for Defining Sources .................................................................................... 266
6.2.7.2.1. Mass Sources ...................................................................................................... 267
6.2.7.2.2. Momentum Sources ............................................................................................ 267
6.2.7.2.3. Energy Sources ................................................................................................... 267
6.2.7.2.4.Turbulence Sources ............................................................................................. 267
6.2.7.2.4.1.Turbulence Sources for the k- ε Model ......................................................... 267
6.2.7.2.4.2.Turbulence Sources for the Spalart-Allmaras Model ..................................... 268
6.2.7.2.4.3.Turbulence Sources for the k- ω Model ........................................................ 268
6.2.7.2.4.4.Turbulence Sources for the Reynolds Stress Model ...................................... 268
6.2.7.2.5. Mean Mixture Fraction and Variance Sources ....................................................... 268
6.2.7.2.6. P-1 Radiation Sources .......................................................................................... 268
6.2.7.2.7. Progress Variable Sources .................................................................................... 269
6.2.7.2.8. NO, HCN, and NH3 Sources for the NOx Model ..................................................... 269
6.2.7.2.9. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Sources ...................................................................... 269
6.3. Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................................... 269
6.3.1. Flow Inlet and Exit Boundary Conditions ............................................................................... 269
6.3.2. Using Flow Boundary Conditions .......................................................................................... 270
6.3.2.1. Determining Turbulence Parameters ............................................................................ 271
6.3.2.1.1. Specification of Turbulence Quantities Using Profiles ........................................... 271
6.3.2.1.2. Uniform Specification of Turbulence Quantities ................................................... 271
6.3.2.1.3.Turbulence Intensity ............................................................................................ 272
6.3.2.1.4. Turbulence Length Scale and Hydraulic Diameter ................................................ 272
6.3.2.1.5. Turbulent Viscosity Ratio ..................................................................................... 273
6.3.2.1.6. Relationships for Deriving Turbulence Quantities ................................................. 273
6.3.2.1.7. Estimating Modified Turbulent Viscosity from Turbulence Intensity and Length
Scale ................................................................................................................................ 273
6.3.2.1.8. Estimating Turbulent Kinetic Energy from Turbulence Intensity ............................ 274
6.3.2.1.9. Estimating Turbulent Dissipation Rate from a Length Scale .................................. 274
6.3.2.1.10. Estimating Turbulent Dissipation Rate from Turbulent Viscosity Ratio ................. 274
6.3.2.1.11. Estimating Turbulent Dissipation Rate for Decaying Turbulence .......................... 274
6.3.2.1.12. Estimating Specific Dissipation Rate from a Length Scale ................................... 275
6.3.2.1.13. Estimating Specific Dissipation Rate from Turbulent Viscosity Ratio .................... 275
6.3.2.1.14. Estimating Reynolds Stress Components from Turbulent Kinetic Energy ............. 275
6.3.2.1.15. Specifying Inlet Turbulence for LES .................................................................... 275
6.3.3. Pressure Inlet Boundary Conditions ...................................................................................... 276
6.3.3.1. Inputs at Pressure Inlet Boundaries ............................................................................... 276
6.3.3.1.1. Summary ............................................................................................................ 276
6.3.3.1.1.1. Pressure Inputs and Hydrostatic Head ......................................................... 277
6.3.3.1.1.2. Defining Total Pressure and Temperature .................................................... 278
6.3.3.1.1.3. Defining the Flow Direction ........................................................................ 279
6.3.3.1.1.4. Defining Static Pressure .............................................................................. 282
6.3.3.1.1.5. Defining Turbulence Parameters ................................................................. 282
6.3.3.1.1.6. Defining Radiation Parameters ................................................................... 282
6.3.3.1.1.7. Defining Species Mass or Mole Fractions ..................................................... 282
6.3.3.1.1.8. Defining Non-Premixed Combustion Parameters ........................................ 282
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6.3.3.1.1.9. Defining Premixed Combustion Boundary Conditions ................................. 282
6.3.3.1.1.10. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ........................................... 282
6.3.3.1.1.11. Defining Multiphase Boundary Conditions ................................................ 283
6.3.3.1.1.12. Defining Open Channel Boundary Conditions ........................................... 283
6.3.3.2. Default Settings at Pressure Inlet Boundaries ................................................................ 283
6.3.3.3. Calculation Procedure at Pressure Inlet Boundaries ....................................................... 283
6.3.3.3.1. Incompressible Flow Calculations at Pressure Inlet Boundaries ............................. 283
6.3.3.3.2. Compressible Flow Calculations at Pressure Inlet Boundaries ............................... 284
6.3.4.Velocity Inlet Boundary Conditions ....................................................................................... 284
6.3.4.1. Inputs at Velocity Inlet Boundaries ............................................................................... 284
6.3.4.1.1. Summary ............................................................................................................ 284
6.3.4.1.2. Defining the Velocity ........................................................................................... 286
6.3.4.1.3. Setting the Velocity Magnitude and Direction ...................................................... 287
6.3.4.1.4. Setting the Velocity Magnitude Normal to the Boundary ...................................... 287
6.3.4.1.5. Setting the Velocity Components ........................................................................ 287
6.3.4.1.6. Setting the Angular Velocity ................................................................................ 288
6.3.4.1.7. Defining Static Pressure ....................................................................................... 288
6.3.4.1.8. Defining the Temperature ................................................................................... 288
6.3.4.1.9. Defining Outflow Gauge Pressure ........................................................................ 288
6.3.4.1.10. Defining Turbulence Parameters ........................................................................ 288
6.3.4.1.11. Defining Radiation Parameters .......................................................................... 288
6.3.4.1.12. Defining Species Mass or Mole Fractions ............................................................ 289
6.3.4.1.13. Defining Non-Premixed Combustion Parameters ............................................... 289
6.3.4.1.14. Defining Premixed Combustion Boundary Conditions ........................................ 289
6.3.4.1.15. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ................................................... 289
6.3.4.1.16. Defining Multiphase Boundary Conditions ......................................................... 289
6.3.4.2. Default Settings at Velocity Inlet Boundaries ................................................................. 289
6.3.4.3. Calculation Procedure at Velocity Inlet Boundaries ........................................................ 290
6.3.4.3.1.Treatment of Velocity Inlet Conditions at Flow Inlets ............................................. 290
6.3.4.3.2.Treatment of Velocity Inlet Conditions at Flow Exits .............................................. 290
6.3.4.3.3. Density Calculation ............................................................................................. 290
6.3.5. Mass Flow Inlet Boundary Conditions ................................................................................... 290
6.3.5.1. Limitations and Special Considerations ........................................................................ 291
6.3.5.2. Inputs at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries ............................................................................ 291
6.3.5.2.1. Summary ............................................................................................................ 291
6.3.5.2.2. Selecting the Reference Frame ............................................................................ 292
6.3.5.2.3. Defining the Mass Flow Rate or Mass Flux ............................................................ 292
6.3.5.2.4. More About Mass Flux and Average Mass Flux ..................................................... 293
6.3.5.2.5. Defining the Total Temperature ........................................................................... 294
6.3.5.2.6. Defining Static Pressure ....................................................................................... 294
6.3.5.2.7. Defining the Flow Direction ................................................................................. 295
6.3.5.2.8. Defining Turbulence Parameters .......................................................................... 296
6.3.5.2.9. Defining Radiation Parameters ............................................................................ 296
6.3.5.2.10. Defining Species Mass or Mole Fractions ............................................................ 296
6.3.5.2.11. Defining Non-Premixed Combustion Parameters ............................................... 296
6.3.5.2.12. Defining Premixed Combustion Boundary Conditions ........................................ 296
6.3.5.2.13. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ................................................... 296
6.3.5.2.14. Defining Open Channel Boundary Conditions .................................................... 297
6.3.5.3. Default Settings at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries ............................................................. 297
6.3.5.4. Calculation Procedure at Mass Flow Inlet Boundaries .................................................... 297
6.3.5.4.1. Flow Calculations at Mass Flow Boundaries for Ideal Gases ................................... 297
6.3.5.4.2. Flow Calculations at Mass Flow Boundaries for Incompressible Flows ................... 298
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6.3.5.4.3. Flux Calculations at Mass Flow Boundaries ........................................................... 298
6.3.6. Inlet Vent Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................ 298
6.3.6.1. Inputs at Inlet Vent Boundaries ..................................................................................... 298
6.3.6.1.1. Specifying the Loss Coefficient ............................................................................ 300
6.3.7. Intake Fan Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................... 301
6.3.7.1. Inputs at Intake Fan Boundaries ................................................................................... 301
6.3.7.1.1. Specifying the Pressure Jump .............................................................................. 302
6.3.8. Pressure Outlet Boundary Conditions ................................................................................... 303
6.3.8.1. Inputs at Pressure Outlet Boundaries ............................................................................ 303
6.3.8.1.1. Summary ............................................................................................................ 303
6.3.8.1.2. Defining Static Pressure ....................................................................................... 304
6.3.8.1.3. Defining Backflow Conditions ............................................................................. 305
6.3.8.1.4. Defining Radiation Parameters ............................................................................ 306
6.3.8.1.5. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ..................................................... 306
6.3.8.1.6. Defining Open Channel Boundary Conditions ...................................................... 306
6.3.8.2. Default Settings at Pressure Outlet Boundaries ............................................................. 306
6.3.8.3. Calculation Procedure at Pressure Outlet Boundaries .................................................... 307
6.3.8.3.1. Average Pressure Specification ............................................................................ 307
6.3.8.3.1.1. Strong Averaging ....................................................................................... 307
6.3.8.3.1.2. Weak Averaging ......................................................................................... 308
6.3.8.4. Other Optional Inputs at Pressure Outlet Boundaries .................................................... 308
6.3.8.4.1. Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions Option ....................................................... 308
6.3.8.4.2.Target Mass Flow Rate Option .............................................................................. 309
6.3.9. Pressure Far-Field Boundary Conditions ................................................................................ 311
6.3.9.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 311
6.3.9.2. Inputs at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries ........................................................................ 311
6.3.9.2.1. Summary ............................................................................................................ 311
6.3.9.2.2. Defining Static Pressure, Mach Number, and Static Temperature ........................... 312
6.3.9.2.3. Defining the Flow Direction ................................................................................. 312
6.3.9.2.4. Defining Turbulence Parameters .......................................................................... 313
6.3.9.2.5. Defining Radiation Parameters ............................................................................ 313
6.3.9.2.6. Defining Species Transport Parameters ................................................................ 313
6.3.9.3. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions .............................................................. 313
6.3.9.4. Default Settings at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries .......................................................... 313
6.3.9.5. Calculation Procedure at Pressure Far-Field Boundaries ................................................ 313
6.3.10. Outflow Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................. 314
6.3.10.1. ANSYS Fluent’s Treatment at Outflow Boundaries ....................................................... 315
6.3.10.2. Using Outflow Boundaries ......................................................................................... 315
6.3.10.3. Mass Flow Split Boundary Conditions ......................................................................... 316
6.3.10.4. Other Inputs at Outflow Boundaries ........................................................................... 317
6.3.10.4.1. Radiation Inputs at Outflow Boundaries ............................................................. 317
6.3.10.4.2. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ................................................... 317
6.3.11. Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................ 317
6.3.11.1. Inputs at Outlet Vent Boundaries ................................................................................ 317
6.3.11.1.1. Specifying the Loss Coefficient .......................................................................... 319
6.3.12. Exhaust Fan Boundary Conditions ....................................................................................... 319
6.3.12.1. Inputs at Exhaust Fan Boundaries ............................................................................... 319
6.3.12.1.1. Specifying the Pressure Jump ............................................................................ 320
6.3.13. Degassing Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 321
6.3.13.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 322
6.3.13.2. Inputs at Degassing Boundaries ................................................................................. 322
6.3.14.Wall Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 322
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6.3.14.1. Inputs at Wall Boundaries ........................................................................................... 322
6.3.14.1.1. Summary .......................................................................................................... 322
6.3.14.2. Wall Motion ............................................................................................................... 323
6.3.14.2.1. Defining a Stationary Wall ................................................................................. 323
6.3.14.2.2.Velocity Conditions for Moving Walls ................................................................. 324
6.3.14.2.3. Shear Conditions at Walls .................................................................................. 325
6.3.14.2.4. No-Slip Walls ..................................................................................................... 326
6.3.14.2.5. Specified Shear ................................................................................................. 326
6.3.14.2.6. Specularity Coefficient ...................................................................................... 327
6.3.14.2.7. Marangoni Stress .............................................................................................. 327
6.3.14.2.8.Wall Roughness Effects in Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows ................................... 328
6.3.14.2.9. Law-of-the-Wall Modified for Roughness ........................................................... 328
6.3.14.2.10. Setting the Roughness Parameters .................................................................. 332
6.3.14.3.Thermal Boundary Conditions at Walls ........................................................................ 332
6.3.14.3.1. Heat Flux Boundary Conditions ......................................................................... 334
6.3.14.3.2. Temperature Boundary Conditions .................................................................... 334
6.3.14.3.3. Convective Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions .................................................. 334
6.3.14.3.4. External Radiation Boundary Conditions ............................................................ 334
6.3.14.3.5. Combined Convection and External Radiation Boundary Conditions .................. 335
6.3.14.3.6. Augmented Heat Transfer .................................................................................. 335
6.3.14.3.7.Thin-Wall Thermal Resistance Parameters ........................................................... 335
6.3.14.3.8.Thermal Conditions for Two-Sided Walls ............................................................. 337
6.3.14.3.9. Shell Conduction ............................................................................................... 338
6.3.14.3.10. Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions Through System Coupling ......................... 339
6.3.14.3.11. Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions Across a Mapped Interface ......................... 340
6.3.14.4. Species Boundary Conditions for Walls ....................................................................... 341
6.3.14.4.1. Reaction Boundary Conditions for Walls ............................................................. 342
6.3.14.5. Radiation Boundary Conditions for Walls .................................................................... 343
6.3.14.6. Discrete Phase Model (DPM) Boundary Conditions for Walls ........................................ 343
6.3.14.6.1.Wall Adhesion Contact Angle for VOF Model ...................................................... 343
6.3.14.7. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Boundary Conditions for Walls ........................................... 343
6.3.14.8.Wall Film Conditions for Walls ..................................................................................... 343
6.3.14.9. Default Settings at Wall Boundaries ............................................................................ 343
6.3.14.10. Shear-Stress Calculation Procedure at Wall Boundaries .............................................. 343
6.3.14.10.1. Shear-Stress Calculation in Laminar Flow ......................................................... 344
6.3.14.10.2. Shear-Stress Calculation in Turbulent Flows ...................................................... 344
6.3.14.11. Heat Transfer Calculations at Wall Boundaries ........................................................... 344
6.3.14.11.1. Temperature Boundary Conditions .................................................................. 344
6.3.14.11.2. Heat Flux Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 345
6.3.14.11.3. Convective Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions ................................................ 345
6.3.14.11.4. External Radiation Boundary Conditions .......................................................... 345
6.3.14.11.5. Combined External Convection and Radiation Boundary Conditions ................ 346
6.3.14.11.6. Calculation of the Fluid-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient ...................................... 346
6.3.15. Symmetry Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 346
6.3.15.1. Examples of Symmetry Boundaries ............................................................................ 346
6.3.15.2. Calculation Procedure at Symmetry Boundaries .......................................................... 348
6.3.16. Periodic Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................. 348
6.3.16.1. Examples of Periodic Boundaries ................................................................................ 349
6.3.16.2. Inputs for Periodic Boundaries ................................................................................... 349
6.3.16.3. Default Settings at Periodic Boundaries ...................................................................... 351
6.3.16.4. Calculation Procedure at Periodic Boundaries ............................................................. 351
6.3.17. Axis Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 351
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6.3.17.1. Calculation Procedure at Axis Boundaries ................................................................... 351
6.3.18. Fan Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................... 351
6.3.18.1. Fan Equations ............................................................................................................ 352
6.3.18.1.1. Modeling the Pressure Rise Across the Fan ......................................................... 352
6.3.18.1.2. Modeling the Fan Swirl Velocity ......................................................................... 352
6.3.18.2. User Inputs for Fans ................................................................................................... 353
6.3.18.2.1. Identifying the Fan Zone ................................................................................... 353
6.3.18.2.2. Defining the Pressure Jump ............................................................................... 354
6.3.18.2.2.1. Polynomial, Piecewise-Linear, or Piecewise-Polynomial Function ................ 354
6.3.18.2.2.2. Constant Value ......................................................................................... 355
6.3.18.2.2.3. User-Defined Function or Profile ............................................................... 355
6.3.18.2.2.4. Example: Determining the Pressure Jump Function ................................... 355
6.3.18.2.3. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions for the Fan .................................. 356
6.3.18.2.4. Defining the Fan Swirl Velocity ........................................................................... 357
6.3.18.2.4.1. Polynomial Function ................................................................................. 357
6.3.18.2.4.2. Constant Value ......................................................................................... 357
6.3.18.2.4.3. User-Defined Function or Profile ............................................................... 357
6.3.18.3. Postprocessing for Fans .............................................................................................. 358
6.3.18.3.1. Reporting the Pressure Rise Through the Fan ..................................................... 358
6.3.18.3.2. Graphical Plots .................................................................................................. 358
6.3.19. Radiator Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................ 358
6.3.19.1. Radiator Equations ..................................................................................................... 358
6.3.19.1.1. Modeling the Pressure Loss Through a Radiator ................................................. 358
6.3.19.1.2. Modeling the Heat Transfer Through a Radiator ................................................. 359
6.3.19.1.2.1. Calculating the Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................... 359
6.3.19.2. User Inputs for Radiators ............................................................................................ 360
6.3.19.2.1. Identifying the Radiator Zone ............................................................................ 361
6.3.19.2.2. Defining the Pressure Loss Coefficient Function ................................................. 361
6.3.19.2.2.1. Polynomial, Piecewise-Linear, or Piecewise-Polynomial Function ................ 361
6.3.19.2.2.2. Constant Value ......................................................................................... 362
6.3.19.2.2.3. Example: Calculating the Loss Coefficient .................................................. 362
6.3.19.2.3. Defining the Heat Flux Parameters ..................................................................... 363
6.3.19.2.3.1. Polynomial, Piecewise-Linear, or Piecewise-Polynomial Function ................ 363
6.3.19.2.3.2. Constant Value ......................................................................................... 364
6.3.19.2.3.3. Example: Determining the Heat Transfer Coefficient Function .................... 364
6.3.19.2.4. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions for the Radiator ........................... 364
6.3.19.3. Postprocessing for Radiators ...................................................................................... 364
6.3.19.3.1. Reporting the Radiator Pressure Drop ................................................................ 364
6.3.19.3.2. Reporting Heat Transfer in the Radiator ............................................................. 365
6.3.19.3.3. Graphical Plots .................................................................................................. 365
6.3.20. Porous Jump Boundary Conditions ..................................................................................... 365
6.3.20.1. User Inputs for the Porous Jump Model ...................................................................... 366
6.3.20.1.1. Identifying the Porous Jump Zone ..................................................................... 367
6.3.20.1.2. Defining Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions for the Porous Jump .................... 367
6.3.20.2. Postprocessing for the Porous Jump ........................................................................... 367
6.4. Boundary Acoustic Wave Models ................................................................................................... 367
6.4.1. Turbo-Specific Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ............................................................. 368
6.4.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 368
6.4.1.2. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 368
6.4.1.3.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 371
6.4.1.3.1. Equations in Characteristic Variable Form ............................................................ 371
6.4.1.3.2. Inlet Boundary .................................................................................................... 373
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6.4.1.3.3. Outlet Boundary ................................................................................................. 375
6.4.1.3.4. Updated Flow Variables ....................................................................................... 376
6.4.1.4. Using Turbo-Specific Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ........................................... 376
6.4.1.4.1. Using the NRBCs with the Mixing-Plane Model .................................................... 377
6.4.1.4.2. Using the NRBCs in Parallel ANSYS Fluent ............................................................ 377
6.4.2. General Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 378
6.4.2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 378
6.4.2.2. Restrictions and Limitations ......................................................................................... 378
6.4.2.3.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 378
6.4.2.4. Using the General Non-Reflecting Boundary Condition ................................................ 383
6.4.3. Impedance Boundary Conditions .......................................................................................... 384
6.4.3.1. Restrictions and Limitations ......................................................................................... 385
6.4.3.2.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 385
6.4.3.3. Using the Impedance Boundary Condition ................................................................... 386
6.4.4. Transparent Flow Forcing Boundary Conditions .................................................................... 388
6.4.4.1. Restrictions and Limitations ......................................................................................... 388
6.4.4.2.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 388
6.4.4.3. Using the Transparent Flow Forcing Boundary Condition .............................................. 388
6.5. User-Defined Fan Model ................................................................................................................ 390
6.5.1. Steps for Using the User-Defined Fan Model ......................................................................... 391
6.5.2. Example of a User-Defined Fan ............................................................................................. 391
6.5.2.1. Setting the User-Defined Fan Parameters ..................................................................... 392
6.5.2.2. Sample User-Defined Fan Program ............................................................................... 393
6.5.2.3. Initializing the Flow Field and Profile Files ..................................................................... 395
6.5.2.4. Selecting the Profiles ................................................................................................... 395
6.5.2.5. Performing the Calculation .......................................................................................... 396
6.5.2.6. Results ........................................................................................................................ 397
6.6. Profiles ......................................................................................................................................... 398
6.6.1. Profile Specification Types .................................................................................................... 398
6.6.2. Profile File Format ................................................................................................................ 399
6.6.2.1. Example ...................................................................................................................... 400
6.6.3. Using Profiles ....................................................................................................................... 401
6.6.3.1. Checking and Deleting Profiles .................................................................................... 402
6.6.3.2.Viewing Profile Data ..................................................................................................... 403
6.6.3.3. Example ...................................................................................................................... 404
6.6.4. Reorienting Profiles .............................................................................................................. 404
6.6.4.1. Steps for Changing the Profile Orientation ................................................................... 405
6.6.4.2. Profile Orienting Example ............................................................................................ 407
6.6.5. Defining Transient Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ......................................................... 409
6.6.5.1. Standard Transient Profiles ........................................................................................... 410
6.6.5.2.Tabular Transient Profiles .............................................................................................. 411
6.7. Coupling Boundary Conditions with GT-Power .............................................................................. 412
6.7.1. Requirements and Restrictions ............................................................................................. 412
6.7.2. User Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 413
6.8. Coupling Boundary Conditions with WAVE .................................................................................... 415
6.8.1. Requirements and Restrictions ............................................................................................. 415
6.8.2. User Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 416
7. Physical Properties .............................................................................................................................. 419
7.1. Defining Materials ......................................................................................................................... 419
7.1.1. Physical Properties for Solid Materials ................................................................................... 420
7.1.2. Material Types and Databases ............................................................................................... 420
7.1.3. Using the Create/Edit Materials Dialog Box ......................................................................... 421
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7.1.3.1. Modifying Properties of an Existing Material ................................................................. 423
7.1.3.2. Renaming an Existing Material ..................................................................................... 423
7.1.3.3. Copying Materials from the ANSYS Fluent Database ..................................................... 424
7.1.3.4. Creating a New Material ............................................................................................... 426
7.1.3.5. Saving Materials and Properties ................................................................................... 426
7.1.3.6. Deleting a Material ...................................................................................................... 427
7.1.3.7. Changing the Order of the Materials List ...................................................................... 427
7.1.4. Using a User-Defined Materials Database .............................................................................. 427
7.1.4.1. Opening a User-Defined Database ............................................................................... 428
7.1.4.2.Viewing Materials in a User-Defined Database .............................................................. 428
7.1.4.3. Copying Materials from a User-Defined Database ......................................................... 429
7.1.4.4. Copying Materials from the Case to a User-Defined Database ....................................... 430
7.1.4.5. Modifying Properties of an Existing Material ................................................................. 431
7.1.4.6. Creating a New Materials Database and Materials ......................................................... 432
7.1.4.7. Deleting Materials from a Database .............................................................................. 434
7.2. Defining Properties Using Temperature-Dependent Functions ....................................................... 435
7.2.1. Inputs for Polynomial Functions ............................................................................................ 435
7.2.2. Inputs for Piecewise-Linear Functions ................................................................................... 436
7.2.3. Inputs for Piecewise-Polynomial Functions ............................................................................ 438
7.2.4. Checking and Modifying Existing Profiles .............................................................................. 439
7.3. Density ......................................................................................................................................... 439
7.3.1. Defining Density for Various Flow Regimes ........................................................................... 439
7.3.1.1. Mixing Density Relationships in Multiple-Zone Models ................................................. 440
7.3.2. Input of Constant Density ..................................................................................................... 440
7.3.3. Inputs for the Boussinesq Approximation .............................................................................. 440
7.3.4. Compressible Liquid Density Method ................................................................................... 440
7.3.4.1. Compressible Liquid Inputs .......................................................................................... 441
7.3.4.2. Compressible Liquid Density Method Availability ......................................................... 444
7.3.5. Density as a Profile Function of Temperature ......................................................................... 444
7.3.6. Incompressible Ideal Gas Law ............................................................................................... 444
7.3.6.1. Density Inputs for the Incompressible Ideal Gas Law ..................................................... 444
7.3.7. Ideal Gas Law for Compressible Flows ................................................................................... 445
7.3.7.1. Density Inputs for the Ideal Gas Law for Compressible Flows ......................................... 445
7.3.8. Composition-Dependent Density for Multicomponent Mixtures ............................................ 446
7.4. Viscosity ....................................................................................................................................... 447
7.4.1. Input of Constant Viscosity ................................................................................................... 448
7.4.2.Viscosity as a Function of Temperature .................................................................................. 448
7.4.2.1. Sutherland Viscosity Law ............................................................................................. 449
7.4.2.1.1. Inputs for Sutherland’s Law ................................................................................. 449
7.4.2.2. Power-Law Viscosity Law ............................................................................................. 450
7.4.2.2.1. Inputs for the Power Law ..................................................................................... 450
7.4.3. Defining the Viscosity Using Kinetic Theory ........................................................................... 451
7.4.4. Composition-Dependent Viscosity for Multicomponent Mixtures .......................................... 451
7.4.5.Viscosity for Non-Newtonian Fluids ....................................................................................... 452
