Java How to Program,10th Edition.pdf

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【核心代码】

Before You Begin xxxix
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Hardware and Software 4
1.2.1 Moore’s Law 4
1.2.2 Computer Organization 5
1.3 Data Hierarchy 6
1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 9
1.5 Introduction to Object Technology 10
1.5.1 The Automobile as an Object 10
1.5.2 Methods and Classes 11
1.5.3 Instantiation 11
1.5.4 Reuse 11
1.5.5 Messages and Method Calls 11
1.5.6 Attributes and Instance Variables 11
1.5.7 Encapsulation and Information Hiding 12
1.5.8 Inheritance 12
1.5.9 Interfaces 12
1.5.10 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) 12
1.5.11 The UML (Unified Modeling Language) 13
1.6 Operating Systems 13
1.6.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System 13
1.6.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System 14
1.6.3 Android 14
1.7 Programming Languages 15
1.8 Java 17
1.9 A Typical Java Development Environment 17
1.10 Test-Driving a Java Application 21
Contents
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viii Contents
1.11 Internet and World Wide Web 25
1.11.1 The Internet: A Network of Networks 26
1.11.2 The World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly 26
1.11.3 Web Services and Mashups 26
1.11.4 Ajax 27
1.11.5 The Internet of Things 27
1.12 Software Technologies 28
1.13 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies 30
2 Introduction to Java Applications;
Input/Output and Operators 34
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text 35
2.3 Modifying Your First Java Program 41
2.4 Displaying Text with printf 43
2.5 Another Application: Adding Integers 45
2.5.1 import Declarations 45
2.5.2 Declaring Class Addition 46
2.5.3 Declaring and Creating a Scanner to Obtain User Input from
the Keyboard 46
2.5.4 Declaring Variables to Store Integers 47
2.5.5 Prompting the User for Input 48
2.5.6 Obtaining an int as Input from the User 48
2.5.7 Prompting for and Inputting a Second int 49
2.5.8 Using Variables in a Calculation 49
2.5.9 Displaying the Result of the Calculation 49
2.5.10 Java API Documentation 49
2.6 Memory Concepts 50
2.7 Arithmetic 51
2.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 54
2.9 Wrap-Up 58
3 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods
and Strings 69
3.1 Introduction 70
3.2 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods 71
3.2.1 Account Class with an Instance Variable, a set Method and
a get Method 71
3.2.2 AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses an Object of
Class Account 74
3.2.3 Compiling and Executing an App with Multiple Classes 77
3.2.4 Account UML Class Diagram with an Instance Variable and
set and get Methods 77
3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class AccountTest 78
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Contents ix
3.2.6 Software Engineering with private Instance Variables and
public set and get Methods 79
3.3 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types 80
3.4 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors 81
3.4.1 Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization 81
3.4.2 Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When
They’re Created 82
3.5 Account Class with a Balance; Floating-Point Numbers 84
3.5.1 Account Class with a balance Instance Variable of Type double 85
3.5.2 AccountTest Class to Use Class Account 86
3.6 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Dialog Boxes 90
3.7 Wrap-Up 93
4 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment,
   and -- Operators 101
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Algorithms 102
4.3 Pseudocode 103
4.4 Control Structures 103
4.5 if Single-Selection Statement 105
4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 106
4.7 Student Class: Nested if…else Statements 111
4.8 while Repetition Statement 113
4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition 115
4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 119
4.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 126
4.12 Compound Assignment Operators 131
4.13 Increment and
x Contents
6 Methods: A Deeper Look 200
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 Program Modules in Java 201
6.3 static Methods, static Fields and Class Math 203
6.4 Declaring Methods with Multiple Parameters 205
6.5 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods 208
6.6 Method-Call Stack and Stack Frames 209
6.7 Argument Promotion and Casting 210
6.8 Java API Packages 211
6.9 Case Study: Secure Random-Number Generation 213
6.10 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enum Types 218
6.11 Scope of Declarations 222
6.12 Method Overloading 225
6.13 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Colors and Filled Shapes 227
6.14 Wrap-Up 230
7 Arrays and ArrayLists 243
7.1 Introduction 244
7.2 Arrays 245
7.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays 246
7.4 Examples Using Arrays 247
7.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 247
7.4.2 Using an Array Initializer 248
7.4.3 Calculating the Values to Store in an Array 249
7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 251
7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 251
7.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 253
7.4.7 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results 254
7.5 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response 256
7.5.1 The try Statement 256
7.5.2 Executing the catch Block 256
7.5.3 toString Method of the Exception Parameter 257
7.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 257
7.7 Enhanced for Statement 262
7.8 