7.4.5.1.Temperature Dependent Viscosity ................................................................................ 453
7.4.5.2. Power Law for Non-Newtonian Viscosity ....................................................................... 453
7.4.5.2.1. Inputs for the Non-Newtonian Power Law ............................................................ 454
7.4.5.3.The Carreau Model for Pseudo-Plastics ......................................................................... 454
7.4.5.3.1. Inputs for the Carreau Model ............................................................................... 454
7.4.5.4. Cross Model ................................................................................................................ 455
7.4.5.4.1. Inputs for the Cross Model ................................................................................... 455
7.4.5.5. Herschel-Bulkley Model for Bingham Plastics ................................................................ 455
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7.4.5.5.1. Inputs for the Herschel-Bulkley Model ................................................................. 456
7.5.Thermal Conductivity .................................................................................................................... 457
7.5.1. Constant Thermal Conductivity ............................................................................................. 458
7.5.2.Thermal Conductivity as a Function of Temperature .............................................................. 458
7.5.3.Thermal Conductivity Using Kinetic Theory ........................................................................... 459
7.5.4. Composition-Dependent Thermal Conductivity for Multicomponent Mixtures ...................... 459
7.5.5. Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity for Solids .......................................................................... 460
7.5.5.1. Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................ 461
7.5.5.2. Biaxial Thermal Conductivity ........................................................................................ 462
7.5.5.3. Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................ 463
7.5.5.4. Cylindrical Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity ............................................................... 464
7.5.5.5. Principal Axes and Principal Values ............................................................................... 466
7.5.5.6. User-Defined Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity ........................................................... 467
7.6. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Diffusivity ............................................................................................. 468
7.6.1. Isotropic Diffusion ................................................................................................................ 468
7.6.2. Anisotropic Diffusion ............................................................................................................ 469
7.6.2.1. Anisotropic Diffusivity .................................................................................................. 470
7.6.2.2. Orthotropic Diffusivity ................................................................................................. 471
7.6.2.3. Cylindrical Orthotropic Diffusivity ................................................................................ 472
7.6.3. User-Defined Anisotropic Diffusivity ..................................................................................... 473
7.7. Specific Heat Capacity ................................................................................................................... 473
7.7.1. Input of Constant Specific Heat Capacity ............................................................................... 474
7.7.2. Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Temperature ............................................................. 474
7.7.3. Defining Specific Heat Capacity Using Kinetic Theory ............................................................ 475
7.7.4. Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Composition ............................................................. 475
7.8. Radiation Properties ...................................................................................................................... 475
7.8.1. Absorption Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 476
7.8.1.1. Inputs for a Constant Absorption Coefficient ................................................................ 476
7.8.1.2. Inputs for a Composition-Dependent Absorption Coefficient ........................................ 476
7.8.1.2.1. Path Length Inputs .............................................................................................. 476
7.8.1.2.1.1. Inputs for a Non-Gray Radiation Absorption Coefficient ............................... 477
7.8.1.2.1.2. Effect of Particles and Soot on the Absorption Coefficient ........................... 477
7.8.2. Scattering Coefficient ........................................................................................................... 477
7.8.2.1. Inputs for a Constant Scattering Coefficient .................................................................. 478
7.8.2.2. Inputs for the Scattering Phase Function ...................................................................... 478
7.8.2.2.1. Isotropic Phase Function ..................................................................................... 478
7.8.2.2.2. Linear-Anisotropic Phase Function ...................................................................... 478
7.8.2.2.3. Delta-Eddington Phase Function ......................................................................... 478
7.8.2.2.4. User-Defined Phase Function .............................................................................. 478
7.8.3. Refractive Index ................................................................................................................... 478
7.8.4. Reporting the Radiation Properties ....................................................................................... 479
7.9. Mass Diffusion Coefficients ............................................................................................................ 479
7.9.1. Fickian Diffusion ................................................................................................................... 479
7.9.2. Full Multicomponent Diffusion ............................................................................................. 480
7.9.2.1. General Theory ............................................................................................................ 480
7.9.2.2. Maxwell-Stefan Equations ............................................................................................ 480
7.9.3. Anisotropic Species Diffusion ............................................................................................... 481
7.9.4. Thermal Diffusion Coefficients .............................................................................................. 482
7.9.4.1. Thermal Diffusion Coefficient Inputs ............................................................................ 483
7.9.5. Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs .......................................................................................... 484
7.9.5.1. Constant Dilute Approximation Inputs ......................................................................... 485
7.9.5.2. Dilute Approximation Inputs ........................................................................................ 485
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7.9.5.3. Multicomponent Method Inputs .................................................................................. 486
7.9.5.4. Unity Lewis Number .................................................................................................... 487
7.9.6. Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs for Turbulent Flow ............................................................. 487
7.10. Standard State Enthalpies ........................................................................................................... 488
7.11. Standard State Entropies ............................................................................................................. 488
7.12. Unburnt Thermal Diffusivity ........................................................................................................ 489
7.13. Kinetic Theory Parameters ........................................................................................................... 489
7.13.1. Inputs for Kinetic Theory ..................................................................................................... 489
7.14. Operating Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 490
7.14.1. The Significance of Operating Pressure ............................................................................... 490
7.14.2. Operating Pressure, Gauge Pressure, and Absolute Pressure ................................................. 491
7.14.3. Setting the Operating Pressure ........................................................................................... 491
7.15. Reference Pressure Location ........................................................................................................ 491
7.15.1. Actual Reference Pressure Location ..................................................................................... 492
7.16. Real Gas Models .......................................................................................................................... 492
7.16.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 493
7.16.2. Choosing a Real Gas Model ................................................................................................. 494
7.16.3. Cubic Equation of State Models .......................................................................................... 495
7.16.3.1. Overview and Limitations .......................................................................................... 495
7.16.3.2. Equation of State ....................................................................................................... 497
7.16.3.3. Enthalpy, Entropy, and Specific Heat Calculations ........................................................ 498
7.16.3.4. Critical Constants for Pure Components ..................................................................... 500
7.16.3.5. Calculations for Mixtures ............................................................................................ 501
7.16.3.5.1. Using the Cubic Equation of State Real Gas Models ............................................ 502
7.16.3.5.2. Solution Strategies and Considerations for Cubic Equations of State Real Gas
Models ............................................................................................................................. 506
7.16.3.5.3. Using the Cubic Equation of State Models with the Lagrangian Dispersed Phase
Models ............................................................................................................................. 508
7.16.3.5.4. Postprocessing the Cubic Equations of State Real Gas Model .............................. 509
7.16.4.The NIST Real Gas Models ................................................................................................... 510
7.16.4.1. Limitations of the NIST Real Gas Models ..................................................................... 510
7.16.4.2.The REFPROP v9.1 Database ....................................................................................... 511
7.16.4.3. Using the NIST Real Gas Models ................................................................................. 513
7.16.4.3.1. Activating the NIST Real Gas Model ................................................................... 514
7.16.4.3.2. Changing the REFPROP Library and Fluid Files ................................................... 516
7.16.4.4. Solution Strategies and Considerations for NIST Real Gas Model Simulation ................ 516
7.16.4.4.1.Writing Your Case File ........................................................................................ 517
7.16.4.4.2. Postprocessing .................................................................................................. 517
7.16.5. The User-Defined Real Gas Model ....................................................................................... 518
7.16.5.1. Limitations of the User-Defined Real Gas Model .......................................................... 518
7.16.5.2.Writing the UDRGM C Function Library ....................................................................... 520
7.16.5.3. Compiling Your UDRGM C Functions and Building a Shared Library File ....................... 523
7.16.5.3.1. Compiling the UDRGM Using the Graphical Interface ......................................... 524
7.16.5.3.2. Compiling the UDRGM Using the Text Interface ................................................. 524
7.16.5.3.3. Loading the UDRGM Shared Library File ............................................................. 525
7.16.5.4. UDRGM Example: Ideal Gas Equation of State ............................................................. 526
7.16.5.4.1. Ideal Gas UDRGM Code Listing .......................................................................... 527
7.16.5.5. Additional UDRGM Examples ..................................................................................... 529
8. Modeling Basic Fluid Flow ................................................................................................................... 531
8.1. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Transport Equations .............................................................................. 531
8.1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 531
8.1.2. UDS Theory .......................................................................................................................... 531
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8.1.2.1. Single Phase Flow ........................................................................................................ 532
8.1.2.2. Multiphase Flow .......................................................................................................... 532
8.1.3. Setting Up UDS Equations in ANSYS Fluent ........................................................................... 533
8.1.3.1. Single Phase Flow ........................................................................................................ 534
8.1.3.2. Multiphase Flow .......................................................................................................... 539
8.2. Periodic Flows ............................................................................................................................... 540
8.2.1. Overview and Limitations ..................................................................................................... 540
8.2.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 541
8.2.1.2. Limitations for Modeling Streamwise-Periodic Flow ...................................................... 541
8.2.2. User Inputs for the Pressure-Based Solver .............................................................................. 542
8.2.2.1. Setting Parameters for the Calculation of β ................................................................... 543
8.2.3. User Inputs for the Density-Based Solvers ............................................................................. 543
8.2.4. Monitoring the Value of the Pressure Gradient ...................................................................... 544
8.2.5. Postprocessing for Streamwise-Periodic Flows ...................................................................... 544
8.3. Swirling and Rotating Flows .......................................................................................................... 545
8.3.1. Overview of Swirling and Rotating Flows .............................................................................. 546
8.3.1.1. Axisymmetric Flows with Swirl or Rotation ................................................................... 546
8.3.1.1.1. Momentum Conservation Equation for Swirl Velocity ........................................... 546
8.3.1.2.Three-Dimensional Swirling Flows ................................................................................ 546
8.3.1.3. Flows Requiring a Moving Reference Frame .................................................................. 546
8.3.2.Turbulence Modeling in Swirling Flows ................................................................................. 547
8.3.3. Mesh Setup for Swirling and Rotating Flows .......................................................................... 547
8.3.3.1. Coordinate System Restrictions .................................................................................... 547
8.3.3.2. Mesh Sensitivity in Swirling and Rotating Flows ............................................................ 547
8.3.4. Modeling Axisymmetric Flows with Swirl or Rotation ............................................................ 547
8.3.4.1. Problem Setup for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ........................................................... 548
8.3.4.2. Solution Strategies for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ..................................................... 549
8.3.4.2.1. Step-By-Step Solution Procedures for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ...................... 549
8.3.4.2.2. Improving Solution Stability by Gradually Increasing the Rotational or Swirl
Speed ............................................................................................................................... 550
8.3.4.2.2.1. Postprocessing for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows .......................................... 551
8.4. Compressible Flows ...................................................................................................................... 551
8.4.1.When to Use the Compressible Flow Model ........................................................................... 552
8.4.2. Physics of Compressible Flows .............................................................................................. 553
8.4.2.1. Basic Equations for Compressible Flows ....................................................................... 553
8.4.2.2.The Compressible Form of the Gas Law ........................................................................ 553
8.4.3. Modeling Inputs for Compressible Flows ............................................................................... 554
8.4.3.1. Boundary Conditions for Compressible Flows ............................................................... 555
8.4.4. Floating Operating Pressure ................................................................................................. 555
8.4.4.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 555
8.4.4.2.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 555
8.4.4.3. Enabling Floating Operating Pressure ........................................................................... 556
8.4.4.4. Setting the Initial Value for the Floating Operating Pressure .......................................... 556
8.4.4.5. Storage and Reporting of the Floating Operating Pressure ............................................ 556
8.4.4.6. Monitoring Absolute Pressure ...................................................................................... 556
8.4.5. Solution Strategies for Compressible Flows ........................................................................... 557
8.4.6. Reporting of Results for Compressible Flows ......................................................................... 557
8.5. Inviscid Flows ................................................................................................................................ 557
8.5.1. Setting Up an Inviscid Flow Model ........................................................................................ 558
8.5.2. Solution Strategies for Inviscid Flows .................................................................................... 558
8.5.3. Postprocessing for Inviscid Flows .......................................................................................... 559
9. Modeling Flows with Moving Reference Frames ................................................................................ 561
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9.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 561
9.2. Flow in Single Moving Reference Frames (SRF) ............................................................................... 563
9.2.1. Mesh Setup for a Single Moving Reference Frame ................................................................. 563
9.2.2. Setting Up a Single Moving Reference Frame Problem .......................................................... 564
9.2.2.1. Choosing the Relative or Absolute Velocity Formulation ............................................... 567
9.2.2.1.1. Example ............................................................................................................. 567
9.2.3. Solution Strategies for a Single Moving Reference Frame ....................................................... 568
9.2.3.1. Gradual Increase of the Rotational Speed to Improve Solution Stability ......................... 569
9.2.4. Postprocessing for a Single Moving Reference Frame ............................................................ 569
9.3. Flow in Multiple Moving Reference Frames .................................................................................... 570
9.3.1.The Multiple Reference Frame Model .................................................................................... 571
9.3.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 571
9.3.1.2. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 572
9.3.2. The Mixing Plane Model ....................................................................................................... 573
9.3.2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 573
9.3.2.2. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 573
9.3.3. Mesh Setup for a Multiple Moving Reference Frame .............................................................. 574
9.3.4. Setting Up a Multiple Moving Reference Frame Problem ....................................................... 574
9.3.4.1. Setting Up Multiple Reference Frames .......................................................................... 574
9.3.4.2. Setting Up the Mixing Plane Model .............................................................................. 577
9.3.4.2.1. Modeling Options ............................................................................................... 580
9.3.4.2.1.1. Fixing the Pressure Level for an Incompressible Flow ................................... 580
9.3.4.2.1.2. Conserving Swirl Across the Mixing Plane ................................................... 581
9.3.4.2.1.3. Conserving Total Enthalpy Across the Mixing Plane ..................................... 581
9.3.5. Solution Strategies for MRF and Mixing Plane Problems ........................................................ 582
9.3.5.1. MRF Model .................................................................................................................. 582
9.3.5.2. Mixing Plane Model ..................................................................................................... 582
9.3.6. Postprocessing for MRF and Mixing Plane Problems .............................................................. 582
10. Modeling Flows Using Sliding and Dynamic Meshes ........................................................................ 585
10.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 585
10.2. Sliding Mesh Examples ................................................................................................................ 586
10.3. The Sliding Mesh Technique ........................................................................................................ 588
10.4. Sliding Mesh Interface Shapes ..................................................................................................... 589
10.5. Using Sliding Meshes .................................................................................................................. 591
10.5.1. Requirements and Constraints ............................................................................................ 591
10.5.2. Setting Up the Sliding Mesh Problem .................................................................................. 592
10.5.3. Solution Strategies for Sliding Meshes ................................................................................. 596
10.5.3.1. Saving Case and Data Files ......................................................................................... 597
10.5.3.2. Time-Periodic Solutions ............................................................................................. 597
10.5.4. Postprocessing for Sliding Meshes ...................................................................................... 598
10.6. Using Dynamic Meshes ............................................................................................................... 600
10.6.1. Setting Dynamic Mesh Modeling Parameters ...................................................................... 602
10.6.2. Dynamic Mesh Update Methods ......................................................................................... 603
10.6.2.1. Smoothing Methods .................................................................................................. 603
10.6.2.1.1. Spring-Based Smoothing ................................................................................... 605
10.6.2.1.1.1. Applicability of the Spring-Based Smoothing Method ............................... 608
10.6.2.1.2. Diffusion-Based Smoothing ............................................................................... 608
10.6.2.1.2.1. Diffusivity Based on Boundary Distance .................................................... 612
10.6.2.1.2.2. Diffusivity Based on Cell Volume ............................................................... 613
10.6.2.1.2.3. Applicability of the Diffusion-Based Smoothing Method ............................ 614
10.6.2.1.3. Linearly Elastic Solid Based Smoothing Method ................................................. 614
10.6.2.1.3.1. Applicability of the Linearly Elastic Solid Based Smoothing Method ........... 615
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10.6.2.1.4. Laplacian Smoothing Method ........................................................................... 615
10.6.2.1.5. Boundary Layer Smoothing Method .................................................................. 616
10.6.2.2. Dynamic Layering ...................................................................................................... 619
10.6.2.2.1. Applicability of the Dynamic Layering Method ................................................... 622
10.6.2.3. Remeshing Methods .................................................................................................. 623
10.6.2.3.1. Local Remeshing Method .................................................................................. 626
10.6.2.3.1.1. Local Cell Remeshing Method ................................................................... 627
10.6.2.3.1.2. Local Face Remeshing Method .................................................................. 627
10.6.2.3.1.2.1. Applicability of the Local Face Remeshing Method ........................... 627
10.6.2.3.1.3. Local Remeshing Based on Size Functions ................................................. 627
10.6.2.3.2. Cell Zone Remeshing Method ............................................................................ 634
10.6.2.3.2.1. Limitations of the Cell Zone Remeshing Method ....................................... 634
10.6.2.3.3. Face Region Remeshing Method ....................................................................... 634
10.6.2.3.3.1. Face Region Remeshing with Wedge Cells in Prism Layers .......................... 636
10.6.2.3.3.2. Applicability of the Face Region Remeshing Method ................................. 638
10.6.2.3.4. CutCell Zone Remeshing Method ...................................................................... 639
10.6.2.3.4.1. Applicability of the CutCell Zone Remeshing Method ................................ 641
10.6.2.3.4.2. Using the CutCell Zone Remeshing Method .............................................. 641
10.6.2.3.4.3. Applying the CutCell Zone Remeshing Method Manually .......................... 642
10.6.2.3.5. 2.5D Surface Remeshing Method ....................................................................... 643
10.6.2.3.5.1. Applicability of the 2.5D Surface Remeshing Method ................................ 644
10.6.2.3.5.2. Using the 2.5D Model ............................................................................... 644
10.6.2.3.6. Feature Detection ............................................................................................. 647
10.6.2.3.6.1. Applicability of Feature Detection ............................................................. 647
10.6.2.4.Volume Mesh Update Procedure ................................................................................ 647
10.6.2.5. Transient Considerations for Remeshing and Layering ................................................ 648
10.6.3. In-Cylinder Settings ............................................................................................................ 648
10.6.3.1. Using the In-Cylinder Option ...................................................................................... 653
10.6.3.1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................... 653
10.6.3.1.2. Defining the Mesh Topology .............................................................................. 654
10.6.3.1.3. Defining Motion/Geometry Attributes of Mesh Zones ........................................ 657
10.6.3.1.4. Defining Valve Opening and Closure .................................................................. 663
10.6.4. Six DOF Solver Settings ....................................................................................................... 663
10.6.4.1. Using the Six DOF Solver ............................................................................................ 664
10.6.4.1.1. Setting Rigid Body Motion Attributes for the Six DOF Solver ............................... 665
10.6.5. Implicit Update Settings ..................................................................................................... 665
10.6.6. Contact Detection Settings ................................................................................................. 667
10.6.7. Defining Dynamic Mesh Events ........................................................................................... 668
10.6.7.1. Procedure for Defining Events .................................................................................... 669
10.6.7.2. Defining Events for In-Cylinder Applications ............................................................... 671
10.6.7.2.1. Events ............................................................................................................... 671
10.6.7.2.2. Changing the Zone Type ................................................................................... 672
10.6.7.2.3. Copying Zone Boundary Conditions .................................................................. 672
10.6.7.2.4. Activating a Cell Zone ........................................................................................ 672
10.6.7.2.5. Deactivating a Cell Zone .................................................................................... 672
10.6.7.2.6. Creating a Sliding Interface ................................................................................ 672
10.6.7.2.7. Deleting a Sliding Interface ............................................................................... 673
10.6.7.2.8. Changing the Motion Attribute of a Dynamic Zone ............................................ 674
10.6.7.2.9. Changing the Time Step .................................................................................... 674
10.6.7.2.10. Changing the Under-Relaxation Factor ............................................................ 674
10.6.7.2.11. Inserting a Boundary Zone Layer ..................................................................... 674
10.6.7.2.12. Removing a Boundary Zone Layer ................................................................... 675
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10.6.7.2.13. Inserting an Interior Zone Layer ....................................................................... 675
10.6.7.2.14. Removing an Interior Zone Layer ..................................................................... 676
10.6.7.2.15. Inserting a Cell Layer ....................................................................................... 676
10.6.7.2.16. Removing a Cell Layer ..................................................................................... 676
10.6.7.2.17. Executing a Command .................................................................................... 677
10.6.7.2.18. Replacing the Mesh ......................................................................................... 677
10.6.7.2.19. Resetting Inert EGR ......................................................................................... 677
10.6.7.2.20. Diesel Unsteady Flamelet Reset ....................................................................... 677
10.6.7.3. Exporting and Importing Events ................................................................................. 677
10.6.8. Specifying the Motion of Dynamic Zones ............................................................................ 677
10.6.8.1. General Procedure ..................................................................................................... 678
10.6.8.1.1. Creating a Dynamic Zone .................................................................................. 678
10.6.8.1.2. Modifying a Dynamic Zone ............................................................................... 678
10.6.8.1.3. Checking the Center of Gravity .......................................................................... 678
10.6.8.1.4. Deleting a Dynamic Zone .................................................................................. 678
10.6.8.2. Stationary Zones ........................................................................................................ 678
10.6.8.3. Rigid Body Motion ..................................................................................................... 681
10.6.8.4. Deforming Motion ..................................................................................................... 685
10.6.8.5. User-Defined Motion ................................................................................................. 688
10.6.8.5.1. Specifying Boundary Layer Deformation Smoothing .......................................... 689
10.6.8.6. System Coupling Motion ............................................................................................ 690
10.6.8.7. Solution Stabilization for System Coupling and Six DOF Motion .................................. 691
10.6.8.8. Solid-Body Kinematics ............................................................................................... 691
10.6.9. Previewing the Dynamic Mesh ............................................................................................ 694
10.6.9.1. Previewing Zone Motion ............................................................................................ 694
10.6.9.2. Previewing Mesh Motion ........................................................................................... 695
10.6.10. Steady-State Dynamic Mesh Applications ......................................................................... 696
10.6.10.1. An Example of Steady-State Dynamic Mesh Usage .................................................... 697
11. Modeling Flows Using the Mesh Morpher/Optimizer ....................................................................... 701
11.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 701
11.1.1. Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 701
11.2. The Optimization Process ............................................................................................................ 702
11.3. Optimizers .................................................................................................................................. 702
11.3.1.The Compass Optimizer ...................................................................................................... 703
11.3.2. The NEWUOA Optimizer ..................................................................................................... 703
11.3.3.The Simplex Optimizer ........................................................................................................ 703
11.3.4.The Torczon Optimizer ........................................................................................................ 704
11.3.5.The Powell Optimizer .......................................................................................................... 704
11.3.6.The Rosenbrock Optimizer .................................................................................................. 704
11.4. Setting Up the Mesh Morpher/Optimizer ..................................................................................... 704
12. Modeling Turbulence ........................................................................................................................ 731
12.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 731
12.2. Choosing a Turbulence Model ..................................................................................................... 733
12.2.1. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Turbulence Models .............................................. 734
12.2.1.1. Spalart-Allmaras One-Equation Model ........................................................................ 734
12.2.1.2. k-ε Models ................................................................................................................. 734
12.2.1.3. k-ω Models ................................................................................................................ 734
12.2.1.4. RSM Models ............................................................................................................... 735
12.2.1.5. Laminar-Turbulent Transition Models ......................................................................... 735
12.2.1.6. Curvature Correction for the Spalart-Allmaras and Two-Equation Models .................... 736
12.2.1.7. Production Limiters for Two-Equation Models ............................................................. 736
12.2.1.8. Model Enhancements ................................................................................................ 736
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12.2.1.9.Wall Treatment for RANS Models ................................................................................ 737
12.2.1.10. Grid Resolution for RANS Models .............................................................................. 737
12.2.2. Scale-Resolving Simulation (SRS) Models ............................................................................ 738
12.2.2.1. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) ....................................................................................... 738
12.2.2.2. Hybrid RANS-LES Models ........................................................................................... 739
12.2.2.2.1. Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) ........................................................................ 739
12.2.2.3. Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) ................................................................................ 740
12.2.2.4. Zonal Modeling and Embedded LES (ELES) ................................................................. 741
12.2.3. Grid Resolution SRS Models ................................................................................................ 741
12.2.3.1.Wall Boundary Layers ................................................................................................. 741
12.2.3.2. Free Shear Flows ........................................................................................................ 741
12.2.4. Numerics Settings for SRS Models ....................................................................................... 742
12.2.4.1. Time Discretization .................................................................................................... 742
12.2.4.2. Spatial Discretization ................................................................................................. 743
12.2.4.3. Iterative Scheme ........................................................................................................ 743
12.2.4.3.1. Convergence Control ........................................................................................ 744
12.2.5. Model Hierarchy ................................................................................................................. 744
12.3. Steps in Using a Turbulence Model .............................................................................................. 745
12.4. Setting Up the Spalart-Allmaras Model ........................................................................................ 747
12.5. Setting Up the k-ε Model ............................................................................................................. 748
12.5.1. Setting Up the Standard or Realizable k-ε Model ................................................................. 748
12.5.2. Setting Up the RNG k-ε Model ............................................................................................. 750
12.6. Setting Up the k-ω Model ............................................................................................................ 752
12.6.1. Setting Up the Standard k-ω Model ..................................................................................... 752
12.6.2. Setting Up the Baseline (BSL) k-ω Model .............................................................................. 753
12.6.3. Setting Up the Shear-Stress Transport k-ω Model ................................................................. 754
12.7. Setting Up the Transition k-kl-ω Model ......................................................................................... 755
12.8. Setting Up the Transition SST Model ............................................................................................ 755
12.9. Setting Up the Intermittency Transition Model ............................................................................. 757
12.10. Setting Up the Reynolds Stress Model ........................................................................................ 758
12.11. Setting Up Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) Modeling ............................................................... 760
12.12. Setting Up the Detached Eddy Simulation Model ....................................................................... 762
12.12.1. Setting Up DES with the Spalart-Allmaras Model ............................................................... 763
12.12.2. Setting Up DES with the Realizable k-ε Model .................................................................... 764
12.12.3. Setting Up DES with the SST k-ω Model ............................................................................. 765
12.12.4. Setting Up DES with the BSL k-ω Model ............................................................................. 766
12.12.5. Setting Up DES with the Transition SST Model ................................................................... 768
12.13. Setting Up the Large Eddy Simulation Model ............................................................................. 769
12.14. Model Constants ....................................................................................................................... 771
12.15. Setting Up the Embedded Large Eddy Simulation (ELES) Model ................................................. 771
12.16. Setup Options for All Turbulence Modeling ................................................................................ 775
12.16.1. Including the Viscous Heating Effects ................................................................................ 776
12.16.2. Including Turbulence Generation Due to Buoyancy ........................................................... 776
12.16.3. Including the Curvature Correction for the Spalart-Allmaras and Two-Equation Turbulence
Models ......................................................................................................................................... 776
12.16.4. Including the Compressibility Effects Option ..................................................................... 777
12.16.5. Including Production Limiters for Two-Equation Models .................................................... 777
12.16.6. Including the Intermittency Transition Model .................................................................... 778
12.16.7.Vorticity- and Strain/Vorticity-Based Production ................................................................ 778
12.16.8. Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) ....................................................................... 778
12.16.9. Differential Viscosity Modification ..................................................................................... 778
12.16.10. Swirl Modification ........................................................................................................... 779
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12.16.11. Low-Re Corrections ......................................................................................................... 779
12.16.12. Shear Flow Corrections ................................................................................................... 779
12.16.13. Turbulence Damping ...................................................................................................... 779
12.16.14. Including Pressure Gradient Effects ................................................................................. 780
12.16.15. Including Thermal Effects ................................................................................................ 780
12.16.16. Including the Wall Reflection Term .................................................................................. 780
12.16.17. Solving the k Equation to Obtain Wall Boundary Conditions ............................................ 780
12.16.18. Quadratic Pressure-Strain Model ..................................................................................... 780
12.16.19. Stress-Omega Pressure-Strain ......................................................................................... 781
12.16.20. Subgrid-Scale Model ....................................................................................................... 781
12.16.21. Customizing the Turbulent Viscosity ................................................................................ 781
12.16.22. Customizing the Turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt Numbers ............................................... 782
12.16.23. Modeling Turbulence with Non-Newtonian Fluids ........................................................... 782
12.16.24. Including Scale-Adaptive Simulation with ω-Based URANS Models ................................... 782
12.16.25. Including Detached Eddy Simulation with the Transition SST Model ................................. 782
12.16.26. Shielding Functions for the BSL / SST / Transition SST Detached Eddy Simulation Model .... 782
12.17. Defining Turbulence Boundary Conditions ................................................................................. 783
12.17.1. Wall Roughness Effects ..................................................................................................... 783
12.17.2. The Spalart-Allmaras Model .............................................................................................. 783
12.17.3. k-ε Models and k-ω Models ............................................................................................... 784
12.17.4. Reynolds Stress Model ...................................................................................................... 784
12.17.5. Large Eddy Simulation Model ........................................................................................... 785
12.18. Providing an Initial Guess for k and ε (or k and ω) ........................................................................ 786
12.19. Solution Strategies for Turbulent Flow Simulations ..................................................................... 786
12.19.1. Mesh Generation .............................................................................................................. 787
12.19.2. Accuracy .......................................................................................................................... 787
12.19.3. Convergence .................................................................................................................... 787
12.19.4. RSM-Specific Solution Strategies ....................................................................................... 788
12.19.4.1. Under-Relaxation of the Reynolds Stresses ............................................................... 788
12.19.4.2. Disabling Calculation Updates of the Reynolds Stresses ............................................ 788
12.19.4.3. Residual Reporting for the RSM ................................................................................ 788
12.19.5. LES-Specific Solution Strategies ........................................................................................ 789
12.19.5.1.Temporal Discretization ............................................................................................ 789
12.19.5.2. Spatial Discretization ............................................................................................... 790
12.20. Postprocessing for Turbulent Flows ............................................................................................ 790
12.20.1. Custom Field Functions for Turbulence .............................................................................. 797
12.20.2. Postprocessing Turbulent Flow Statistics ........................................................................... 798
12.20.3. Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................... 799
13. Modeling Heat Transfer ..................................................................................................................... 801
13.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 801
13.2. Modeling Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer ..................................................................... 801
13.2.1. Solving Heat Transfer Problems ........................................................................................... 801
13.2.1.1. Limiting the Predicted Temperature Range ................................................................. 803
13.2.1.2. Modeling Heat Transfer in Two Separated Fluid Regions .............................................. 803
13.2.2. Solution Strategies for Heat Transfer Modeling .................................................................... 804
13.2.2.1. Under-Relaxation of the Energy Equation ................................................................... 804
13.2.2.2. Under-Relaxation of Temperature When the Enthalpy Equation is Solved .................... 804
13.2.2.3. Disabling the Species Diffusion Term .......................................................................... 805
13.2.2.4. Step-by-Step Solutions .............................................................................................. 805
13.2.2.4.1. Decoupled Flow and Heat Transfer Calculations ................................................. 805
13.2.2.4.2. Coupled Flow and Heat Transfer Calculations ..................................................... 805
13.2.3. Postprocessing Heat Transfer Quantities .............................................................................. 805
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13.2.3.1. Available Variables for Postprocessing ........................................................................ 806
13.2.3.2. Definition of Enthalpy and Energy in Reports and Displays .......................................... 806
13.2.3.3. Reporting Heat Transfer Through Boundaries ............................................................. 807
13.2.3.4. Reporting Heat Transfer Through a Surface ................................................................. 807
13.2.3.5. Reporting Averaged Heat Transfer Coefficients ........................................................... 807
13.2.3.6. Exporting Heat Flux Data ........................................................................................... 807
13.2.4. Natural Convection and Buoyancy-Driven Flows ................................................................. 808
13.2.4.1. Modeling Natural Convection in a Closed Domain ...................................................... 808
13.2.4.2. The Boussinesq Model ............................................................................................... 808
13.2.4.3. Limitations of the Boussinesq Model .......................................................................... 809
13.2.4.4. Steps in Solving Buoyancy-Driven Flow Problems ....................................................... 809
13.2.4.5. Operating Density ..................................................................................................... 811
13.2.4.5.1. Setting the Operating Density ........................................................................... 811
13.2.4.6. Solution Strategies for Buoyancy-Driven Flows ........................................................... 811
13.2.4.6.1. Guidelines for Solving High-Rayleigh-Number Flows .......................................... 811
13.2.4.7. Postprocessing Buoyancy-Driven Flows ...................................................................... 812
13.2.5. Shell Conduction Considerations ........................................................................................ 812
13.2.5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 812
13.2.5.2. Physical Treatment ..................................................................................................... 813
13.2.5.3. Limitations of Shell Conduction Walls ......................................................................... 814
13.2.5.4. Managing Shell Conduction Walls .............................................................................. 815
13.2.5.5. Initializing Shells ........................................................................................................ 818
13.2.5.6. Locking the Temperature for Shells ............................................................................. 818
13.2.5.7. Postprocessing Shells ................................................................................................. 818
13.3. Modeling Radiation ..................................................................................................................... 820
13.3.1. Using the Radiation Models ................................................................................................ 820
13.3.2. Setting Up the P-1 Model with Non-Gray Radiation ............................................................. 822
13.3.3. Setting Up the DTRM .......................................................................................................... 823
13.3.3.1. Defining the Rays ....................................................................................................... 823
13.3.3.2. Controlling the Clusters ............................................................................................. 824
13.3.3.3. Controlling the Rays ................................................................................................... 825
13.3.3.4.Writing and Reading the DTRM Ray File ...................................................................... 825
13.3.3.5. Displaying the Clusters .............................................................................................. 826
13.3.4. Setting Up the S2S Model ................................................................................................... 826
13.3.4.1.View Factors and Clustering Settings .......................................................................... 828
13.3.4.1.1. Forming Surface Clusters ................................................................................... 828
13.3.4.1.1.1. Setting the Split Angle for Clusters ............................................................ 831
13.3.4.1.2. Setting Up the View Factor Calculation .............................................................. 831
13.3.4.1.2.1. Selecting the Basis for Computing View Factors ......................................... 831
13.3.4.1.2.2. Selecting the Method for Computing View Factors .................................... 832
13.3.4.1.2.3. Accounting for Blocking Surfaces .............................................................. 833
13.3.4.1.2.4. Specifying Boundary Zone Participation .................................................... 833
13.3.4.2. Computing View Factors ............................................................................................ 835
13.3.4.2.1. Computing View Factors Inside ANSYS Fluent .................................................... 836
13.3.4.2.2. Computing View Factors Outside ANSYS Fluent ................................................. 837
13.3.4.3. Reading View Factors into ANSYS Fluent ..................................................................... 838
13.3.5. Setting Up the DO Model .................................................................................................... 839
13.3.5.1. Angular Discretization ............................................................................................... 839
13.3.5.2. Defining Non-Gray Radiation for the DO Model .......................................................... 839
13.3.5.3. Enabling DO/Energy Coupling ................................................................................... 841
13.3.6. Defining Material Properties for Radiation ........................................................................... 842
13.3.6.1. Absorption Coefficient for a Non-Gray Model ............................................................. 842
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13.3.6.2. Refractive Index for a Non-Gray Model ....................................................................... 842
13.3.7. Defining Boundary Conditions for Radiation ....................................................................... 842
13.3.7.1. Inlet and Exit Boundary Conditions ............................................................................ 843
13.3.7.1.1. Emissivity .......................................................................................................... 843
13.3.7.1.2. Black Body Temperature .................................................................................... 843
13.3.7.2.Wall Boundary Conditions for the DTRM, and the P-1, S2S, and Rosseland Models ........ 844
13.3.7.2.1. Boundary Conditions for the S2S Model ............................................................. 844
13.3.7.3.Wall Boundary Conditions for the DO Model ............................................................... 844
13.3.7.3.1. Opaque Walls .................................................................................................... 844
13.3.7.3.2. Semi-Transparent Walls ..................................................................................... 847
13.3.7.4. Solid Cell Zones Conditions for the DO Model ............................................................. 850
13.3.7.5.Thermal Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 851
13.3.8. Solution Strategies for Radiation Modeling ......................................................................... 852
13.3.8.1. P-1 Model Solution Parameters .................................................................................. 852
13.3.8.2. DTRM Solution Parameters ......................................................................................... 852
13.3.8.3. S2S Solution Parameters ............................................................................................ 853
13.3.8.4. DO Solution Parameters ............................................................................................. 854
13.3.8.5. Running the Calculation ............................................................................................. 854
13.3.8.5.1. Residual Reporting for the P-1 Model ................................................................. 854
13.3.8.5.2. Residual Reporting for the DO Model ................................................................. 854
13.3.8.5.3. Residual Reporting for the DTRM ....................................................................... 854
13.3.8.5.4. Residual Reporting for the S2S Model ................................................................ 855
13.3.8.5.5. Disabling the Update of the Radiation Fluxes ..................................................... 855
13.3.9. Postprocessing Radiation Quantities ................................................................................... 855
13.3.9.1. Available Variables for Postprocessing ........................................................................ 856
13.3.9.2. Reporting Radiative Heat Transfer Through Boundaries ............................................... 857
13.3.9.3. Overall Heat Balances When Using the DTRM ............................................................. 857
13.3.9.4. Displaying Rays and Clusters for the DTRM ................................................................. 857
13.3.9.4.1. Displaying Clusters ............................................................................................ 857
13.3.9.4.2. Displaying Rays ................................................................................................. 858
13.3.9.4.3. Including the Mesh in the Display ...................................................................... 858
13.3.9.5. Reporting Radiation in the S2S Model ........................................................................ 858
13.3.10. Solar Load Model .............................................................................................................. 860
13.3.10.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 860
13.3.10.2. Solar Ray Tracing ...................................................................................................... 860
13.3.10.2.1. Shading Algorithm .......................................................................................... 861
13.3.10.2.2. Glazing Materials ............................................................................................. 862
13.3.10.2.3. Inputs ............................................................................................................. 862
13.3.10.3. DO Irradiation .......................................................................................................... 863
13.3.10.4. Solar Calculator ........................................................................................................ 864
13.3.10.4.1. Inputs/Outputs ............................................................................................... 864
13.3.10.4.2. Theory ............................................................................................................ 865
13.3.10.4.3. Computation of Load Distribution ................................................................... 866
13.3.10.5. Using the Solar Load Model ...................................................................................... 867
13.3.10.5.1. User-Defined Functions (UDFs) for Solar Load .................................................. 867
13.3.10.5.2. Setting Up the Solar Load Model ..................................................................... 867
13.3.10.5.3. Setting Boundary Conditions for Solar Loading ................................................ 872
13.3.10.5.4. Solar Ray Tracing ............................................................................................. 873
13.3.10.5.5. DO Irradiation ................................................................................................. 877
13.3.10.5.6.Text Interface-Only Commands ........................................................................ 879
13.3.10.5.6.1. Automatically Saving Solar Ray Tracing Data ............................................ 879
13.3.10.5.6.2. Automatically Reading Solar Data ........................................................... 879
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13.3.10.5.6.3. Aligning the Camera Direction With the Position of the Sun ..................... 880
13.3.10.5.6.4. Specifying the Scattering Fraction ........................................................... 880
13.3.10.5.6.5. Applying the Solar Load on Adjacent Fluid Cells ...................................... 880
13.3.10.5.6.6. Specifying Quad Tree Refinement Factor ................................................. 880
13.3.10.5.6.7. Specifying Ground Reflectivity ................................................................ 881
13.3.10.5.6.8. Additional Text Interface Commands ....................................................... 881
13.3.10.6. Postprocessing Solar Load Quantities ....................................................................... 881
13.3.10.6.1. Solar Load Animation at Different Sun Positions ............................................... 882
13.3.10.6.2. Reporting and Displaying Solar Load Quantities ............................................... 883
13.4. Modeling Periodic Heat Transfer .................................................................................................. 883
13.4.1. Overview and Limitations ................................................................................................... 884
13.4.1.1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 884
13.4.1.2. Constraints for Periodic Heat Transfer Predictions ....................................................... 884
13.4.2. Theory ............................................................................................................................... 885
13.4.2.1. Definition of the Periodic Temperature for Constant- Temperature Wall Conditions ...... 885
13.4.2.2. Definition of the Periodic Temperature Change σ for Specified Heat Flux Conditions .... 885
13.4.3. Using Periodic Heat Transfer ............................................................................................... 886
13.4.4. Solution Strategies for Periodic Heat Transfer ...................................................................... 887
13.4.5. Monitoring Convergence .................................................................................................... 888
13.4.6. Postprocessing for Periodic Heat Transfer ............................................................................ 888
14. Modeling Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................................... 891
14.1. Choosing a Heat Exchanger Model .............................................................................................. 892
14.2. The Dual Cell Model .................................................................................................................... 893
14.2.1. Restrictions ........................................................................................................................ 894
14.2.2. Using the Dual Cell Heat Exchanger Model .......................................................................... 894
14.3.The Macro Heat Exchanger Models .............................................................................................. 902
14.3.1. Restrictions ........................................................................................................................ 903
14.3.2. Using the Ungrouped Macro Heat Exchanger Model ........................................................... 904
14.3.2.1. Selecting the Zone for the Heat Exchanger ................................................................. 909
14.3.2.2. Specifying Heat Exchanger Performance Data ............................................................ 909
14.3.2.3. Specifying the Auxiliary Fluid Inlet and Pass-to-Pass Directions ................................... 910
14.3.2.4. Defining the Macros .................................................................................................. 910
14.3.2.4.1.Viewing the Macros ........................................................................................... 911
14.3.2.5. Specifying the Auxiliary Fluid Properties and Conditions ............................................. 912
14.3.2.6. Setting the Pressure-Drop Parameters and Effectiveness ............................................. 913
14.3.2.6.1. Using the Default Core Porosity Model ............................................................... 913
14.3.2.6.2. Defining a New Core Porosity Model .................................................................. 913
14.3.2.6.3. Reading Heat Exchanger Parameters from an External File .................................. 914
14.3.2.6.4.Viewing the Parameters for an Existing Core Model ............................................ 915
14.3.3. Using the Grouped Macro Heat Exchanger Model ............................................................... 915
14.3.3.1. Selecting the Fluid Zones for the Heat Exchanger Group ............................................. 921
14.3.3.2. Selecting the Upstream Heat Exchanger Group .......................................................... 921
14.3.3.3. Specifying the Auxiliary Fluid Inlet and Pass-to-Pass Directions ................................... 921
14.3.3.4. Specifying the Auxiliary Fluid Properties ..................................................................... 921
14.3.3.5. Specifying Supplementary Auxiliary Fluid Streams ...................................................... 922
14.3.3.6. Initializing the Auxiliary Fluid Temperature ................................................................. 922
14.4. Postprocessing for the Heat Exchanger Model ............................................................................. 922
14.4.1. Heat Exchanger Reporting .................................................................................................. 923
14.4.1.1. Computed Heat Rejection .......................................................................................... 923
14.4.1.2. Inlet/Outlet Temperature ......................................................................................... 924
14.4.1.3.Mass Flow Rate ......................................................................................................... 924
14.4.1.4. Specific Heat ............................................................................................................ 925
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14.4.2.Total Heat Rejection Rate .................................................................................................... 926
14.5. Useful Reporting TUI Commands ................................................................................................. 927
15. Modeling Species Transport and Finite-Rate Chemistry .................................................................. 929
15.1.Volumetric Reactions ................................................................................................................... 930
15.1.1. Overview of User Inputs for Modeling Species Transport and Reactions ............................... 930
15.1.1.1. Mixture Materials ....................................................................................................... 931
15.1.2. Enabling Species Transport and Reactions and Choosing the Mixture Material ..................... 932
15.1.3. Defining Properties for the Mixture and Its Constituent Species ........................................... 936
15.1.3.1. Defining the Species in the Mixture ............................................................................ 937
15.1.3.1.1. Overview of the Species Dialog Box ................................................................... 938
15.1.3.1.2. Adding Species to the Mixture ........................................................................... 938
15.1.3.1.3. Removing Species from the Mixture .................................................................. 939
15.1.3.1.4. Reordering Species ........................................................................................... 940
15.1.3.1.5.The Naming and Ordering of Species ................................................................. 940
15.1.3.2. Defining Reactions ..................................................................................................... 940
15.1.3.2.1. Inputs for Reaction Definition ............................................................................ 940
15.1.3.2.2. Defining Species and Reactions for Fuel Mixtures ............................................... 947
15.1.3.3. Defining Zone-Based Reaction Mechanisms ............................................................... 947
15.1.3.3.1. Inputs for Reaction Mechanism Definition ......................................................... 947
15.1.3.4. Defining Physical Properties for the Mixture ............................................................... 949
15.1.3.5. Defining Physical Properties for the Species in the Mixture ......................................... 950
15.1.4. Setting up Coal Simulations with the Coal Calculator Dialog Box .......................................... 951
15.1.5. Defining Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions for Species ..................................................... 953
15.1.5.1. Diffusion at Inlets with the Pressure-Based Solver ....................................................... 953
15.1.6. Defining Other Sources of Chemical Species ....................................................................... 953
15.1.7. Solution Procedures for Chemical Mixing and Finite-Rate Chemistry .................................... 954
15.1.7.1. Stability and Convergence in Reacting Flows .............................................................. 954
15.1.7.2.Two-Step Solution Procedure (Cold Flow Simulation) .................................................. 954
15.1.7.3. Density Under-Relaxation .......................................................................................... 955
15.1.7.4. Ignition in Combustion Simulations ........................................................................... 955
15.1.7.5. Solution of Stiff Laminar Chemistry Systems ............................................................... 955
15.1.7.6. Eddy-Dissipation Concept Model Solution Procedure ................................................. 956
15.1.8. Postprocessing for Species Calculations .............................................................................. 957
15.1.8.1. Averaged Species Concentrations .............................................................................. 958
15.1.9. Importing a Volumetric Kinetic Mechanism in CHEMKIN Format .......................................... 958
15.2.Wall Surface Reactions and Chemical Vapor Deposition ................................................................ 962
15.2.1. Overview of Surface Species and Wall Surface Reactions ..................................................... 962
15.2.2. User Inputs for Wall Surface Reactions ................................................................................. 962
15.2.3. Including Mass Transfer To Surfaces in Continuity ................................................................ 964
15.2.4.Wall Surface Mass Transfer Effects in the Energy Equation .................................................... 964
15.2.5. Modeling the Heat Release Due to Wall Surface Reactions ................................................... 964
15.2.6. Solution Procedures for Wall Surface Reactions ................................................................... 964
15.2.7. Postprocessing for Surface Reactions .................................................................................. 965
15.2.8. Importing a Surface Kinetic Mechanism in CHEMKIN Format ............................................... 965
15.2.8.1. Compatibility and Limitations for Gas Phase Reactions ............................................... 967
15.2.8.2. Compatibility and Limitations for Surface Reactions ................................................... 968
15.3. Particle Surface Reactions ........................................................................................................... 968
15.3.1. User Inputs for Particle Surface Reactions ............................................................................ 968
15.3.2. Modeling Gaseous Solid Catalyzed Reactions ...................................................................... 969
15.3.3. Using the Multiple Surface Reactions Model for Discrete-Phase Particle Combustion ........... 969
15.4. Species Transport Without Reactions ........................................................................................... 970
15.5. Reacting Channel Model ............................................................................................................. 971
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15.5.1. Overview and Limitations of the Reacting Channel Model ................................................... 972
15.5.2. Enabling the Reacting Channel Model ................................................................................ 972
15.5.3. Boundary Conditions for Channel Walls ............................................................................... 976
15.5.4. Postprocessing for Reacting Channel Model Calculations .................................................... 977
15.6. Reactor Network Model ............................................................................................................... 979
15.6.1. Overview and Limitations of the Reactor Network Model .................................................... 979
15.6.2. Solving Reactor Networks ................................................................................................... 979
15.6.3. Postprocessing Reactor Network Calculations ..................................................................... 982
16. Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion .............................................................................................. 985
16.1. Steps in Using the Non-Premixed Model ...................................................................................... 985
16.1.1. Preliminaries ...................................................................................................................... 985
16.1.2. Defining the Problem Type ................................................................................................. 986
16.1.3. Overview of the Problem Setup Procedure .......................................................................... 986
16.2. Setting Up the Equilibrium Chemistry Model ............................................................................... 991
16.2.1. Choosing Adiabatic or Non-Adiabatic Options .................................................................... 992
16.2.2. Specifying the Operating Pressure for the System ................................................................ 993
16.2.3. Enabling a Secondary Inlet Stream ...................................................................................... 993
16.2.4. Choosing to Define the Fuel Stream(s) Empirically ............................................................... 994
16.2.5. Enabling the Rich Flammability Limit (RFL) Option .............................................................. 995
16.3. Setting Up the Steady and Unsteady Diffusion Flamelet Models ................................................... 996
16.3.1. Choosing Adiabatic or Non-Adiabatic Options .................................................................... 996
16.3.2. Specifying the Operating Pressure for the System ................................................................ 997
16.3.3. Specifying a Chemical Mechanism File for Flamelet Generation ........................................... 997
16.3.4. Importing a Flamelet .......................................................................................................... 997
16.3.5. Using the Unsteady Diffusion Flamelet Model ..................................................................... 998
16.3.6. Using the Diesel Unsteady Laminar Flamelet Model ............................................................ 999
16.3.6.1. Recommended Settings for Internal Combustion Engines ......................................... 1002
16.3.7. Resetting Diesel Unsteady Flamelets ................................................................................. 1002
16.4. Defining the Stream Compositions ............................................................................................ 1003
16.4.1. Setting Boundary Stream Species ..................................................................................... 1005
16.4.1.1. Including Condensed Species ................................................................................... 1006
16.4.2. Modifying the Database .................................................................................................... 1006
16.4.3. Composition Inputs for Empirically-Defined Fuel Streams .................................................. 1006
16.4.4. Modeling Liquid Fuel Combustion Using the Non-Premixed Model .................................... 1006
16.4.5. Modeling Coal Combustion Using the Non-Premixed Model .............................................. 1007
16.4.5.1. Defining the Coal Composition: Single-Mixture-Fraction Models ............................... 1008
16.4.5.2. Defining the Coal Composition: Two-Mixture-Fraction Models .................................. 1009
16.4.5.3. Additional Coal Modeling Inputs in ANSYS Fluent ..................................................... 1010
16.4.5.4. Postprocessing Non-Premixed Models of Coal Combustion ....................................... 1012
16.4.5.5. The Coal Calculator .................................................................................................. 1012
16.5. Setting Up Control Parameters .................................................................................................. 1013
16.5.1. Forcing the Exclusion and Inclusion of Equilibrium Species ................................................ 1014
16.5.2. Defining the Flamelet Controls .......................................................................................... 1015
16.5.3. Zeroing Species in the Initial Unsteady Flamelet ................................................................ 1016
16.6. Calculating the Flamelets .......................................................................................................... 1016
16.6.1. Steady Diffusion Flamelet ................................................................................................. 1017
16.6.2. Unsteady Diffusion Flamelet ............................................................................................. 1019
16.6.3. Saving the Flamelet Data .................................................................................................. 1020
16.6.4. Postprocessing the Flamelet Data ..................................................................................... 1020
16.7. Calculating the Look-Up Tables .................................................................................................. 1023
16.7.1. Full Tabulation of the Two-Mixture-Fraction Model ............................................................ 1027
16.7.2. Stability Issues in Calculating Chemical Equilibrium Look-Up Tables ................................... 1027
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16.7.3. Saving the Look-Up Tables ................................................................................................ 1027
16.7.4. Postprocessing the Look-Up Table Data ............................................................................. 1028
16.7.4.1. Files for Diffusion Flamelet Modeling ........................................................................ 1032
16.7.4.1.1. Standard Flamelet Files .................................................................................... 1032
16.7.4.1.1.1. Sample Standard Diffusion Flamelet File .................................................. 1032
16.7.4.1.1.2. Missing Species ...................................................................................... 1033
16.7.5. Setting Up the Inert Model ............................................................................................... 1033
16.7.5.1. Setting Boundary Conditions for Inert Transport ....................................................... 1035
16.7.5.2. Initializing the Inert Stream ...................................................................................... 1035
16.7.5.2.1. Inert Fraction .................................................................................................. 1035
16.7.5.2.2. Inert Composition ........................................................................................... 1035
16.7.5.3. Resetting Inert EGR .................................................................................................. 1036
16.8. Defining Non-Premixed Boundary Conditions ............................................................................ 1037
16.8.1. Input of Mixture Fraction Boundary Conditions ................................................................. 1037
16.8.2. Diffusion at Inlets ............................................................................................................. 1038
16.8.3. Input of Thermal Boundary Conditions and Fuel Inlet Velocities ......................................... 1039
16.9. Defining Non-Premixed Physical Properties ............................................................................... 1039
16.10. Solution Strategies for Non-Premixed Modeling ....................................................................... 1040
16.10.1. Single-Mixture-Fraction Approach .................................................................................. 1040
16.10.2.Two-Mixture-Fraction Approach ...................................................................................... 1040
16.10.3. Starting a Non-Premixed Calculation From a Previous Case File ........................................ 1040
16.10.3.1. Retrieving the PDF File During Case File Reads ........................................................ 1041
16.10.4. Solving the Flow Problem ............................................................................................... 1041
16.10.4.1. Under-Relaxation Factors for PDF Equations ........................................................... 1042
16.10.4.2. Density Under-Relaxation ....................................................................................... 1042
16.10.4.3. Tuning the PDF Parameters for Two-Mixture-Fraction Calculations .......................... 1042
16.11. Postprocessing the Non-Premixed Model Results ..................................................................... 1043
16.11.1. Postprocessing for Inert Calculations ............................................................................... 1045
17. Modeling Premixed Combustion .................................................................................................... 1047
17.1. Overview and Limitations .......................................................................................................... 1047
17.1.1. Limitations of the Premixed Combustion Model ................................................................ 1048
17.2. Using the Premixed Combustion Model ..................................................................................... 1048
17.2.1. Enabling the Premixed Combustion Model ....................................................................... 1049
17.2.2. Choosing an Adiabatic or Non-Adiabatic Model ................................................................ 1050
17.3. Setting Up the C-Equation and G-Equation Models .................................................................... 1050
17.3.1. Modifying the Constants for the Zimont Flame Speed Model ............................................. 1050
17.3.2. Modifying the Constants for the Peters Flame Speed Model ............................................... 1051
17.3.3. Additional Options for the G-Equation Model .................................................................... 1051
17.3.4. Defining Physical Properties for the Unburnt Mixture ........................................................ 1051
17.3.5. Setting Boundary Conditions for the Progress Variable ...................................................... 1052
17.3.6. Initializing the Progress Variable ........................................................................................ 1052
17.4. Setting Up the Extended Coherent Flame Model ........................................................................ 1052
17.4.1. Modifying the ECFM Model Variant ................................................................................... 1053
17.4.2. Modifying the Constants for the ECFM Flame Speed Closure .............................................. 1053
17.4.3. Setting Boundary Conditions for the ECFM Transport ........................................................ 1054
17.4.4. Initializing the Flame Area Density .................................................................................... 1054
17.5. Postprocessing for Premixed Combustion Calculations ............................................................... 1054
17.5.1. Computing Species Concentrations .................................................................................. 1056
18. Modeling Partially Premixed Combustion ...................................................................................... 1057
18.1. Overview and Limitations .......................................................................................................... 1057
18.1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 1057
18.1.2. Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 1057
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18.2. Using the Partially Premixed Combustion Model ........................................................................ 1058
18.2.1. Setup and Solution Procedure .......................................................................................... 1058
18.2.2. Importing a Flamelet ........................................................................................................ 1060
18.2.3. Flamelet Generated Manifold ............................................................................................ 1060
18.2.4. Calculating the Look-Up Tables ......................................................................................... 1062
18.2.5. Files for Flamelet Generated Manifold Modeling ................................................................ 1063
18.2.5.1. Standard Flamelet Files ............................................................................................ 1063
18.2.5.1.1. Sample Standard FGM File ............................................................................... 1064
18.2.6. Modifying the Unburnt Mixture Property Polynomials ....................................................... 1064
18.2.7. Modeling In Cylinder Combustion ..................................................................................... 1067
19. Modeling a Composition PDF Transport Problem .......................................................................... 1069
19.1. Overview and Limitations .......................................................................................................... 1069
19.2. Steps for Using the Composition PDF Transport Model ............................................................... 1069
19.3. Enabling the Lagrangian Composition PDF Transport Model ...................................................... 1071
19.4. Enabling the Eulerian Composition PDF Transport Model ........................................................... 1073
19.4.1. Defining Species Boundary Conditions .............................................................................. 1075
19.4.1.1. Equilibrating Inlet Streams ....................................................................................... 1076
19.5. Initializing the Solution ............................................................................................................. 1076
19.6. Monitoring the Solution ............................................................................................................ 1077
19.6.1. Running Unsteady Composition PDF Transport Simulations .............................................. 1078
19.6.2. Running Compressible Lagrangian PDF Transport Simulations ........................................... 1079
19.6.3. Running Lagrangian PDF Transport Simulations with Conjugate Heat Transfer ................... 1079
19.7. Postprocessing for Lagrangian PDF Transport Calculations ......................................................... 1079
19.7.1. Reporting Options ............................................................................................................ 1079
19.7.2. Particle Tracking Options .................................................................................................. 1080
19.8. Postprocessing for Eulerian PDF Transport Calculations .............................................................. 1081
19.8.1. Reporting Options ............................................................................................................ 1081
20. Using Chemistry Acceleration ......................................................................................................... 1083
20.1. Using ISAT ................................................................................................................................. 1084
20.1.1. ISAT Parameters ................................................................................................................ 1084
20.1.2. Monitoring ISAT ................................................................................................................ 1085
20.1.3. Using ISAT Efficiently ........................................................................................................ 1086
20.1.4. Reading and Writing ISAT Tables ....................................................................................... 1086
20.2. Using Dynamic Mechanism Reduction ....................................................................................... 1087
20.2.1. Mechanism Reduction Parameters .................................................................................... 1088
20.2.2. Monitoring and Postprocessing Dynamic Mechanism Reduction ....................................... 1090
20.2.3. Using Dynamic Mechanism Reduction Effectively .............................................................. 1091
20.3. Using Chemistry Agglomeration ................................................................................................ 1091
20.4. Dimension Reduction ................................................................................................................ 1092
21. Modeling Engine Ignition ............................................................................................................... 1095
21.1. Spark Model .............................................................................................................................. 1095
21.1.1. Using the Spark Model ...................................................................................................... 1095
21.1.2. Using the ECFM Spark Model ............................................................................................ 1097
21.2. Autoignition Models ................................................................................................................. 1098
21.2.1. Using the Autoignition Models ......................................................................................... 1099
21.3. Crevice Model ........................................................................................................................... 1101
21.3.1. Using the Crevice Model ................................................................................................... 1102
21.3.2. Crevice Model Solution Details .......................................................................................... 1104
21.3.3. Postprocessing for the Crevice Model ................................................................................ 1104
21.3.3.1. Using the Crevice Output File ................................................................................... 1106
22. Modeling Pollutant Formation ........................................................................................................ 1109
22.1. NOx Formation .......................................................................................................................... 1109
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22.1.1. Using the NOx Model ........................................................................................................ 1109
22.1.1.1. Decoupled Analysis: Overview .................................................................................. 1109
22.1.1.2. Enabling the NOx Models ......................................................................................... 1110
22.1.1.3. Defining the Fuel Streams ........................................................................................ 1112
22.1.1.4. Specifying a User-Defined Function for the NOx Rate ................................................ 1114
22.1.1.5. Setting Thermal NOx Parameters .............................................................................. 1115
22.1.1.6. Setting Prompt NOx Parameters ............................................................................... 1115
22.1.1.7. Setting Fuel NOx Parameters .................................................................................... 1116
22.1.1.7.1. Setting Gaseous and Liquid Fuel NOx Parameters ............................................. 1116
22.1.1.7.2. Setting Solid (Coal) Fuel NOx Parameters ......................................................... 1117
22.1.1.8. Setting N2O Pathway Parameters ............................................................................. 1118
22.1.1.9. Setting Parameters for NOx Reburn .......................................................................... 1119
22.1.1.10. Setting SNCR Parameters ........................................................................................ 1120
22.1.1.11. Setting Turbulence Parameters ............................................................................... 1122
22.1.1.12. Defining Boundary Conditions for the NOx Model .................................................. 1125
22.1.2. Solution Strategies ........................................................................................................... 1125
22.1.3. Postprocessing ................................................................................................................. 1126
22.2. SOx Formation .......................................................................................................................... 1127
22.2.1. Using the SOx Model ........................................................................................................ 1127
22.2.1.1. Enabling the SOx Model ........................................................................................... 1128
22.2.1.2. Defining the Fuel Streams ........................................................................................ 1129
22.2.1.3. Defining the SOx Fuel Stream Settings ...................................................................... 1130
22.2.1.3.1. Setting SOx Parameters for Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Types ............................... 1131
22.2.1.3.2. Setting SOx Parameters for a Solid Fuel ............................................................ 1132
22.2.1.4. Defining the SOx Formation Model Parameters ......................................................... 1133
22.2.1.5. Setting Turbulence Parameters ................................................................................. 1134
22.2.1.6. Specifying a User-Defined Function for the SOx Rate ................................................. 1136
22.2.1.7. Defining Boundary Conditions for the SOx Model ..................................................... 1137
22.2.2. Solution Strategies ........................................................................................................... 1137
22.2.3. Postprocessing ................................................................................................................. 1138
22.3. Soot Formation ......................................................................................................................... 1139
22.3.1. Using the Soot Models ...................................................................................................... 1139
22.3.1.1. Setting Up the One-Step Model ................................................................................ 1140
22.3.1.2. Setting Up the Two-Step Model ................................................................................ 1142
22.3.1.3. Setting Up the Moss-Brookes Model and the Hall Extension ...................................... 1145
22.3.1.3.1. Specifying a User-Defined Function for the Soot Oxidation Rate ....................... 1148
22.3.1.3.2. Specifying a User-Defined Function for the Soot Precursor Concentration ......... 1148
22.3.1.3.3. Species Definition for the Moss-Brookes Model with a User-Defined Precursor
Correlation ..................................................................................................................... 1149
22.3.1.4. Setting Up the Method of Moments Soot Model ....................................................... 1151
22.3.1.5. Defining Boundary Conditions for the Soot Model .................................................... 1155
22.3.1.6. Reporting Soot Quantities ........................................................................................ 1156
22.4. Using the Decoupled Detailed Chemistry Model ........................................................................ 1156
23. Predicting Aerodynamically Generated Noise ................................................................................ 1159
23.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................. 1159
23.1.1. Direct Method .................................................................................................................. 1159
23.1.2. Integral Method Based on Acoustic Analogy ..................................................................... 1160
23.1.3. Broadband Noise Source Models ....................................................................................... 1160
23.2. Using the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings Acoustics Model ......................................................... 1161
23.2.1. Enabling the FW-H Acoustics Model .................................................................................. 1162
23.2.1.1. Setting Model Constants .......................................................................................... 1163
23.2.1.2. Computing Sound “on the Fly” ................................................................................. 1164
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23.2.1.3.Writing Source Data Files .......................................................................................... 1165
23.2.1.3.1. Exporting Source Data Without Enabling the FW-H Model: Using the ANSYS Fluent ASD Format .............................................................................................................. 1166
23.2.1.3.2. Exporting Source Data Without Enabling the FW-H Model: Using the CGNS
Format ........................................................................................................................... 1167
23.2.2. Specifying Source Surfaces ............................................................................................... 1168
23.2.2.1. Saving Source Data .................................................................................................. 1170
23.2.3. Specifying Acoustic Receivers ........................................................................................... 1171
23.2.4. Specifying the Time Step .................................................................................................. 1172
23.2.5. Postprocessing the FW-H Acoustics Model Data ................................................................ 1173
23.2.5.1.Writing Acoustic Signals ........................................................................................... 1173
23.2.5.2. Reading Unsteady Acoustic Source Data ................................................................... 1174
23.2.5.2.1. Pruning the Signal Data Automatically ............................................................. 1175
23.2.5.3. Reporting the Static Pressure Time Derivative ........................................................... 1176
23.2.5.4. Using the FFT Capabilities for Sound Pressure Signals ............................................... 1176
23.2.6. FFT of Acoustic Sources: Band Analysis and Export of Surface Pressure Spectra .................. 1176
23.2.6.1. Using the FFT of Acoustic Sources ............................................................................ 1177
23.3. Using the Broadband Noise Source Models ................................................................................ 1184
23.3.1. Enabling the Broadband Noise Source Models .................................................................. 1185
23.3.1.1. Setting Model Constants .......................................................................................... 1185
23.3.2. Postprocessing the Broadband Noise Source Model Data .................................................. 1186
24. Modeling Discrete Phase ................................................................................................................. 1187
24.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1187
24.1.1. Concepts .......................................................................................................................... 1188
24.1.1.1. Uncoupled vs. Coupled DPM .................................................................................... 1188
24.1.1.2. Steady vs. Unsteady Tracking .................................................................................... 1188
24.1.1.3. Parcels ..................................................................................................................... 1189
24.1.2. Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 1190
24.1.2.1. Limitation on the Particle Volume Fraction ................................................................ 1190
24.1.2.2. Limitation on Modeling Continuous Suspensions of Particles .................................... 1190
24.1.2.3. Limitations on Using the Discrete Phase Model with Other ANSYS Fluent Models ...... 1190
24.1.2.4. Limitations on Using the Hybrid Parallel Method ...................................................... 1191
24.1.2.5. Limitations on Using the Lagrangian Wall Film Model ............................................... 1192
24.2. Steps for Using the Discrete Phase Models ................................................................................. 1192
24.2.1. Options for Interaction with the Continuous Phase ............................................................ 1193
24.2.2. Steady/Transient Treatment of Particles ............................................................................. 1194
24.2.3.Tracking Parameters for the Discrete Phase Model ............................................................. 1197
24.2.4. Drag Laws ........................................................................................................................ 1200
24.2.5. Physical Models for the Discrete Phase Model .................................................................... 1200
24.2.5.1. Including Radiation Heat Transfer Effects on the Particles .......................................... 1201
24.2.5.2. Including Thermophoretic Force Effects on the Particles ........................................... 1201
24.2.5.3. Including Saffman Lift Force Effects on the Particles .................................................. 1202
24.2.5.4. Including the Virtual Mass Force and Pressure Gradient Effects on Particles ............... 1202
24.2.5.5. Monitoring Erosion/Accretion of Particles at Walls ..................................................... 1202
24.2.5.6. Enabling Pressure Dependent Boiling ....................................................................... 1202
24.2.5.7. Including the Effect of Droplet Temperature on Latent Heat ...................................... 1203
24.2.5.8. Including the Effect of Particles on Turbulent Quantities ........................................... 1203
24.2.5.9. Including Collision and Droplet Coalescence ............................................................ 1203
24.2.5.10. Including the DEM Collision Model ......................................................................... 1203
24.2.5.11. Including Droplet Breakup ..................................................................................... 1203
24.2.5.12. Modeling Collision Using the DEM Model ............................................................... 1203
24.2.5.12.1. Limitations .................................................................................................... 1207
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24.2.5.12.2. Numeric Recommendations .......................................................................... 1207
24.2.6. User-Defined Functions .................................................................................................... 1208
24.2.7. Numerics of the Discrete Phase Model .............................................................................. 1209
24.2.7.1. Numerics for Tracking of the Particles ....................................................................... 1210
24.2.7.2. Including Coupled Heat-Mass Solution Effects on the Particles .................................. 1212
24.2.7.3.Tracking in a Reference Frame .................................................................................. 1212
24.2.7.4. Node Based Averaging of Particle Data ..................................................................... 1212
24.2.7.5. Linearized Source Terms ........................................................................................... 1213
24.2.7.6. Staggering of Particles in Space and Time ................................................................. 1214
24.3. Setting Initial Conditions for the Discrete Phase ......................................................................... 1214
24.3.1. Injection Types ................................................................................................................. 1216
24.3.2. Particle Types ................................................................................................................... 1217
24.3.3. Point Properties for Single Injections ................................................................................. 1218
24.3.4. Point Properties for Group Injections ................................................................................. 1219
24.3.5. Point Properties for Cone Injections .................................................................................. 1220
24.3.6. Point Properties for Surface Injections ............................................................................... 1222
24.3.6.1. Using the Rosin-Rammler Diameter Distribution Method .......................................... 1223
24.3.7. Point Properties for Plain-Orifice Atomizer Injections ......................................................... 1224
24.3.8. Point Properties for Pressure-Swirl Atomizer Injections ...................................................... 1225
24.3.9. Point Properties for Air-Blast/Air-Assist Atomizer Injections ................................................ 1226
24.3.10. Point Properties for Flat-Fan Atomizer Injections .............................................................. 1226
24.3.11. Point Properties for Effervescent Atomizer Injections ....................................................... 1228
24.3.12. Point Properties for File Injections ................................................................................... 1228
24.3.13. Using the Rosin-Rammler Diameter Distribution Method ................................................. 1229
24.3.13.1.The Stochastic Rosin-Rammler Diameter Distribution Method ................................. 1232
24.3.14. Creating and Modifying Injections .................................................................................. 1232
24.3.14.1. Creating Injections ................................................................................................. 1233
24.3.14.2. Modifying Injections .............................................................................................. 1233
24.3.14.3. Copying Injections ................................................................................................. 1234
24.3.14.4. Deleting Injections ................................................................................................. 1234
24.3.14.5. Listing Injections .................................................................................................... 1234
24.3.14.6. Reading and Writing Injections ............................................................................... 1234
24.3.14.7. Shortcuts for Selecting Injections ........................................................................... 1234
24.3.15. Defining Injection Properties .......................................................................................... 1235
24.3.16. Specifying Injection-Specific Physical Models .................................................................. 1239
24.3.16.1. Drag Laws .............................................................................................................. 1239
24.3.16.2. Brownian Motion Effects ........................................................................................ 1239
24.3.16.3. Breakup ................................................................................................................. 1239
24.3.17. Specifying Turbulent Dispersion of Particles .................................................................... 1241
24.3.17.1. Stochastic Tracking ................................................................................................ 1241
24.3.17.2. Cloud Tracking ....................................................................................................... 1242
24.3.18. Custom Particle Laws ...................................................................................................... 1243
24.3.19. Defining Properties Common to More than One Injection ................................................ 1244
24.3.19.1. Modifying Properties .............................................................................................. 1245
24.3.19.2. Modifying Properties Common to a Subset of Selected Injections ........................... 1247
24.3.20. Point Properties for Transient Injections .......................................................................... 1247
24.4. Setting Boundary Conditions for the Discrete Phase ................................................................... 1248
24.4.1. Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types ......................................................................... 1248
24.4.1.1. Default Discrete Phase Boundary Conditions ............................................................ 1251
24.4.1.2. Particle-Wall Impingement Heat Transfer .................................................................. 1252
24.4.2. Setting Particle Erosion and Accretion Parameters ............................................................. 1253
24.5. Setting Material Properties for the Discrete Phase ...................................................................... 1253
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24.5.1. Summary of Property Inputs ............................................................................................. 1253
24.5.2. Setting Discrete-Phase Physical Properties ........................................................................ 1256
24.5.2.1. The Concept of Discrete-Phase Materials .................................................................. 1256
24.5.2.1.1. Defining Additional Discrete-Phase Materials ................................................... 1258
24.5.2.2. Description of the Properties .................................................................................... 1258
24.6. Solution Strategies for the Discrete Phase .................................................................................. 1264
24.6.1. Performing Trajectory Calculations .................................................................................... 1265
24.6.1.1. Uncoupled Calculations ........................................................................................... 1265
24.6.1.2. Coupled Calculations ............................................................................................... 1265
24.6.1.2.1. Procedures for a Coupled Two-Phase Flow ....................................................... 1266
24.6.1.2.2. Stochastic Tracking in Coupled Calculations ..................................................... 1267
24.6.1.2.3. Under-Relaxation of the Interphase Exchange Terms ........................................ 1267
24.6.2. Resetting the Interphase Exchange Terms ......................................................................... 1268
24.7. Postprocessing for the Discrete Phase ........................................................................................ 1269
24.7.1. Displaying of Trajectories .................................................................................................. 1269
24.7.1.1. Specifying Particles for Display ................................................................................. 1271
24.7.1.1.1. Controlling the Particle Tracking Style .............................................................. 1271
24.7.1.1.2. Controlling the Vector Style of Particle Tracks ................................................... 1273
24.7.1.2. Importing Particle Data ............................................................................................ 1277
24.7.1.3. Options for Particle Trajectory Plots .......................................................................... 1278
24.7.1.4. Particle Filtering ....................................................................................................... 1279
24.7.1.5. Graphical Display for Axisymmetric Geometries ........................................................ 1279
24.7.2. Reporting of Trajectory Fates ............................................................................................ 1279
24.7.2.1.Trajectory Fates ........................................................................................................ 1280
24.7.2.2. Summary Reports .................................................................................................... 1280
24.7.2.2.1. Elapsed Time ................................................................................................... 1282
24.7.2.2.2. Mass Transfer Summary ................................................................................... 1282
24.7.2.2.3. Energy Transfer Summary ................................................................................ 1282
24.7.2.2.4. Heat Rate and Energy Reporting ...................................................................... 1282
24.7.2.2.4.1. Change of Heat and Change of Energy Reporting .................................... 1284
24.7.2.2.5. Combusting Particles ...................................................................................... 1285
24.7.2.2.6. Combusting Particles with the Multiple Surface Reaction Model ....................... 1285
24.7.2.2.7. Multicomponent Particles ............................................................................... 1286
24.7.3. Step-by-Step Reporting of Trajectories .............................................................................. 1286
24.7.4. Reporting of Current Positions for Unsteady Tracking ........................................................ 1288
24.7.5. Reporting of Interphase Exchange Terms (Discrete Phase Sources) ..................................... 1289
24.7.6. Reporting of Discrete Phase Variables ............................................................................... 1290
24.7.7. Reporting of Unsteady DPM Statistics ............................................................................... 1291
24.7.8. Sampling of Trajectories .................................................................................................... 1293
24.7.9. Histogram Reporting of Samples ...................................................................................... 1295
24.7.10. Summary Reporting of Current Particles .......................................................................... 1296
24.7.11. Postprocessing of Erosion/Accretion Rates ...................................................................... 1298
24.8. Parallel Processing for the Discrete Phase Model ........................................................................ 1298
25. Modeling Multiphase Flows ............................................................................................................ 1303
25.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1303
25.2. Steps for Using a Multiphase Model ........................................................................................... 1303
25.2.1. Enabling the Multiphase Model ........................................................................................ 1305
25.2.2. Choosing Volume Fraction Formulation ............................................................................ 1309
25.2.2.1. Interface Modeling Type ........................................................................................... 1309
25.2.2.2. Spatial Discretization Schemes for Volume Fraction .................................................. 1311
25.2.2.3.Volume Fraction Limits ............................................................................................. 1312
25.2.2.4. Expert Options ......................................................................................................... 1312
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25.2.3. Solving a Homogeneous Multiphase Flow ......................................................................... 1313
25.2.4. Modeling Compressible Flows .......................................................................................... 1313
25.2.5. Defining the Phases .......................................................................................................... 1314
25.2.6. Including Body Forces ....................................................................................................... 1314
25.2.7. Modeling Multiphase Species Transport ............................................................................ 1315
25.2.8. Specifying Heterogeneous Reactions ................................................................................ 1317
25.2.9. Including Mass Transfer Effects .......................................................................................... 1320
25.2.9.1. Mass Transfer Mechanisms ....................................................................................... 1321
25.2.10. Defining Multiphase Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ................................................ 1327
25.2.10.1. Boundary Conditions for the Mixture and the Individual Phases .............................. 1328
25.2.10.1.1. VOF Model .................................................................................................... 1328
25.2.10.1.2. Mixture Model ............................................................................................... 1329
25.2.10.1.3. Eulerian Model .............................................................................................. 1330
25.2.10.2. Steps for Setting Boundary Conditions ................................................................... 1335
25.2.10.3. Cell Zone Conditions for the Mixture and Individual Phases ..................................... 1339
25.2.10.3.1. Zonal Discretization ....................................................................................... 1339
25.2.10.4. Steps for Copying Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ............................................ 1339
25.2.11. Setting Initial Volume Fractions ....................................................................................... 1340
25.2.11.1. Options for Patching Volume Fraction in the VOF Model .......................................... 1340
25.3. Setting Up the VOF Model ......................................................................................................... 1342
25.3.1. Including Coupled Level Set with the VOF Model ............................................................... 1342
25.3.2. Modeling Open Channel Flows ......................................................................................... 1343
25.3.2.1. Defining Inlet Groups ............................................................................................... 1344
25.3.2.2. Defining Outlet Groups ............................................................................................ 1344
25.3.2.3. Setting the Inlet Group ............................................................................................. 1345
25.3.2.4. Setting the Outlet Group .......................................................................................... 1345
25.3.2.5. Determining the Free Surface Level .......................................................................... 1346
25.3.2.6. Determining the Bottom Level ................................................................................. 1346
25.3.2.7. Specifying the Total Height ...................................................................................... 1347
25.3.2.8. Determining the Velocity Magnitude ........................................................................ 1347
25.3.2.9. Determining the Secondary Phase for the Inlet ......................................................... 1347
25.3.2.10. Choosing the Pressure Specification Method .......................................................... 1348
25.3.2.11. Choosing the Density Interpolation Method ........................................................... 1349
25.3.2.12. Limitations ............................................................................................................. 1350
25.3.2.13. Recommendations for Setting Up an Open Channel Flow Problem .......................... 1350
25.3.3. Modeling Open Channel Wave Boundary Conditions ......................................................... 1352
25.3.3.1. Summary Report and Regime Check ........................................................................ 1357
25.3.3.2. Transient Profile Support for Wave Inputs ................................................................. 1359
25.3.4. Recommendations for Open Channel Initialization ............................................................ 1360
25.3.4.1. Reporting Parameters for Open Channel Wave BC Option ......................................... 1362
25.3.5. Numerical Beach Treatment for Open Channels ................................................................. 1362
25.3.5.1. Solution Strategies ................................................................................................... 1366
25.3.6. Defining the Phases for the VOF Model ............................................................................. 1366
25.3.6.1. Defining the Primary Phase ...................................................................................... 1367
25.3.6.2. Defining a Secondary Phase ..................................................................................... 1368
25.3.6.3. Including Surface Tension and Adhesion Effects ........................................................ 1368
25.3.6.4. Discretizing Using the Phase Localized Compressive Scheme .................................... 1373
25.3.7. Setting Time-Dependent Parameters for the Explicit Volume Fraction Formulation ............. 1375
25.3.8. Modeling Solidification/Melting ........................................................................................ 1377
25.4. Setting Up the Mixture Model ................................................................................................... 1377
25.4.1. Defining the Phases for the Mixture Model ........................................................................ 1377
25.4.1.1. Defining the Primary Phase ...................................................................................... 1377
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25.4.1.2. Defining a Non-Granular Secondary Phase ............................................................... 1377
25.4.1.3. Defining a Granular Secondary Phase ....................................................................... 1379
25.4.1.4. Defining the Interfacial Area Concentration .............................................................. 1381
25.4.1.5. Defining Drag Between Phases ................................................................................. 1384
25.4.1.6. Defining the Slip Velocity ......................................................................................... 1384
25.4.2. Including Mixture Drift Force ............................................................................................ 1385
25.4.3. Including Cavitation Effects .............................................................................................. 1385
25.5. Setting Up the Eulerian Model ................................................................................................... 1386
25.5.1. Additional Guidelines for Eulerian Multiphase Simulations ................................................ 1386
25.5.2. Defining the Phases for the Eulerian Model ....................................................................... 1386
25.5.2.1. Defining the Primary Phase ...................................................................................... 1387
25.5.2.2. Defining a Non-Granular Secondary Phase ............................................................... 1387
25.5.2.3. Defining a Granular Secondary Phase ....................................................................... 1388
25.5.2.4. Defining the Interfacial Area Concentration .............................................................. 1391
25.5.2.5. Defining the Interaction Between Phases ................................................................. 1393
25.5.2.5.1. Specifying the Drag Function .......................................................................... 1394
25.5.2.5.1.1. Drag Modification ................................................................................... 1396
25.5.2.5.2. Specifying the Restitution Coefficients (Granular Flow Only) ............................. 1396
25.5.2.5.3. Including the Lift Force .................................................................................... 1397
25.5.2.5.4. Including the Wall Lubrication Force ................................................................ 1398
25.5.2.5.5. Including the Turbulent Dispersion Force ......................................................... 1401
25.5.2.5.6. Including Surface Tension and Wall Adhesion Effects ........................................ 1403
25.5.2.5.7. Including the Virtual Mass Force ...................................................................... 1404
25.5.3. Modeling Turbulence ........................................................................................................ 1405
25.5.3.1. Including Turbulence Interaction Source Terms ......................................................... 1406
25.5.3.2. Customizing the k- ε Multiphase Turbulent Viscosity ................................................. 1408
25.5.4. Including Heat Transfer Effects .......................................................................................... 1408
25.5.5. Using an Algebraic Interfacial Area Model ......................................................................... 1410
25.5.6. Including the Dense Discrete Phase Model ........................................................................ 1411
25.5.6.1. Defining a Granular Discrete Phase ........................................................................... 1414
25.5.7. Including the Boiling Model .............................................................................................. 1416
25.5.8. Including the Multi-Fluid VOF Model ................................................................................. 1423
25.6. Setting Up the Wet Steam Model ............................................................................................... 1425
25.6.1. Using User-Defined Thermodynamic Wet Steam Properties ............................................... 1425
25.6.2.Writing the User-Defined Wet Steam Property Functions (UDWSPF) ................................... 1426
25.6.3. Compiling Your UDWSPF and Building a Shared Library File ............................................... 1428
25.6.4. Loading the UDWSPF Shared Library File ........................................................................... 1429
25.6.5. UDWSPF Example ............................................................................................................. 1430
25.7. Solution Strategies for Multiphase Modeling .............................................................................. 1434
25.7.1. Coupled Solution for Eulerian Multiphase Flows ................................................................ 1434
25.7.2. Coupled Solution for VOF and Mixture Multiphase Flows ................................................... 1436
25.7.3. Selecting the Pressure-Velocity Coupling Method .............................................................. 1437
25.7.3.1. Limitations and Recommendations of the Coupled with Volume Fraction Options for
the VOF and Mixture Models ................................................................................................. 1439
25.7.3.2. Solving N-Phase Volume Fraction Equations ............................................................. 1440
25.7.4. Controlling the Volume Fraction Coupled Solution ............................................................ 1440
25.7.5. VOF Model ....................................................................................................................... 1442
25.7.5.1. Setting the Reference Pressure Location ................................................................... 1443
25.7.5.2. Pressure Interpolation Scheme ................................................................................. 1443
25.7.5.3. Discretization Scheme Selection ............................................................................... 1443
25.7.5.4. High-Order Rhie-Chow Face Flux Interpolation ......................................................... 1444
25.7.5.5.Treatment of Unsteady Terms in Rhie-Chow Face Flux Interpolation .......................... 1444
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25.7.5.6. Using Unstructured Variant of PRESTO Pressure Scheme ........................................... 1445
25.7.5.7. Pressure-Velocity Coupling and Under-Relaxation for the Time-dependent Formulations ..................................................................................................................................... 1445
25.7.5.8. Under-Relaxation for the Steady-State Formulation .................................................. 1445
25.7.6. Mixture Model .................................................................................................................. 1446
25.7.6.1. Setting the Under-Relaxation Factor for the Slip Velocity ........................................... 1446
25.7.6.2. Calculating an Initial Solution ................................................................................... 1446
25.7.7. Eulerian Model ................................................................................................................. 1446
25.7.7.1. Calculating an Initial Solution ................................................................................... 1446
25.7.7.2. Temporarily Ignoring Lift and Virtual Mass Forces ..................................................... 1447
25.7.7.3. Using W-Cycle Multigrid ........................................................................................... 1447
25.7.7.4. Including the Anisotropic Drag Law .......................................................................... 1447
25.7.8. Wet Steam Model ............................................................................................................. 1448
25.7.8.1. Boundary Conditions, Initialization, and Patching ...................................................... 1448
25.7.8.2. Solution Limits for the Wet Steam Model .................................................................. 1448
25.7.8.3. Solution Strategies for the Wet Steam Model ............................................................ 1448
25.8. Postprocessing for Multiphase Modeling ................................................................................... 1449
25.8.1. Model-Specific Variables ................................................................................................... 1449
25.8.1.1.VOF Model ............................................................................................................... 1449
25.8.1.2. Mixture Model ......................................................................................................... 1449
25.8.1.3. Eulerian Model ......................................................................................................... 1450
25.8.1.4. Multiphase Species Transport ................................................................................... 1451
25.8.1.5.Wet Steam Model ..................................................................................................... 1452
25.8.1.6. Dense Discrete Phase Model .................................................................................... 1452
25.8.2. Displaying Velocity Vectors ............................................................................................... 1453
25.8.3. Reporting Fluxes .............................................................................................................. 1453
25.8.4. Reporting Forces on Walls ................................................................................................. 1453
25.8.5. Reporting Flow Rates ........................................................................................................ 1453
26. Modeling Solidification and Melting .............................................................................................. 1455
26.1. Setup Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 1455
26.2. Procedures for Modeling Continuous Casting ............................................................................ 1458
26.3. Modeling Thermal and Solutal Buoyancy ................................................................................... 1459
26.4. Solution Procedure .................................................................................................................... 1460
26.5. Postprocessing .......................................................................................................................... 1460
27. Modeling Eulerian Wall Films .......................................................................................................... 1463
27.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 1463
27.2. Setting Eulerian Wall Film Model Options ................................................................................... 1463
27.3. Setting Eulerian Wall Film Solution Controls ............................................................................... 1467
27.4. Setting Eulerian Wall Film Boundary, Initial, and Source Term Conditions ..................................... 1470
27.5. Postprocessing the Eulerian Wall Film ........................................................................................ 1472
28. Using the Solver .............................................................................................................................. 1475
28.1. Overview of Using the Solver ..................................................................................................... 1475
28.1.1. Choosing the Solver ......................................................................................................... 1477
28.2. Choosing the Spatial Discretization Scheme .............................................................................. 1478
28.2.1. First-Order Accuracy vs. Second-Order Accuracy ................................................................ 1479
28.2.1.1. First-to-Higher Order Blending ................................................................................. 1479
28.2.2. Other Discretization Schemes ........................................................................................... 1480
28.2.3. Choosing the Pressure Interpolation Scheme .................................................................... 1480
28.2.4. Choosing the Density Interpolation Scheme ...................................................................... 1481
28.2.5. High Order Term Relaxation (HOTR) ................................................................................... 1481
28.2.5.1. Limitations .............................................................................................................. 1483
28.2.6. User Inputs ....................................................................................................................... 1483
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28.3. Pressure-Based Solver Settings .................................................................................................. 1485
28.3.1. Choosing the Pressure-Velocity Coupling Method ............................................................. 1485
28.3.1.1. SIMPLE vs. SIMPLEC .................................................................................................. 1485
28.3.1.2. PISO ........................................................................................................................ 1486
28.3.1.3. Fractional Step Method ............................................................................................ 1486
28.3.1.4. Coupled ................................................................................................................... 1486
28.3.1.5. User Inputs .............................................................................................................. 1487
28.3.2. Setting Under-Relaxation Factors ...................................................................................... 1488
28.3.2.1. User Inputs .............................................................................................................. 1488
28.3.3. Setting Solution Controls for the Non-Iterative Solver ........................................................ 1490
28.3.3.1. User Inputs .............................................................................................................. 1490
28.4. Density-Based Solver Settings ................................................................................................... 1493
28.4.1. Changing the Courant Number ......................................................................................... 1494
28.4.1.1. Courant Numbers for the Density-Based Explicit Formulation .................................... 1494
28.4.1.2. Courant Numbers for the Density-Based Implicit Formulation ................................... 1495
28.4.1.3. User Inputs .............................................................................................................. 1495
28.4.2. Convective Flux Types ....................................................................................................... 1496
28.4.2.1. User Inputs .............................................................................................................. 1497
28.4.3. Convergence Acceleration for Stretched Meshes (CASM) ................................................... 1497
28.4.4. Specifying the Explicit Relaxation ...................................................................................... 1499
28.4.5.Turning On FAS Multigrid .................................................................................................. 1499
28.4.5.1. Setting Coarse Grid Levels ........................................................................................ 1500
28.4.5.2. Using Residual Smoothing to Increase the Courant Number ...................................... 1500
28.5. Setting Algebraic Multigrid Parameters ...................................................................................... 1501
28.5.1. Specifying the Multigrid Cycle Type ................................................................................... 1502
28.5.2. Setting the Termination and Residual Reduction Parameters ............................................. 1502
28.5.3. Setting the AMG Method and the Stabilization Method ..................................................... 1502
28.5.4. Additional Algebraic Multigrid Parameters ........................................................................ 1503
28.5.4.1. Fixed Cycle Parameters ............................................................................................. 1504
28.5.4.2. Coarsening Parameters ............................................................................................ 1504
28.5.4.3. Smoother Types ....................................................................................................... 1505
28.5.4.4. Flexible Cycle Parameters ......................................................................................... 1505
28.5.4.5. Setting the Verbosity ................................................................................................ 1506
28.5.4.6. Returning to the Default Multigrid Parameters .......................................................... 1507
28.5.5. Setting FAS Multigrid Parameters ...................................................................................... 1507
28.5.5.1. Combating Convergence Trouble ............................................................................. 1507
28.5.5.2.“Industrial-Strength” FAS Multigrid ............................................................................ 1508
28.6. Setting Solution Limits .............................................................................................................. 1510
28.6.1. Limiting the Values of Solution Variables ........................................................................... 1511
28.6.2. Adjusting the Positivity Rate Limit ..................................................................................... 1511
28.6.3. Resetting Solution Limits .................................................................................................. 1512
28.7. Setting Multi-Stage Time-Stepping Parameters .......................................................................... 1512
28.7.1. Changing the Multi-Stage Scheme .................................................................................... 1512
28.7.1.1. Changing the Coefficients and Number of Stages ..................................................... 1513
28.7.1.2. Controlling Updates to Dissipation and Viscous Stresses ........................................... 1513
28.7.1.3. Resetting the Multi-Stage Parameters ....................................................................... 1514
28.8. Selecting Gradient Limiters ....................................................................................................... 1514
28.9. Initializing the Solution ............................................................................................................. 1515
28.9.1. Initializing the Entire Flow Field Using Standard Initialization ............................................. 1515
28.9.1.1. Saving and Resetting Initial Values ............................................................................ 1517
28.9.2. Patching Values in Selected Cells ....................................................................................... 1517
28.9.2.1. Using Registers ........................................................................................................ 1519
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28.9.2.2. Using Field Functions ............................................................................................... 1519
28.9.2.3. Using Patching Later in the Solution Process ............................................................. 1519
28.10. Full Multigrid (FMG) Initialization ............................................................................................. 1519
28.10.1. Steps in Using FMG Initialization ..................................................................................... 1520
28.10.2. Convergence Strategies for FMG Initialization .................................................................. 1520
28.11. Hybrid Initialization ................................................................................................................. 1521
28.11.1. Steps in Using Hybrid Initialization .................................................................................. 1521
28.11.2. Solution Strategies for Hybrid Initialization ...................................................................... 1523
28.12. Performing Steady-State Calculations ...................................................................................... 1524
28.12.1. Updating UDF Profiles .................................................................................................... 1525
28.12.2. Interrupting Iterations .................................................................................................... 1525
28.12.3. Resetting Data ................................................................................................................ 1525
28.13. Performing Pseudo Transient Calculations ................................................................................ 1525
28.13.1. Setting Pseudo Transient Explicit Relaxation Factors ........................................................ 1526
28.13.1.1. User Inputs ............................................................................................................ 1527
28.13.2. Setting Solution Controls for the Pseudo Transient Method ............................................. 1527
28.13.3. Solving Pseudo-Transient Flow ........................................................................................ 1529
28.14. Performing Time-Dependent Calculations ................................................................................ 1532
28.14.1. User Inputs for Time-Dependent Problems ...................................................................... 1533
28.14.1.1. Additional Inputs ................................................................................................... 1542
28.14.2. Adaptive Time Stepping .................................................................................................. 1542
28.14.2.1. The Adaptive Time Stepping Algorithm .................................................................. 1543
28.14.2.2. Specifying Parameters for Adaptive Time Stepping ................................................. 1543
28.14.2.3. Specifying a User-Defined Time Stepping Method .................................................. 1545
28.14.3.Variable Time Stepping ................................................................................................... 1545
28.14.3.1.The Variable Time Stepping Algorithm .................................................................... 1545
28.14.3.2. Specifying Parameters for Variable Time Stepping ................................................... 1545
28.14.4. Postprocessing for Time-Dependent Problems ................................................................ 1546
28.15. Monitoring Solution Convergence ........................................................................................... 1548
28.15.1. Monitoring Residuals ...................................................................................................... 1548
28.15.1.1. Definition of Residuals for the Pressure-Based Solver .............................................. 1548
28.15.1.2. Definition of Residuals for the Density-Based Solver ................................................ 1550
28.15.1.3. Overview of Using the Residual Monitors Dialog Box .............................................. 1551
28.15.1.4. Printing and Plotting Residuals ............................................................................... 1551
28.15.1.5. Storing Residual History Points ............................................................................... 1552
28.15.1.6. Controlling Normalization and Scaling .................................................................... 1552
28.15.1.7. Choosing a Convergence Criterion ......................................................................... 1553
28.15.1.8. Modifying Convergence Criteria ............................................................................. 1555
28.15.1.9. Disabling Monitoring ............................................................................................. 1555
28.15.1.10. Plot Parameters .................................................................................................... 1556
28.15.1.11. Postprocessing Residual Values ............................................................................ 1556
28.15.2. Monitoring Statistics ....................................................................................................... 1557
28.15.2.1. Plot Parameters ...................................................................................................... 1558
28.15.3. Monitoring Force and Moment Coefficients ..................................................................... 1558
28.15.3.1. Setting Up Force and Moment Coefficient Monitors ................................................ 1559
28.15.3.1.1. Specifying the Reporting Methods ................................................................. 1563
28.15.3.1.1.1. Plot Parameters .................................................................................... 1564
28.15.3.1.2. Monitoring Individual Walls ........................................................................... 1564
28.15.3.1.3. Average Over ................................................................................................ 1564
28.15.3.1.4. Discarding the Monitor Data .......................................................................... 1565
28.15.4. Monitoring Surface Integrals ........................................................................................... 1565
28.15.4.1. Overview of Defining Surface Monitors .................................................................. 1565
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28.15.4.2. Printing, Plotting, and Saving Surface Integration Histories ...................................... 1568
28.15.4.2.1. Plot Parameters ............................................................................................. 1568
28.15.5. Monitoring Volume Integrals ........................................................................................... 1569
28.15.5.1. Overview of Defining Volume Monitors .................................................................. 1569
28.15.5.2. Printing, Plotting, and Saving Volume Integration Histories ...................................... 1571
28.15.5.2.1. Plot Parameters ............................................................................................. 1571
28.16. Convergence Manager ............................................................................................................ 1571
28.16.1. Setting Up the Convergence Manager Dialog Box ............................................................ 1572
28.17. Executing Commands During the Calculation .......................................................................... 1574
28.17.1. Defining Macros ............................................................................................................. 1576
28.17.2. Saving Files During the Calculation ................................................................................. 1577
28.18. Automatic Initialization of the Solution and Case Modification ................................................. 1578
28.18.1. Altering the Solution Initialization and Case Modification after Calculating ...................... 1583
28.19. Animating the Solution ........................................................................................................... 1583
28.19.1. Defining an Animation Sequence .................................................................................... 1584
28.19.1.1. Guidelines for Defining an Animation Sequence ..................................................... 1586
28.19.2. Playing an Animation Sequence ...................................................................................... 1587
28.19.2.1. Modifying the View ................................................................................................ 1588
28.19.2.2. Modifying the Playback Speed ............................................................................... 1588
28.19.2.3. Playing Back an Excerpt .......................................................................................... 1588
28.19.2.4.“Fast-Forwarding” the Animation ............................................................................ 1588
28.19.2.5. Continuous Animation ........................................................................................... 1588
28.19.2.6. Stopping the Animation ......................................................................................... 1588
28.19.2.7. Advancing the Animation Frame by Frame ............................................................. 1588
28.19.2.8. Deleting an Animation Sequence ........................................................................... 1589
28.19.3. Saving an Animation Sequence ....................................................................................... 1589
28.19.3.1. Solution Animation File .......................................................................................... 1589
28.19.3.2. Picture File ............................................................................................................. 1590
28.19.3.3. MPEG File ............................................................................................................... 1590
28.19.4. Reading an Animation Sequence .................................................................................... 1591
28.20. Checking Your Case Setup ....................................................................................................... 1591
28.20.1. Automatic Implementation ............................................................................................. 1592
28.20.2. Manual Implementation ................................................................................................. 1592
28.20.2.1. Checking the Mesh ................................................................................................ 1593
28.20.2.2. Checking Model Selections .................................................................................... 1595
28.20.2.3. Checking Boundary and Cell Zone Conditions ........................................................ 1597
28.20.2.4. Checking Material Properties .................................................................................. 1600
28.20.2.5. Checking the Solver Settings .................................................................................. 1601
28.21. Convergence and Stability ....................................................................................................... 1604
28.21.1. Judging Convergence ..................................................................................................... 1604
28.21.2. Step-by-Step Solution Processes ..................................................................................... 1605
28.21.2.1. Selecting a Subset of the Solution Equations .......................................................... 1605
28.21.2.2.Turning Reactions On and Off ................................................................................. 1606
28.21.3. Modifying Algebraic Multigrid Parameters ....................................................................... 1607
28.21.4. Modifying the Multi-Stage Parameters ............................................................................ 1607
28.21.5. Robustness on Meshes of Poor Quality ............................................................................ 1607
28.22. Solution Steering .................................................................................................................... 1610
28.22.1. Overview of Solution Steering ......................................................................................... 1610
28.22.2. Solution Steering Strategy .............................................................................................. 1610
28.22.2.1. Initialization ........................................................................................................... 1611
28.22.3. Using Solution Steering .................................................................................................. 1611
29. Adapting the Mesh .......................................................................................................................... 1617
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xlii of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
29.1. Using Adaption ......................................................................................................................... 1617
29.1.1. Adaption Example ............................................................................................................ 1618
29.1.2. Adaption Guidelines ......................................................................................................... 1620
29.2. Boundary Adaption ................................................................................................................... 1621
29.2.1. Performing Boundary Adaption ........................................................................................ 1621
29.2.1.1. Boundary Adaption Based on Number of Cells .......................................................... 1621
29.2.1.2. Boundary Adaption Based on Normal Distance ......................................................... 1622
29.2.1.3. Boundary Adaption Based on Target Boundary Volume ............................................. 1623
29.3. Gradient Adaption .................................................................................................................... 1624
29.3.1. Performing Gradient Adaption .......................................................................................... 1624
29.4. Dynamic Gradient Adaption ...................................................................................................... 1626
29.4.1. Dynamic Gradient Adaption Approach .............................................................................. 1626
29.4.1.1. Examples of Dynamic Gradient Adaption .................................................................. 1627
29.5. Isovalue Adaption ..................................................................................................................... 1627
29.5.1. Performing Isovalue Adaption ........................................................................................... 1628
29.6. Region Adaption ....................................................................................................................... 1628
29.6.1. Performing Region Adaption ............................................................................................ 1628
29.7. Volume Adaption ...................................................................................................................... 1630
29.7.1. Performing Volume Adaption ............................................................................................ 1630
29.8.Yplus/Ystar Adaption ................................................................................................................. 1631
29.8.1. Performing Yplus or Ystar Adaption ................................................................................... 1631
29.9. Anisotropic Adaption ................................................................................................................ 1632
29.9.1. Limitations of Anisotropic Adaption .................................................................................. 1632
29.9.2. Performing Anisotropic Adaption ..................................................................................... 1633
29.9.3. Boundary Layer Redistribution .......................................................................................... 1634
29.10. Geometry-Based Adaption ...................................................................................................... 1634
29.10.1. Performing Geometry-Based Adaption ............................................................................ 1634
29.11. Registers ................................................................................................................................. 1636
29.11.1. Manipulating Adaption Registers .................................................................................... 1636
29.11.1.1. Changing Register Types ........................................................................................ 1637
29.11.1.2. Combining Registers .............................................................................................. 1637
29.11.1.3. Deleting Registers .................................................................................................. 1638
29.11.2. Modifying Adaption Marks .............................................................................................. 1639
29.11.3. Displaying Registers ....................................................................................................... 1639
29.11.3.1. Adaption Display Options ...................................................................................... 1640
29.11.4. Adapting to Registers ..................................................................................................... 1641
29.12. Mesh Adaption Controls .......................................................................................................... 1641
29.12.1. Limiting Adaption by Zone ............................................................................................. 1642
29.12.2. Limiting Adaption by Cell Volume or Volume Weight ....................................................... 1642
29.12.3. Limiting the Total Number of Cells ................................................................................... 1643
29.12.4. Controlling the Levels of Refinement During Hanging Node Adaption ............................. 1643
29.13. Improving the Mesh by Smoothing and Swapping ................................................................... 1644
29.13.1. Smoothing ..................................................................................................................... 1644
29.13.1.1. Quality-Based Smoothing ...................................................................................... 1645
29.13.1.2. Laplacian Smoothing ............................................................................................. 1645
29.13.1.3. Skewness-Based Smoothing ................................................................................... 1647
29.13.2. Face Swapping ............................................................................................................... 1648
29.13.2.1. Triangular Meshes .................................................................................................. 1648
29.13.2.2. Tetrahedral Meshes ................................................................................................ 1649
29.13.3. Combining Skewness-Based Smoothing and Face Swapping ........................................... 1650
30. Creating Surfaces for Displaying and Reporting Data .................................................................... 1651
30.1. Using Surfaces .......................................................................................................................... 1651
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User's Guide
30.2. Zone Surfaces ........................................................................................................................... 1652
30.3. Partition Surfaces ...................................................................................................................... 1653
30.4. Imprint Surfaces ........................................................................................................................ 1655
30.5. Point Surfaces ........................................................................................................................... 1657
30.5.1. Using the Point Tool .......................................................................................................... 1659
30.5.1.1. Initializing the Point Tool .......................................................................................... 1659
30.5.1.2.Translating the Point Tool ......................................................................................... 1659
30.5.1.3. Resetting the Point Tool ........................................................................................... 1660
30.6. Line and Rake Surfaces .............................................................................................................. 1660
30.6.1. Using the Line Tool ........................................................................................................... 1661
30.6.1.1. Initializing the Line Tool ........................................................................................... 1661
30.6.1.2.Translating the Line Tool ........................................................................................... 1662
30.6.1.3. Rotating the Line Tool .............................................................................................. 1662
30.6.1.4. Resizing the Line Tool ............................................................................................... 1663
30.6.1.5. Resetting the Line Tool ............................................................................................. 1663
30.7. Plane Surfaces ........................................................................................................................... 1663
30.7.1. Using the Plane Tool ......................................................................................................... 1665
30.7.1.1. Initializing the Plane Tool ......................................................................................... 1665
30.7.1.2.Translating the Plane Tool ......................................................................................... 1666
30.7.1.3. Rotating the Plane Tool ............................................................................................ 1666
30.7.1.4. Resizing the Plane Tool ............................................................................................. 1667
30.7.1.5. Resetting the Plane Tool ........................................................................................... 1667
30.8. Quadric Surfaces ....................................................................................................................... 1667
30.9. Isosurfaces ................................................................................................................................ 1669
30.10. Clipping Surfaces .................................................................................................................... 1671
30.11. Transforming Surfaces ............................................................................................................. 1673
30.12. Grouping, Renaming, and Deleting Surfaces ............................................................................. 1675
30.12.1. Grouping Surfaces .......................................................................................................... 1676
30.12.2. Renaming Surfaces ......................................................................................................... 1676
30.12.3. Deleting Surfaces ........................................................................................................... 1676
30.12.4. Surface Statistics ............................................................................................................. 1677
31. Displaying Graphics ........................................................................................................................ 1679
31.1. Basic Graphics Generation ......................................................................................................... 1679
31.1.1. Displaying the Mesh ......................................................................................................... 1680
31.1.1.1. Generating Mesh or Outline Plots ............................................................................. 1682
31.1.1.2. Mesh and Outline Display Options ............................................................................ 1684
31.1.1.2.1. Modifying the Mesh Colors .............................................................................. 1684
31.1.1.2.2. Adding Features to an Outline Display ............................................................. 1685
31.1.1.2.3. Drawing Partition Boundaries .......................................................................... 1686
31.1.1.2.4. Shrinking Faces and Cells in the Display ........................................................... 1686
31.1.2. Displaying Contours and Profiles ....................................................................................... 1687
31.1.2.1. Generating Contour and Profile Plots ........................................................................ 1688
31.1.2.2. Contour and Profile Plot Options .............................................................................. 1690
31.1.2.2.1. Drawing Filled Contours or Profiles .................................................................. 1691
31.1.2.2.2. Specifying the Range of Magnitudes Displayed ................................................ 1691
31.1.2.2.3. Including the Mesh in the Contour Plot ............................................................ 1693
31.1.2.2.4. Choosing Node or Cell Values .......................................................................... 1693
31.1.2.2.5. Storing Contour Plot Settings .......................................................................... 1694
31.1.2.3. Creating and Using Contour Plot Definitions ............................................................. 1694
31.1.3. Displaying Vectors ............................................................................................................ 1695
31.1.3.1. Generating Vector Plots ............................................................................................ 1696
31.1.3.2. Displaying Relative Velocity Vectors .......................................................................... 1698
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User's Guide
31.1.3.3.Vector Plot Options .................................................................................................. 1698
31.1.3.3.1. Scaling the Vectors .......................................................................................... 1698
31.1.3.3.2. Skipping Vectors ............................................................................................. 1699
31.1.3.3.3. Drawing Vectors in the Plane of the Surface ..................................................... 1699
31.1.3.3.4. Displaying Fixed-Length Vectors ...................................................................... 1699
31.1.3.3.5. Displaying Vector Components ........................................................................ 1700
31.1.3.3.6. Specifying the Range of Magnitudes Displayed ................................................ 1700
31.1.3.3.7. Changing the Scalar Field Used for Coloring the Vectors ................................... 1700
31.1.3.3.8. Displaying Vectors Using a Single Color ............................................................ 1701
31.1.3.3.9. Including the Mesh in the Vector Plot ............................................................... 1701
31.1.3.3.10. Changing the Arrow Characteristics ............................................................... 1701
31.1.3.4. Creating and Managing Custom Vectors ................................................................... 1701
31.1.3.4.1. Creating Custom Vectors ................................................................................. 1701
31.1.3.4.2. Manipulating, Saving, and Loading Custom Vectors .......................................... 1702
31.1.3.5. Creating and Using Vector Plot Definitions ................................................................ 1703
31.1.4. Displaying Pathlines ......................................................................................................... 1704
31.1.4.1. Steps for Generating Pathlines ................................................................................. 1704
31.1.4.2. Options for Pathline Plots ......................................................................................... 1705
31.1.4.2.1. Including the Mesh in the Pathline Display ....................................................... 1706
31.1.4.2.2. Controlling the Pathline Style .......................................................................... 1706
31.1.4.2.3. Controlling Pathline Colors .............................................................................. 1707
31.1.4.2.4.“Thinning” Pathlines ......................................................................................... 1707
31.1.4.2.5. Coarsening Pathlines ....................................................................................... 1707
31.1.4.2.6. Reversing the Pathlines ................................................................................... 1708
31.1.4.2.7. Plotting Oil-Flow Pathlines ............................................................................... 1708
31.1.4.2.8. Controlling the Pulse Mode ............................................................................. 1708
31.1.4.2.9. Controlling the Accuracy ................................................................................. 1708
31.1.4.2.10. Plotting Relative Pathlines ............................................................................. 1708
31.1.4.2.11. Generating an XY Plot Along Pathline Trajectories .......................................... 1708
31.1.4.2.12. Saving Pathline Data ...................................................................................... 1709
31.1.4.2.12.1. Standard Type ...................................................................................... 1709
31.1.4.2.12.2. Geometry Type ..................................................................................... 1710
31.1.4.2.12.3. EnSight Type ......................................................................................... 1711
31.1.4.2.13. Choosing Node or Cell Values ........................................................................ 1712
31.1.5. Displaying Results on a Sweep Surface .............................................................................. 1712
31.1.5.1. Steps for Generating a Plot Using a Sweep Surface .................................................... 1712
31.1.5.2. Animating a Sweep Surface Display .......................................................................... 1714
31.1.6. Hiding the Graphics Window Display ................................................................................ 1714
31.2. Customizing the Graphics Display .............................................................................................. 1715
31.2.1. Overlay of Graphics .......................................................................................................... 1715
31.2.2. Opening Multiple Graphics Windows ................................................................................ 1716
31.2.2.1. Setting the Active Window ....................................................................................... 1717
31.2.3. Changing the Legend Display ........................................................................................... 1717
31.2.3.1. Enabling/Disabling the Legend, Logo, and Color Scale ............................................... 1718
31.2.3.2. Editing the Legend .................................................................................................. 1718
31.2.3.3. Adding a Title to the Caption .................................................................................... 1718
31.2.3.4. Enabling/Disabling the Axes .................................................................................... 1718
31.2.3.5. Modifying and Displaying/Hiding the Logo .............................................................. 1719
31.2.3.6. Colormap Alignment ............................................................................................... 1719
31.2.4. Adding Text to the Graphics Window ................................................................................ 1719
31.2.4.1. Adding Text Using the Annotate Dialog Box .............................................................. 1719
31.2.4.2. Adding Text Using the Mouse-Annotate Function ................................................... 1720
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
31.2.4.3. Editing Existing Annotation Text ............................................................................... 1721
31.2.4.4. Clearing Annotation Text .......................................................................................... 1721
31.2.5. Changing the Colormap ................................................................................................... 1721
31.2.5.1. Predefined Colormaps ............................................................................................. 1722
31.2.5.2. Selecting a Colormap ............................................................................................... 1723
31.2.5.2.1. Specifying the Colormap Size and Scale ........................................................... 1723
31.2.5.2.2. Changing the Number Format ......................................................................... 1723
31.2.5.3. Displaying Colormap Label ...................................................................................... 1724
31.2.5.4. Creating a Customized Colormap ............................................................................. 1725
31.2.6. Adding Lights ................................................................................................................... 1727
31.2.6.1.Turning on Lighting Effects with the Display Options Dialog Box ............................... 1727
31.2.6.2.Turning on Lighting Effects with the Lights Dialog Box ............................................. 1727
31.2.6.3. Defining Light Sources ............................................................................................. 1728
31.2.6.3.1. Removing a Light ............................................................................................ 1729
31.2.6.3.2. Resetting the Light Definitions ........................................................................ 1729
31.2.7. Modifying the Rendering Options ..................................................................................... 1729
31.2.7.1. Graphics Device Information .................................................................................... 1731
31.3. Controlling the Mouse Button Functions .................................................................................... 1731
31.3.1. Button Functions .............................................................................................................. 1731
31.3.2. Modifying the Mouse Button Functions ............................................................................. 1732
31.4.Viewing the Application Window ............................................................................................... 1733
31.4.1. Embedding the Graphics Windows ................................................................................... 1736
31.5. Modifying the View ................................................................................................................... 1737
31.5.1. Selecting a View ............................................................................................................... 1738
31.5.2. Manipulating the Display .................................................................................................. 1739
31.5.2.1. Scaling and Centering .............................................................................................. 1739
31.5.2.2. Rotating the Display ................................................................................................. 1739
31.5.2.2.1. Spinning the Display with the Mouse ............................................................... 1740
31.5.2.3.Translating the Display ............................................................................................. 1741
31.5.2.4. Zooming the Display ................................................................................................ 1741
31.5.3. Controlling Perspective and Camera Parameters ................................................................ 1742
31.5.3.1. Perspective and Orthographic Views ........................................................................ 1742
31.5.3.2. Modifying Camera Parameters ................................................................................. 1742
31.5.4. Saving and Restoring Views .............................................................................................. 1743
31.5.4.1. Restoring the Default View ....................................................................................... 1743
31.5.4.2. Returning to Previous Views ..................................................................................... 1744
31.5.4.3. Saving Views ............................................................................................................ 1744
31.5.4.4. Reading View Files ................................................................................................... 1744
31.5.4.5. Deleting Views ......................................................................................................... 1745
31.5.5. Mirroring and Periodic Repeats ......................................................................................... 1745
31.5.5.1. Periodic Repeats for Graphics ................................................................................... 1747
31.5.5.2. Mirroring for Graphics .............................................................................................. 1749
31.6. Composing a Scene ................................................................................................................... 1749
31.6.1. Selecting the Object(s) to be Manipulated ......................................................................... 1750
31.6.2. Changing an Object’s Display Properties ........................................................................... 1751
31.6.2.1. Controlling Visibility ................................................................................................. 1752
31.6.2.2. Controlling Object Color and Transparency ............................................................... 1752
31.6.3. Transforming Geometric Objects in a Scene ...................................................................... 1753
31.6.3.1. Translating Objects .................................................................................................. 1754
31.6.3.2. Rotating Objects ...................................................................................................... 1754
31.6.3.3. Scaling Objects ........................................................................................................ 1754
31.6.3.4. Displaying the Meridional View ................................................................................ 1754
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User's Guide
31.6.4. Modifying Iso-Values ........................................................................................................ 1755
31.6.4.1. Steps for Modifying Iso-Values .................................................................................. 1755
31.6.4.2. An Example of Iso-Value Modification for an Animation ............................................ 1755
31.6.5. Modifying Pathline Attributes ........................................................................................... 1756
31.6.5.1. An Example of Pathline Modification for an Animation .............................................. 1756
31.6.6. Deleting an Object from the Scene ................................................................................... 1757
31.6.7. Adding a Bounding Frame ................................................................................................ 1757
31.7. Animating Graphics .................................................................................................................. 1759
31.7.1. Creating an Animation ...................................................................................................... 1760
31.7.1.1. Deleting Key Frames ................................................................................................ 1760
31.7.2. Playing an Animation ........................................................................................................ 1760
31.7.2.1. Playing Back an Excerpt ............................................................................................ 1761
31.7.2.2."Fast-Forwarding" the Animation .............................................................................. 1761
31.7.2.3. Continuous Animation ............................................................................................. 1761
31.7.2.4. Stopping the Animation ........................................................................................... 1761
31.7.2.5. Advancing the Animation Frame by Frame ............................................................... 1762
31.7.3. Saving an Animation ........................................................................................................ 1762
31.7.3.1. Animation File ......................................................................................................... 1762
31.7.3.2. Picture File ............................................................................................................... 1762
31.7.3.3. MPEG File ................................................................................................................ 1763
31.7.4. Reading an Animation File ................................................................................................ 1763
31.7.5. Notes on Animation .......................................................................................................... 1763
31.8. Creating Videos ......................................................................................................................... 1763
31.8.1. Recording Animations To Video ........................................................................................ 1764
31.8.1.1. Computer Image vs.Video Image ............................................................................. 1764
31.8.1.2. Real-Time vs. Frame-By-Frame .................................................................................. 1764
31.8.2. Equipment Required ......................................................................................................... 1765
31.8.3. Recording an Animation with ANSYS Fluent ...................................................................... 1766
31.8.3.1. Create an Animation ................................................................................................ 1766
31.8.3.2. Open a Connection to the VTR Controller ................................................................. 1767
31.8.3.3. Set Up Your Recording Session ................................................................................. 1767
31.8.3.3.1. Select the Recording Source ............................................................................ 1769
31.8.3.3.2. Choose Real-Time or Frame-By-Frame Recording ............................................. 1769
31.8.3.3.3. Set the Video Frame Hold Counts ..................................................................... 1770
31.8.3.4. Check the Picture Quality ......................................................................................... 1770
31.8.3.5. Make Sure Your Tape is Formatted (Preblacked) ........................................................ 1771
31.8.3.6. Start the Recording Session ...................................................................................... 1771
31.9. Histogram and XY Plots ............................................................................................................. 1772
31.9.1. Plot Types ......................................................................................................................... 1772
31.9.1.1. XY Plots ................................................................................................................... 1772
31.9.1.2. Histograms .............................................................................................................. 1773
31.9.2. XY Plots of Solution Data .................................................................................................. 1774
31.9.2.1. Steps for Generating Solution XY Plots ..................................................................... 1774
31.9.2.2. Options for Solution XY Plots .................................................................................... 1777
31.9.2.2.1. Including External Data in the Solution XY Plot ................................................ 1778
31.9.2.2.2. Choosing Node or Cell Values .......................................................................... 1778
31.9.2.2.3. Saving the Plot Data to a File ........................................................................... 1778
31.9.3. XY Plots of File Data .......................................................................................................... 1778
31.9.3.1. Steps for Generating XY Plots of Data in External Files ............................................... 1778
31.9.3.2. Options for File XY Plots ........................................................................................... 1779
31.9.3.2.1. Changing the Plot Title .................................................................................... 1779
31.9.3.2.2. Changing the Legend Entry ............................................................................. 1779
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
31.9.3.2.3. Changing the Legend Title ............................................................................... 1780
31.9.4. XY Plots of Profiles ............................................................................................................ 1780
31.9.4.1. Steps for Generating Plots of Profile Data .................................................................. 1780
31.9.4.2. Steps for Generating Plots of Interpolated Profile Data .............................................. 1781
31.9.5. XY Plots of Circumferential Averages ................................................................................. 1782
31.9.5.1. Steps for Generating an XY Plot of Circumferential Averages ..................................... 1782
31.9.5.2. Customizing the Appearance of the Plot ................................................................... 1784
31.9.6. XY Plot File Format ........................................................................................................... 1784
31.9.7. Residual Plots ................................................................................................................... 1785
31.9.8. Histograms ....................................................................................................................... 1785
31.9.8.1. Steps for Generating Histogram Plots ....................................................................... 1785
31.9.8.2. Options for Histogram Plots ..................................................................................... 1786
31.9.8.2.1. Specifying the Range of Values Plotted ............................................................ 1786
31.9.9. Modifying Axis Attributes ................................................................................................. 1786
31.9.9.1. Using the Axes Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 1787
31.9.9.1.1. Changing the Axis Label .................................................................................. 1787
31.9.9.1.2. Changing the Format of the Data Labels .......................................................... 1787
31.9.9.1.3. Choosing Logarithmic or Decimal Scaling ........................................................ 1788
31.9.9.1.4. Resetting the Range of the Axis ....................................................................... 1788
31.9.9.1.5. Controlling the Major and Minor Rules ............................................................. 1788
31.9.10. Modifying Curve Attributes ............................................................................................. 1788
31.9.10.1. Using the Curves Dialog Box ................................................................................... 1789
31.9.10.1.1. Changing the Line Style ................................................................................. 1789
31.9.10.1.2. Changing the Marker Style ............................................................................ 1790
31.9.10.1.3. Previewing the Curve Style ............................................................................ 1790
31.10.Turbomachinery Postprocessing .............................................................................................. 1790
31.10.1. Defining the Turbomachinery Topology .......................................................................... 1790
31.10.1.1. Boundary Types ..................................................................................................... 1792
31.10.2. Generating Reports of Turbomachinery Data ................................................................... 1794
31.10.2.1. Computing Turbomachinery Quantities .................................................................. 1795
31.10.2.1.1. Mass Flow ..................................................................................................... 1795
31.10.2.1.2. Swirl Number ................................................................................................ 1795
31.10.2.1.3. Average Total Pressure ................................................................................... 1795
31.10.2.1.4. Average Total Temperature ............................................................................ 1796
31.10.2.1.5. Average Flow Angles ..................................................................................... 1796
31.10.2.1.6. Passage Loss Coefficient ................................................................................ 1797
31.10.2.1.7. Axial Force .................................................................................................... 1797
31.10.2.1.8. Torque .......................................................................................................... 1798
31.10.2.1.9. Efficiencies for Pumps and Compressors ........................................................ 1798
31.10.2.1.9.1. Incompressible Flows ............................................................................ 1799
31.10.2.1.9.2. Compressible Flows .............................................................................. 1799
31.10.2.1.10. Efficiencies for Turbines ............................................................................... 1800
31.10.2.1.10.1. Incompressible Flows .......................................................................... 1800
31.10.2.1.10.2. Compressible Flows ............................................................................ 1801
31.10.3. Displaying Turbomachinery Averaged Contours .............................................................. 1802
31.10.3.1. Steps for Generating Turbomachinery Averaged Contour Plots ............................... 1802
31.10.3.2. Contour Plot Options ............................................................................................. 1803
31.10.4. Displaying Turbomachinery 2D Contours ........................................................................ 1803
31.10.4.1. Steps for Generating Turbo 2D Contour Plots .......................................................... 1803
31.10.4.2. Contour Plot Options ............................................................................................. 1804
31.10.5. Generating Averaged XY Plots of Turbomachinery Solution Data ..................................... 1805
31.10.5.1. Steps for Generating Turbo Averaged XY Plots ........................................................ 1805
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31.10.6. Globally Setting the Turbomachinery Topology ............................................................... 1806
31.10.7.Turbomachinery-Specific Variables .................................................................................. 1806
31.11. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Postprocessing ............................................................................. 1807
31.11.1. Limitations of the FFT Algorithm ..................................................................................... 1807
31.11.2.Windowing ..................................................................................................................... 1807
31.11.3. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ............................................................................................ 1808
31.11.4. Using the FFT Utility ........................................................................................................ 1809
31.11.4.1. Loading Data for Spectral Analysis .......................................................................... 1810
31.11.4.2. Customizing the Input and Defining the Spectrum Smoothing ............................... 1810
31.11.4.2.1. Customizing the Input Signal Data Set ........................................................... 1811
31.11.4.2.2. Spectrum Smoothing Through Signal Segmentation ...................................... 1811
31.11.4.2.3. Viewing Data Statistics .................................................................................. 1812
31.11.4.2.4. Customizing Titles and Labels ........................................................................ 1812
31.11.4.2.5. Applying the Changes in the Input Signal Data .............................................. 1812
31.11.4.3. Customizing the Output ......................................................................................... 1812
31.11.4.3.1. Specifying a Function for the y-Axis ............................................................... 1813
31.11.4.3.2. Specifying a Function for the x-Axis ............................................................... 1815
31.11.4.3.3. Specifying Output Options ............................................................................ 1816
31.11.4.3.4. Specifying a Windowing Technique ................................................................ 1816
31.11.4.3.5. Specifying Labels and Titles ........................................................................... 1816
32. Reporting Alphanumeric Data ........................................................................................................ 1817
32.1. Reporting Conventions ............................................................................................................. 1817
32.2. Creating Output Parameters ...................................................................................................... 1817
32.2.1. Computing Output Parameters With User-Defined Functions ............................................ 1819
32.3. Fluxes Through Boundaries ....................................................................................................... 1821
32.3.1. Generating a Flux Report .................................................................................................. 1821
32.3.2. Flux Reporting for Reacting Flows ..................................................................................... 1823
32.3.2.1. Flux Reporting with Particles .................................................................................... 1824
32.3.2.2. Flux Reporting with Multiphase ................................................................................ 1825
32.3.2.3. Flux Reporting with Other Volumetric Sources .......................................................... 1826
32.4. Forces on Boundaries ................................................................................................................ 1826
32.4.1. Generating a Force, Moment, or Center of Pressure Report ................................................. 1826
32.4.1.1. Example .................................................................................................................. 1828
32.5. Projected Surface Area Calculations ........................................................................................... 1829
32.6. Surface Integration .................................................................................................................... 1830
32.6.1. Generating a Surface Integral Report ................................................................................ 1830
32.7. Volume Integration ................................................................................................................... 1832
32.7.1. Generating a Volume Integral Report ................................................................................ 1832
32.8. Histogram Reports .................................................................................................................... 1834
32.9. Discrete Phase ........................................................................................................................... 1834
32.10. S2S Information ....................................................................................................................... 1834
32.11. Reference Values ..................................................................................................................... 1834
32.11.1. Setting Reference Values ................................................................................................. 1835
32.11.2. Setting the Reference Zone ............................................................................................. 1836
32.12. Summary Reports of Case Settings .......................................................................................... 1836
32.12.1. Generating a Summary Report ........................................................................................ 1836
32.13. System Resource Usage ........................................................................................................... 1837
32.13.1. Processor Information ..................................................................................................... 1837
32.13.2. Memory Information ...................................................................................................... 1838
32.13.3. Process and Model Timers ............................................................................................... 1839
33. Field Function Definitions ............................................................................................................... 1841
33.1. Node, Cell, and Facet Values ....................................................................................................... 1841
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
33.1.1. Cell Values ........................................................................................................................ 1841
33.1.2. Node Values ..................................................................................................................... 1841
33.1.2.1.Vertex Values for Points That are Not Mesh Nodes ..................................................... 1842
33.1.3. Facet Values ...................................................................................................................... 1842
33.1.3.1. Facet Values on Zone Surfaces .................................................................................. 1842
33.1.3.2. Facet Values on Postprocessing Surfaces ................................................................... 1843
33.2.Velocity Reporting Options ........................................................................................................ 1843
33.3. Field Variables Listed by Category .............................................................................................. 1844
33.4. Alphabetical Listing of Field Variables and Their Definitions ........................................................ 1864
33.5. Custom Field Functions ............................................................................................................. 1903
33.5.1. Creating a Custom Field Function ...................................................................................... 1904
33.5.1.1. Using the Calculator Buttons .................................................................................... 1906
33.5.1.2. Using the Field Functions List ................................................................................... 1906
33.5.2. Manipulating, Saving, and Loading Custom Field Functions ............................................... 1906
33.5.3. Sample Custom Field Functions ........................................................................................ 1908
34. Parallel Processing .......................................................................................................................... 1909
34.1. Introduction to Parallel Processing ............................................................................................. 1909
34.1.1. Recommended Usage of Parallel ANSYS Fluent ................................................................. 1911
34.2. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent Using Fluent Launcher ................................................................ 1912
34.2.1. Setting Parallel Scheduler Options in Fluent Launcher ....................................................... 1914
34.2.2. Setting Additional Options When Running on Remote Linux Machines .............................. 1917
34.2.2.1. Setting Job Scheduler Options When Running on Remote Linux Machines ................ 1919
34.3. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent on a Windows System ................................................................. 1920
34.3.1. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent on a Windows System Using Command Line Options .......... 1920
34.3.1.1. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent with the Microsoft Job Scheduler ............................... 1922
34.4. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent on a Linux System ....................................................................... 1925
34.4.1. Starting Parallel ANSYS Fluent on a Linux System Using Command Line Options ................ 1925
34.4.2. Setting Up Your Remote Shell and Secure Shell Clients ...................................................... 1927
34.4.2.1. Configuring the rsh Client ...................................................................................... 1928
34.4.2.2. Configuring the ssh Client ...................................................................................... 1928
34.5. Mesh Partitioning and Load Balancing ....................................................................................... 1928
34.5.1. Overview of Mesh Partitioning .......................................................................................... 1929
34.5.2. Partitioning the Mesh Automatically ................................................................................. 1930
34.5.2.1. Reporting During Auto Partitioning .......................................................................... 1932
34.5.3. Partitioning the Mesh Manually and Balancing the Load .................................................... 1932
34.5.3.1. Guidelines for Partitioning the Mesh ......................................................................... 1932
34.5.4. Using the Partitioning and Load Balancing Dialog Box ....................................................... 1932
34.5.4.1. Partitioning ............................................................................................................. 1932
34.5.4.1.1. Example of Setting Selected Registers to Specified Partition IDs ....................... 1939
34.5.4.1.2. Partitioning Within Zones or Registers ............................................................. 1941
34.5.4.1.3. Reporting During Partitioning ......................................................................... 1942
34.5.4.1.4. Resetting the Partition Parameters ................................................................... 1942
34.5.4.2. Load Balancing ........................................................................................................ 1942
34.5.5. Mesh Partitioning Methods ............................................................................................... 1945
34.5.5.1. Partition Methods .................................................................................................... 1945
34.5.5.2. Optimizations .......................................................................................................... 1949
34.5.5.3. Pretesting ................................................................................................................ 1950
34.5.5.4. Using the Partition Filter ........................................................................................... 1951
34.5.6. Checking the Partitions ..................................................................................................... 1951
34.5.6.1. Interpreting Partition Statistics ................................................................................. 1951
34.5.6.2. Examining Partitions Graphically .............................................................................. 1954
34.5.7. Load Distribution .............................................................................................................. 1954
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User's Guide
34.5.8. Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................... 1954
34.6. Using General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) With the Algebraic Multigrid (AMG)
Solver ............................................................................................................................................... 1955
34.6.1. Requirements ................................................................................................................... 1955
34.6.2. Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 1955
34.6.3. Using and Managing GPGPUs ........................................................................................... 1956
34.7. Controlling the Threads ............................................................................................................. 1956
34.8. Checking Network Connectivity ................................................................................................ 1957
34.9. Checking and Improving Parallel Performance ........................................................................... 1958
34.9.1. Parallel Check ................................................................................................................... 1958
34.9.2. Checking Parallel Performance .......................................................................................... 1959
34.9.2.1. Checking Latency and Bandwidth ............................................................................ 1961
34.9.3. Optimizing the Parallel Solver ........................................................................................... 1962
34.9.3.1. Increasing the Report Interval .................................................................................. 1962
34.9.3.2. Accelerating View Factor Calculations for General Purpose Computing on Graphics
Processing Units (GPGPUs) .................................................................................................... 1962
35. Task Page Reference Guide ............................................................................................................. 1965
35.1. Meshing Task Page .................................................................................................................... 1965
35.2. Solution Setup Task Page ........................................................................................................... 1965
35.3. General Task Page ..................................................................................................................... 1966
35.3.1. Scale Mesh Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 1968
35.3.2. Mesh Display Dialog Box ................................................................................................... 1969
35.3.3. Set Units Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 1972
35.3.4. Define Unit Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 1973
35.3.5. Mesh Colors Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 1973
35.4. Models Task Page ...................................................................................................................... 1974
35.4.1. Multiphase Model Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 1977
35.4.2. Energy Dialog Box ............................................................................................................ 1981
35.4.3.Viscous Model Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 1982
35.4.4. Radiation Model Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 1995
35.4.5.View Factors and Clustering Dialog Box ............................................................................. 1999
35.4.6. Participating Boundary Zones Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2002
35.4.7. Solar Calculator Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2004
35.4.8. Heat Exchanger Model Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2005
35.4.9. Dual Cell Heat Exchanger Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2006
35.4.10. Set Dual Cell Heat Exchanger Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2007
35.4.11. Heat Transfer Data Table Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2009
35.4.12. NTU Table Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2010
35.4.13. Copy From Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2011
35.4.14. Ungrouped Macro Heat Exchanger Dialog Box ................................................................ 2012
35.4.15.Velocity Effectiveness Curve Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2015
35.4.16. Core Porosity Model Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2016
35.4.17. Macro Heat Exchanger Group Dialog Box ........................................................................ 2017
35.4.18. Species Model Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2021
35.4.19. Coal Calculator Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2036
35.4.20. Integration Parameters Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2039
35.4.21. Chemkin Mechanism Import Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2040
35.4.22. Flamelet 3D Surfaces Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2041
35.4.23. Flamelet 2D Curves Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2043
35.4.24. Unsteady Flamelet Parameters Dialog Box ....................................................................... 2044
35.4.25. Flamelet Fluid Zones Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2044
35.4.26. Spark Ignition Dialog Box ................................................................................................ 2045
li
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
35.4.27. Set Spark Ignition Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2046
35.4.28. Autoignition Model Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2048
35.4.29. Inert Dialog Box .............................................................................................................. 2050
35.4.30. NOx Model Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2051
35.4.31. SOx Model Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2059
35.4.32. Soot Model Dialog Box ................................................................................................... 2063
35.4.33. Sticking Coefficients Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2070
35.4.34. Mechanism Dialog Box ................................................................................................... 2071
35.4.35. Reactor Network Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2072
35.4.36. Decoupled Detailed Chemistry Dialog Box ...................................................................... 2074
35.4.37. Reacting Channel Model Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2075
35.4.38. Reacting Channel 2D Curves Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2077
35.4.39. Discrete Phase Model Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2079
35.4.40. DEM Collisions Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2085
35.4.41. Create Collision Partner Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2086
35.4.42. Copy Collision Partner Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2087
35.4.43. Rename Collision Partner Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2087
35.4.44. DEM Collision Settings Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2087
35.4.45. Solidification and Melting Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2088
35.4.46. Acoustics Model Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2090
35.4.47. Acoustic Sources Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2092
35.4.48. Acoustic Receivers Dialog Box ......................................................................................... 2094
35.4.49. Interior Cell Zone Selection Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2095
35.4.50. Eulerian Wall Film Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2095
35.5. Materials Task Page ................................................................................................................... 2101
35.5.1. Create/Edit Materials Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2103
35.5.2. Fluent Database Materials Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2111
35.5.3. Open Database Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2112
35.5.4. User-Defined Database Materials Dialog Box ..................................................................... 2112
35.5.5. Copy Case Material Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2114
35.5.6. Material Properties Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2114
35.5.7. Edit Property Methods Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2115
35.5.8. New Material Name Dialog Box ......................................................................................... 2116
35.5.9. Polynomial Profile Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2117
35.5.10. Piecewise-Linear Profile Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2118
35.5.11. Piecewise-Polynomial Profile Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2118
35.5.12. Compressible Liquid Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2119
35.5.13. User-Defined Functions Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2120
35.5.14. Sutherland Law Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2121
35.5.15. Power Law Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2121
35.5.16. Non-Newtonian Power Law Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2122
35.5.17. Carreau Model Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2123
35.5.18. Cross Model Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2124
35.5.19. Herschel-Bulkley Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2125
35.5.20. Biaxial Conductivity Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2126
35.5.21. Cylindrical Orthotropic Conductivity Dialog Box .............................................................. 2127
35.5.22. Orthotropic Conductivity Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2129
35.5.23. Anisotropic Conductivity - Principal Components Dialog Box ........................................... 2130
35.5.24. Anisotropic Conductivity Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2130
35.5.25. Species Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 2131
35.5.26. Reactions Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2133
35.5.27. Backward Reaction Parameters Dialog Box ...................................................................... 2136
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User's Guide
35.5.28.Third-Body Efficiency Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2136
35.5.29. Pressure-Dependent Reaction Dialog Box ....................................................................... 2137
35.5.30. Coverage-Dependent Reaction Dialog Box ...................................................................... 2139
35.5.31. Reaction Mechanisms Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2140
35.5.32. Site Parameters Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2142
35.5.33. Mass Diffusion Coefficients Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2142
35.5.34. Thermal Diffusion Coefficients Dialog Box ....................................................................... 2144
35.5.35. UDS Diffusion Coefficients Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2144
35.5.36.WSGGM User Specified Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2145
35.5.37. Gray-Band Absorption Coefficient Dialog Box .................................................................. 2146
35.5.38. Delta-Eddington Scattering Function Dialog Box ............................................................. 2146
35.5.39. Gray-Band Refractive Index Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2147
35.5.40. Single Rate Devolatilization Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2147
35.5.41.Two Competing Rates Model Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2148
35.5.42. CPD Model Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2149
35.5.43. Kinetics/Diffusion-Limited Combustion Model Dialog Box ............................................... 2149
35.5.44. Intrinsic Combustion Model Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2150
35.5.45. Multiple Surface Reactions Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2151
35.5.46. Edit Material Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2152
35.6. Phases ...................................................................................................................................... 2152
35.6.1. Primary Phase Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2154
35.6.2. Secondary Phase Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2154
35.6.3. Discrete Phase Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2158
35.6.4. Phase Interaction Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2161
35.7. Cell Zone Conditions Task Page .................................................................................................. 2165
35.7.1. Fluid Dialog Box ............................................................................................................... 2167
35.7.2. Solid Dialog Box ............................................................................................................... 2177
35.7.3. Copy Conditions Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2179
35.7.4. Operating Conditions Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2180
35.7.5. Select Input Parameter Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2182
35.7.6. Profiles Dialog Box ............................................................................................................ 2183
35.7.7. Orient Profile Dialog Box ................................................................................................... 2185
35.7.8. Write Profile Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2186
35.8. Boundary Conditions Task Page ................................................................................................. 2187
35.8.1. Axis Dialog Box ................................................................................................................. 2190
35.8.2. Degassing Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2190
35.8.3. Exhaust Fan Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2191
35.8.4. Fan Dialog Box ................................................................................................................. 2195
35.8.5. Inlet Vent Dialog Box ........................................................................................................ 2198
35.8.6. Intake Fan Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2203
35.8.7. Interface Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 2208
35.8.8. Interior Dialog Box ............................................................................................................ 2209
35.8.9. Mass-Flow Inlet Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2209
35.8.10. Outflow Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 2215
35.8.11. Outlet Vent Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2217
35.8.12. Periodic Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 2221
35.8.13. Porous Jump Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2221
35.8.14. Pressure Far-Field Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2224
35.8.15. Pressure Inlet Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2228
35.8.16. Pressure Outlet Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2233
35.8.17. Radiator Dialog Box ........................................................................................................ 2238
35.8.18. RANS/LES Interface Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2240
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User's Guide
35.8.19. Symmetry Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2240
35.8.20. Velocity Inlet Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2241
35.8.21.Wall Dialog Box ............................................................................................................... 2249
35.8.22. Periodic Conditions Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2259
35.9. Mesh Interfaces Task Page ......................................................................................................... 2261
35.9.1. Create/Edit Mesh Interfaces Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2261
35.9.2. Interface Options Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2264
35.10. Dynamic Mesh Task Page ......................................................................................................... 2265
35.10.1. Mesh Method Settings Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2268
35.10.2. Mesh Scale Info Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2271
35.10.3. Options Dialog Box ......................................................................................................... 2272
35.10.4. In-Cylinder Output Controls Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2275
35.10.5. Flow Controls Dialog Box ................................................................................................ 2276
35.10.6. Dynamic Mesh Events Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2277
35.10.7. Define Event Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2278
35.10.8. Events Preview Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2280
35.10.9. Dynamic Mesh Zones Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2281
35.10.10. Inflation Settings Dialog Box ......................................................................................... 2287
35.10.11. CutCell Boundary Zones Info Dialog Box ........................................................................ 2288
35.10.12. Zone Scale Info Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2288
35.10.13. Zone Motion Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2289
35.10.14. Mesh Motion Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2290
35.10.15. Autosave Case During Mesh Motion Preview Dialog Box ................................................ 2291
35.11. Reference Values Task Page ...................................................................................................... 2292
35.12. Solution Task Page ................................................................................................................... 2293
35.13. Solution Methods Task Page .................................................................................................... 2294
35.13.1. Relaxation Options Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2297
35.14. Solution Controls Task Page ..................................................................................................... 2297
35.14.1. Equations Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2300
35.14.2. Solution Limits Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2300
35.14.3. Advanced Solution Controls Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2301
35.15. Monitors Task Page .................................................................................................................. 2309
35.15.1. Residual Monitors Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2312
35.15.2. Statistic Monitors Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2314
35.15.3. Drag Monitor Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2316
35.15.4. Lift Monitor Dialog Box ................................................................................................... 2318
35.15.5. Moment Monitor Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2320
35.15.6. Surface Monitor Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2322
35.15.7. Volume Monitor Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2325
35.15.8. Convergence Manager Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2327
35.15.9. Point Surface Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2328
35.15.10. Line/Rake Surface Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2329
35.15.11. Plane Surface Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2330
35.15.12. Quadric Surface Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2333
35.15.13. Iso-Surface Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2334
35.15.14. Iso-Clip Dialog Box ........................................................................................................ 2336
35.15.15. Surfaces Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2337
35.16. Solution Initialization Task Page ............................................................................................... 2338
35.16.1. Patch Dialog Box ............................................................................................................. 2340
35.16.2. Hybrid Initialization Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2342
35.17. Calculation Activities Task Page ................................................................................................ 2343
35.17.1. Autosave Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2345
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User's Guide
35.17.2. Data File Quantities Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2347
35.17.3. Automatic Export Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2348
35.17.4. Automatic Particle History Data Export Dialog Box .......................................................... 2352
35.17.5. Execute Commands Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2354
35.17.6. Define Macro Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2355
35.17.7. Automatic Solution Initialization and Case Modification Dialog Box ................................. 2355
35.17.8. Solution Animation Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2357
35.17.9. Animation Sequence Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2358
35.18. Run Calculation Task Page ........................................................................................................ 2359
35.18.1. Solution Steering Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2363
35.18.2. Case Check Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2364
35.18.3. Adaptive Time Step Settings Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2365
35.18.4.Variable Time Step Settings Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2367
35.18.5. Sampling Options Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2368
35.18.6. Acoustic Signals Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2369
35.18.7. Acoustic Sources FFT Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2370
35.19. Results Task Page ..................................................................................................................... 2375
35.20. Graphics and Animations Task Page ......................................................................................... 2375
35.20.1. Contours Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2377
35.20.2. Profile Options Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2380
35.20.3.Vectors Dialog Box .......................................................................................................... 2381
35.20.4. Vector Options Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2383
35.20.5. Custom Vectors Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2384
35.20.6.Vector Definitions Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2385
35.20.7. Pathlines Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2386
35.20.8. Path Style Attributes Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2390
35.20.9. Ribbon Attributes Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2390
35.20.10. Particle Tracks Dialog Box .............................................................................................. 2391
35.20.11. Particle Filter Attributes ................................................................................................. 2396
35.20.12. Reporting Variables Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2396
35.20.13.Track Style Attributes Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2397
35.20.14. Particle Sphere Style Attributes Dialog Box .................................................................... 2398
35.20.15. Particle Vector Style Attributes Dialog Box ..................................................................... 2399
35.20.16. Sweep Surface Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2400
35.20.17. Create Surface Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2401
35.20.18. Animate Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2402
35.20.19. Save Picture Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2403
35.20.20. Playback Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 2406
35.20.21. Display Options Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2408
35.20.22. Scene Description Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2411
35.20.23. Display Properties Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2412
35.20.24.Transformations Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2414
35.20.25. Iso-Value Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2415
35.20.26. Pathline Attributes Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2416
35.20.27. Bounding Frame Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2416
35.20.28. Views Dialog Box .......................................................................................................... 2417
35.20.29.Write Views Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2418
35.20.30. Mirror Planes Dialog Box ............................................................................................... 2419
35.20.31. Graphics Periodicity Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2420
35.20.32. Camera Parameters Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2421
35.20.33. Lights Dialog Box .......................................................................................................... 2422
35.20.34. Colormap Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2423
lv
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
35.20.35. Colormap Editor Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2425
35.20.36. Annotate Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2426
35.21. Plots Task Page ........................................................................................................................ 2427
35.21.1. Solution XY Plot Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2429
35.21.2. Histogram Dialog Box ..................................................................................................... 2432
35.21.3. File XY Plot Dialog Box .................................................................................................... 2433
35.21.4. Plot Profile Data Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2434
35.21.5. Plot Interpolated Data Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2435
35.21.6. Fourier Transform Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2436
35.21.7. Plot/Modify Input Signal Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2438
35.21.8. Axes Dialog Box .............................................................................................................. 2441
35.21.9. Curves Dialog Box ........................................................................................................... 2443
35.22. Reports Task Page .................................................................................................................... 2444
35.22.1. Flux Reports Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2446
35.22.2. Force Reports Dialog Box ................................................................................................ 2447
35.22.3. Projected Surface Areas Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2449
35.22.4. Surface Integrals Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2449
35.22.5. Volume Integrals Dialog Box ........................................................................................... 2453
35.22.6. Sample Trajectories Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2455
35.22.7.Trajectory Sample Histograms Dialog Box ........................................................................ 2457
35.22.8. Particle Summary Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2459
35.22.9. Heat Exchanger Report Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2459
35.22.10. Parameters Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2461
35.22.11. Use Input Parameter in Scheme Procedure Dialog Box ................................................... 2463
35.22.12. Use Input Parameter in UDF Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2464
35.22.13. User Defined Output Parameter Dialog Box ................................................................... 2465
35.22.14. Rename Dialog Box ....................................................................................................... 2465
35.22.15. Input Parameter Properties Dialog Box .......................................................................... 2466
35.22.16. Save Output Parameter Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2466
35.23. Parameters and Customization Task Page ................................................................................. 2467
36. Menu Reference Guide .................................................................................................................... 2469
36.1. File Menu .................................................................................................................................. 2469
36.1.1. File/Read/Mesh... .............................................................................................................. 2470
36.1.1.1. Read Mesh Options Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2470
36.1.2. File/Read/Case... ............................................................................................................... 2471
36.1.3. File/Read/Data... ............................................................................................................... 2472
36.1.4. File/Read/Case & Data... .................................................................................................... 2472
36.1.5. File/Read/PDF... ................................................................................................................. 2472
36.1.6. File/Read/ISAT Table... ....................................................................................................... 2473
36.1.7. File/Read/DTRM Rays... ...................................................................................................... 2473
36.1.8. File/Read/View Factors... ................................................................................................... 2473
36.1.9. File/Read/Profile... ............................................................................................................. 2473
36.1.10. File/Read/Scheme... ........................................................................................................ 2473
36.1.11. File/Read/Journal... ......................................................................................................... 2473
36.1.12. File/Write/Case... ............................................................................................................. 2473
36.1.13. File/Write/Data... ............................................................................................................. 2474
36.1.14. File/Write/Case & Data... .................................................................................................. 2474
36.1.15. File/Write/PDF... .............................................................................................................. 2474
36.1.16. File/Write/ISAT Table... ..................................................................................................... 2474
36.1.17. File/Write/Flamelet... ....................................................................................................... 2474
36.1.18. File/Write/Surface Clusters... ............................................................................................ 2475
36.1.19. File/Write/Profile... .......................................................................................................... 2475
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
lvi of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.1.20. File/Write/Autosave... ...................................................................................................... 2475
36.1.21. File/Write/Boundary Mesh... ............................................................................................ 2475
36.1.22. File/Write/Start Journal... ................................................................................................. 2475
36.1.23. File/Write/Stop Journal ................................................................................................... 2475
36.1.24. File/Write/Start Transcript... ............................................................................................. 2475
36.1.25. File/Write/Stop Transcript ................................................................................................ 2475
36.1.26. File/Import/ABAQUS/Input File... ..................................................................................... 2476
36.1.27. File/Import/ABAQUS/Filbin File... ..................................................................................... 2476
36.1.28. File/Import/ABAQUS/ODB File... ...................................................................................... 2476
36.1.29. File/Import/CFX/Definition File... ..................................................................................... 2476
36.1.30. File/Import/CFX/Result File... ........................................................................................... 2476
36.1.31. File/Import/CGNS/Mesh... ............................................................................................... 2476
36.1.32. File/Import/CGNS/Data... ................................................................................................. 2476
36.1.33. File/Import/CGNS/Mesh & Data... ..................................................................................... 2476
36.1.34. File/Import/EnSight... ...................................................................................................... 2476
36.1.35. File/Import/FIDAP... ......................................................................................................... 2476
36.1.36. File/Import/GAMBIT... ...................................................................................................... 2477
36.1.37. File/Import/HYPERMESH ASCII... ...................................................................................... 2477
36.1.38. File/Import/I-deas Universal... .......................................................................................... 2477
36.1.39. File/Import/LSTC/Input File... ........................................................................................... 2477
36.1.40. File/Import/LSTC/State File... ........................................................................................... 2477
36.1.41. File/Import/Marc POST... ................................................................................................. 2477
36.1.42. File/Import/Mechanical APDL/Input File... ........................................................................ 2477
36.1.43. File/Import/Mechanical APDL/Result File... ...................................................................... 2477
36.1.44. File/Import/NASTRAN/Bulkdata File... .............................................................................. 2477
36.1.45. File/Import/NASTRAN/Op2 File... ..................................................................................... 2478
36.1.46. File/Import/PATRAN/Neutral File... ................................................................................... 2478
36.1.47. File/Import/PLOT3D/Grid File... ........................................................................................ 2478
36.1.48. File/Import/PLOT3D/Result File... ..................................................................................... 2478
36.1.49. File/Import/PTC Mechanica Design... ............................................................................... 2478
36.1.50. File/Import/Tecplot... ...................................................................................................... 2478
36.1.51. File/Import/Fluent 4 Case File... ....................................................................................... 2478
36.1.52. File/Import/PreBFC File... ................................................................................................. 2478
36.1.53. File/Import/Partition/Metis... ........................................................................................... 2478
36.1.54. File/Import/Partition/Metis Zone... .................................................................................. 2479
36.1.55. File/Import/CHEMKIN Mechanism... ................................................................................. 2479
36.1.55.1. CHEMKIN Mechanism Import Dialog Box ................................................................ 2479
36.1.56. File/Export/Solution Data... ............................................................................................. 2480
36.1.56.1. Export Dialog Box .................................................................................................. 2480
36.1.57. File/Export/Particle History Data... ................................................................................... 2484
36.1.57.1. Export Particle History Data Dialog Box ................................................................... 2485
36.1.58. File/Export/During Calculation/Solution Data... ................................................................ 2486
36.1.59. File/Export/During Calculation/Particle History Data... ..................................................... 2486
36.1.60. File/Export to CFD-Post... ................................................................................................. 2486
36.1.60.1. Export to CFD-Post Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2486
36.1.61. File/Solution Files... ......................................................................................................... 2487
36.1.61.1. Solution Files Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2488
36.1.62. File/Interpolate... ............................................................................................................. 2488
36.1.62.1. Interpolate Data Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2488
36.1.63. File/FSI Mapping/Volume... ............................................................................................. 2489
36.1.63.1.Volume FSI Mapping Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2490
36.1.64. File/FSI Mapping/Surface... .............................................................................................. 2492
lvii
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.1.64.1. Surface FSI Mapping Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2492
36.1.65. File/Save Picture... ........................................................................................................... 2495
36.1.66. File/Data File Quantities... ................................................................................................ 2495
36.1.67. File/Batch Options... ........................................................................................................ 2495
36.1.67.1. Batch Options Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2495
36.1.68. File/Exit .......................................................................................................................... 2496
36.2. Mesh Menu ............................................................................................................................... 2496
36.2.1. Mesh/Check ..................................................................................................................... 2496
36.2.2. Mesh/Info/Quality ............................................................................................................ 2496
36.2.3. Mesh/Info/Size ................................................................................................................. 2496
36.2.4. Mesh/Info/Memory Usage ................................................................................................ 2497
36.2.5. Mesh/Info/Zones .............................................................................................................. 2497
36.2.6. Mesh/Info/Partitions ......................................................................................................... 2497
36.2.7. Mesh/Polyhedra/Convert Domain ..................................................................................... 2497
36.2.8. Mesh/Polyhedra/Convert Skewed Cells... ........................................................................... 2497
36.2.8.1. Convert Skewed Cells Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2497
36.2.9. Mesh/Merge... .................................................................................................................. 2498
36.2.9.1. Merge Zones Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2499
36.2.9.2. Warning Dialog Box ................................................................................................. 2499
36.2.10. Mesh/Separate/Faces... ................................................................................................... 2500
36.2.10.1. Separate Face Zones Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2500
36.2.11. Mesh/Separate/Cells... ..................................................................................................... 2501
36.2.11.1. Separate Cell Zones Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2502
36.2.12. Mesh/Fuse... ................................................................................................................... 2502
36.2.12.1. Fuse Face Zones Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2502
36.2.13. Mesh/Zone/Append Case File... ....................................................................................... 2503
36.2.14. Mesh/Zone/Append Case & Data Files... ........................................................................... 2503
36.2.15. Mesh/Zone/Replace... ..................................................................................................... 2503
36.2.15.1. Replace Cell Zone Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2504
36.2.16. Mesh/Zone/Delete... ....................................................................................................... 2504
36.2.16.1. Delete Cell Zones Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2504
36.2.17. Mesh/Zone/Deactivate... ................................................................................................. 2505
36.2.17.1. Deactivate Cell Zones Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2505
36.2.18. Mesh/Zone/Activate... ..................................................................................................... 2505
36.2.18.1. Activate Cell Zones Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2506
36.2.19. Mesh/Replace... .............................................................................................................. 2506
36.2.20. Mesh/Adjacency... ........................................................................................................... 2506
36.2.20.1. Adjacency Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2506
36.2.21. Mesh/Reorder/Domain ................................................................................................... 2508
36.2.22. Mesh/Reorder/Zones ...................................................................................................... 2508
36.2.23. Mesh/Reorder/Print Bandwidth ....................................................................................... 2509
36.2.24. Mesh/Scale... ................................................................................................................... 2509
36.2.25. Mesh/Translate... ............................................................................................................. 2509
36.2.25.1.Translate Mesh Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2509
36.2.26. Mesh/Rotate... ................................................................................................................ 2510
36.2.26.1. Rotate Mesh Dialog Box ......................................................................................... 2510
36.2.27. Mesh/Smooth/Swap... ..................................................................................................... 2511
36.3. Define Menu ............................................................................................................................. 2511
36.3.1. Define/General... ............................................................................................................... 2511
36.3.2. Define/Models... ............................................................................................................... 2511
36.3.3. Define/Materials... ............................................................................................................. 2511
36.3.4. Define/Phases... ................................................................................................................ 2512
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
lviii of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.3.5. Define/Cell Zone Conditions... ........................................................................................... 2512
36.3.6. Define/Boundary Conditions... .......................................................................................... 2512
36.3.7. Define/Operating Conditions... .......................................................................................... 2512
36.3.8. Define/Mesh Interfaces... .................................................................................................. 2512
36.3.9. Define/Dynamic Mesh... .................................................................................................... 2512
36.3.10. Define/Mesh Morpher/Optimizer... .................................................................................. 2512
36.3.10.1. Mesh Morpher/Optimizer Dialog Box ...................................................................... 2512
36.3.10.2. Define Control Points Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2520
36.3.10.3. Parameter Bounds Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2521
36.3.10.4. Motion Settings Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2522
36.3.10.5. Objective Function Definition Dialog Box ............................................................... 2527
36.3.10.6. Optimization History Monitor Dialog Box ................................................................ 2528
36.3.11. Define/Mixing Planes... ................................................................................................... 2529
36.3.11.1. Mixing Planes Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2529
36.3.12. Define/Turbo Topology... ................................................................................................. 2531
36.3.12.1.Turbo Topology Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2531
36.3.13. Define/Injections... .......................................................................................................... 2533
36.3.13.1. Injections Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2533
36.3.13.2. Set Injection Properties Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2535
36.3.13.3. Set Multiple Injection Properties Dialog Box ........................................................... 2541
36.3.13.4. Custom Laws Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2542
36.3.14. Define/DTRM Rays... ........................................................................................................ 2543
36.3.14.1. DTRM Rays Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 2543
36.3.15. Define/Shell Conduction Manager... ................................................................................ 2544
36.3.15.1. Shell Conduction Manager Dialog Box .................................................................... 2544
36.3.15.2. Shell Conduction Layers Dialog Box ........................................................................ 2545
36.3.16. Define/Custom Field Functions... ..................................................................................... 2547
36.3.16.1. Custom Field Function Calculator Dialog Box .......................................................... 2547
36.3.16.2. Field Function Definitions Dialog Box ..................................................................... 2548
36.3.17. Define/Parameters... ....................................................................................................... 2549
36.3.18. Define/Profiles... ............................................................................................................. 2549
36.3.19. Define/Units... ................................................................................................................. 2549
36.3.20. Define/User-Defined/Functions/Interpreted... .................................................................. 2549
36.3.20.1. Interpreted UDFs Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2549
36.3.21. Define/User-Defined/Functions/Compiled... .................................................................... 2550
36.3.21.1. Compiled UDFs Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2550
36.3.22. Define/User-Defined/Functions/Manage... ....................................................................... 2551
36.3.22.1. UDF Library Manager Dialog Box ............................................................................ 2551
36.3.23. Define/User-Defined/Function Hooks... ........................................................................... 2552
36.3.23.1. User-Defined Function Hooks Dialog Box ................................................................ 2552
36.3.24. Define/User-Defined/Execute on Demand... .................................................................... 2555
36.3.24.1. Execute on Demand Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2555
36.3.25. Define/User-Defined/Scalars... ......................................................................................... 2555
36.3.25.1. User-Defined Scalars Dialog Box ............................................................................. 2555
36.3.26. Define/User-Defined/Memory... ...................................................................................... 2556
36.3.26.1. User-Defined Memory Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2556
36.3.27. Define/User-Defined/Fan Model... ................................................................................... 2557
36.3.27.1. User-Defined Fan Model Dialog Box ........................................................................ 2557
36.3.28. Define/User-Defined/1D Coupling... ................................................................................ 2558
36.3.28.1. 1D Simulation Library Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2558
36.4. Solve Menu ............................................................................................................................... 2558
36.4.1. Solve/Methods... ............................................................................................................... 2558
lix
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.4.2. Solve/Controls... ................................................................................................................ 2559
36.4.3. Solve/Monitors... ............................................................................................................... 2559
36.4.4. Solve/Initialization... .......................................................................................................... 2559
36.4.5. Solve/Calculation Activities... ............................................................................................. 2559
36.4.6. Solve/Run Calculation.... .................................................................................................... 2559
36.5. Adapt Menu .............................................................................................................................. 2559
36.5.1. Adapt/Boundary... ............................................................................................................. 2559
36.5.1.1. Boundary Adaption Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2559
36.5.2. Adapt/Gradient... .............................................................................................................. 2561
36.5.2.1. Gradient Adaption Dialog Box .................................................................................. 2561
36.5.3. Adapt/Iso-Value... ............................................................................................................. 2563
36.5.3.1. Iso-Value Adaption Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2563
36.5.4. Adapt/Region... ................................................................................................................ 2564
36.5.4.1. Region Adaption Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2564
36.5.5. Adapt/Volume... ................................................................................................................ 2567
36.5.5.1.Volume Adaption Dialog Box .................................................................................... 2567
36.5.6. Adapt/Yplus/Ystar... .......................................................................................................... 2568
36.5.6.1.Yplus/Ystar Adaption Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2568
36.5.7. Adapt/Anisotropic... .......................................................................................................... 2569
36.5.7.1. Anisotropic Adaption Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2569
36.5.8. Adapt/Manage... ............................................................................................................... 2571
36.5.8.1. Manage Adaption Registers Dialog Box .................................................................... 2571
36.5.9. Adapt/Controls... .............................................................................................................. 2572
36.5.9.1. Mesh Adaption Controls Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2572
36.5.10. Adapt/Geometry... .......................................................................................................... 2574
36.5.10.1. Geometry Based Adaption Dialog Box .................................................................... 2574
36.5.10.2. Surface Meshes Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2575
36.5.10.3. Geometry Based Adaption Controls Dialog Box ...................................................... 2575
36.5.11. Adapt/Display Options... ................................................................................................. 2576
36.5.11.1. Adaption Display Options Dialog Box ..................................................................... 2576
36.5.12. Adapt/Smooth/Swap... .................................................................................................... 2577
36.5.12.1. Smooth/Swap Mesh Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2578
36.6. Surface Menu ............................................................................................................................ 2579
36.6.1. Surface/Zone... ................................................................................................................. 2579
36.6.1.1. Zone Surface Dialog Box .......................................................................................... 2579
36.6.2. Surface/Partition... ............................................................................................................ 2580
36.6.2.1. Partition Surface Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2580
36.6.3. Surface/Imprint... .............................................................................................................. 2581
36.6.3.1. Imprint Surface Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2581
36.6.4. Surface/Point... ................................................................................................................. 2582
36.6.5. Surface/Line/Rake... .......................................................................................................... 2583
36.6.6. Surface/Plane... ................................................................................................................. 2583
36.6.7. Surface/Quadric... ............................................................................................................. 2583
36.6.8. Surface/Iso-Surface... ........................................................................................................ 2583
36.6.9. Surface/Iso-Clip... .............................................................................................................. 2583
36.6.10. Surface/Transform... ........................................................................................................ 2583
36.6.10.1.Transform Surface Dialog Box ................................................................................. 2583
36.6.11. Surface/Manage... ........................................................................................................... 2584
36.7. Display Menu ............................................................................................................................ 2584
36.7.1. Display/Mesh... ................................................................................................................. 2585
36.7.2. Display/Graphics and Animations... ................................................................................... 2585
36.7.3. Display/Plots... .................................................................................................................. 2585
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
lx of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.7.4. Display/Residuals... ........................................................................................................... 2585
36.7.5. Display/Options... ............................................................................................................. 2585
36.7.6. Display/Scene... ................................................................................................................ 2585
36.7.7. Display/Views... ................................................................................................................. 2585
36.7.8. Display/Lights... ................................................................................................................ 2585
36.7.9. Display/Colormap... .......................................................................................................... 2585
36.7.10. Display/Annotate... ......................................................................................................... 2586
36.7.11. Display/Zone Motion... .................................................................................................... 2586
36.7.12. Display/DTRM Graphics... ................................................................................................ 2586
36.7.12.1. DTRM Graphics Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2586
36.7.13. Display/Import Particle Data... ......................................................................................... 2587
36.7.13.1. Import Particle Data Dialog Box .............................................................................. 2587
36.7.14. Display/PDF Tables/Curves... ............................................................................................ 2589
36.7.14.1. PDF Table Dialog Box ............................................................................................. 2589
36.7.15. Display/Reacting Channel/Curves... ................................................................................. 2591
36.7.16. Display/Video Control... ................................................................................................... 2591
36.7.16.1. Video Control Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2591
36.7.16.2.V-LAN Settings Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2594
36.7.16.3. MiniVAS Settings Dialog Box ................................................................................... 2596
36.7.16.4. Animation Recording Options Dialog Box ............................................................... 2597
36.7.16.5. Picture Options Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2600
36.7.17. Display/Mouse Buttons... ................................................................................................. 2601
36.7.17.1. Mouse Buttons Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 2601
36.8. Report Menu ............................................................................................................................. 2602
36.8.1. Report/Result Reports... .................................................................................................... 2602
36.8.2. Report/Input Summary... ................................................................................................... 2602
36.8.2.1. Input Summary Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2602
36.8.3. Report/S2S Information... .................................................................................................. 2603
36.8.3.1. S2S Information Dialog Box ...................................................................................... 2603
36.8.4. Report/Reference Values... ................................................................................................ 2604
36.8.5. Report/System/CPU Information ....................................................................................... 2604
36.8.6. Report/System/GPU Information ....................................................................................... 2604
36.8.7. Report/System/Memory Usage ......................................................................................... 2604
36.8.8. Report/System/Time Usage .............................................................................................. 2604
36.9. Parallel Menu ............................................................................................................................ 2605
36.9.1. Parallel/Check ................................................................................................................... 2605
36.9.2. Parallel/Auto Partition... .................................................................................................... 2605
36.9.2.1. Auto Partition Mesh Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2605
36.9.3. Parallel/Partitioning and Load Balancing... ......................................................................... 2606
36.9.3.1. Partitioning and Load Balancing Dialog Box ............................................................. 2606
36.9.4. Parallel/Thread Control... ................................................................................................... 2610
36.9.4.1.Thread Control Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2610
36.9.5. Parallel/Network/Database... ............................................................................................. 2611
36.9.5.1. Hosts Database Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2611
36.9.6. Parallel/Network/Configure... ............................................................................................ 2613
36.9.6.1. Network Configuration Dialog Box ........................................................................... 2613
36.9.7. Parallel/Network/Show Connectivity... ............................................................................... 2616
36.9.7.1. Parallel Connectivity Dialog Box ............................................................................... 2616
36.9.8. Parallel/Network/Show Latency ........................................................................................ 2616
36.9.9. Parallel/Network/Show Bandwidth .................................................................................... 2616
36.9.10. Parallel/Timer/Usage ...................................................................................................... 2616
36.9.11. Parallel/Timer/Reset ........................................................................................................ 2616
lxi
Release 16.2 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
36.10.View Menu .............................................................................................................................. 2617
36.10.1.View/Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 2617
36.10.2. View/Tree ....................................................................................................................... 2617
36.10.3.View/Task Page ............................................................................................................... 2617
36.10.4.View/Graphics Window ................................................................................................... 2617
36.10.5. View/Embed Graphics Window ....................................................................................... 2617
36.10.6. View/Show All ................................................................................................................ 2617
36.10.7.View/Show Only Console ................................................................................................ 2617
36.10.8.View/Graphics Window Layout ........................................................................................ 2617
36.10.9. View/Save Layout ........................................................................................................... 2618
36.11. Turbo Menu ............................................................................................................................ 2618
36.11.1. Turbo/Report... ............................................................................................................... 2618
36.11.1.1. Turbo Report Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 2618
36.11.2.Turbo/Averaged Contours... ............................................................................................. 2621
36.11.2.1. Turbo Averaged Contours Dialog Box ..................................................................... 2621
36.11.3.Turbo/2D Contours... ....................................................................................................... 2622
36.11.3.1.Turbo 2D Contours Dialog Box ................................................................................ 2622
36.11.4.Turbo/Averaged XY Plot... ................................................................................................ 2624
36.11.4.1.Turbo Averaged XY Plot Dialog Box ......................................................................... 2624
36.11.5.Turbo/Options... .............................................................................................................. 2625
36.11.5.1.Turbo Options Dialog Box ....................................................................................... 2625
36.12. Help Menu .............................................................................................................................. 2625
36.12.1. Help/User’s Guide Contents... .......................................................................................... 2625
36.12.2. Help/PDF... ...................................................................................................................... 2626
36.12.3. Help/Context-Sensitive Help ........................................................................................... 2626
36.12.4. Help/Using Help... ........................................................................................................... 2626
36.12.5. Help/Online Technical Resources... .................................................................................. 2626
36.12.6. Help/License Usage ........................................................................................................ 2626
36.12.7. Help/Version... ................................................................................................................ 2626
A. ANSYS Fluent Model Compatibility ...................................................................................................... 2627
B. ANSYS Fluent File Formats ................................................................................................................... 2631
B.1. Case and Data File Formats .......................................................................................................... 2631
B.1.1. Guidelines .......................................................................................................................... 2631
B.1.2. Formatting Conventions in Binary and Formatted Files ........................................................ 2631
B.1.3. Grid Sections ...................................................................................................................... 2632
B.1.3.1. Comment .................................................................................................................. 2632
B.1.3.2. Header ...................................................................................................................... 2633
B.1.3.3. Dimensions ............................................................................................................... 2633
B.1.3.4. Nodes ........................................................................................................................ 2633
B.1.3.5. Periodic Shadow Faces ............................................................................................... 2634
B.1.3.6. Cells .......................................................................................................................... 2635
B.1.3.7. Faces ......................................................................................................................... 2636
B.1.3.8. Face Tree ................................................................................................................... 2638
B.1.3.9. Cell Tree ..................................................................................................................... 2638
B.1.3.10. Interface Face Parents .............................................................................................. 2639
B.1.3.11. Example Files ........................................................................................................... 2640
B.1.3.11.1. Example 1 ....................................................................................................... 2640
B.1.3.11.2. Example 2 ....................................................................................................... 2641
B.1.3.11.3. Example 3 ....................................................................................................... 2641
B.1.4. Other (Non-Grid) Case Sections .......................................................................................... 2643
B.1.4.1. Zone ......................................................................................................................... 2643
B.1.4.2. Partitions ................................................................................................................... 2645
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lxii of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
User's Guide
B.1.5. Data Sections ..................................................................................................................... 2645
B.1.5.1. Grid Size .................................................................................................................... 2645
B.1.5.2. Data Field .................................................................................................................. 2646
B.1.5.3. Residuals ................................................................................................................... 2647
B.2. Mesh Morpher/Optimizer File Formats ......................................................................................... 2647
B.3. Shell Conduction Settings File Format ......................................................................................... 2648
B.4. 3D Fan Curve File Format ............................................................................................................. 2649
C. Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................... 2651
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 2655
Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 2663
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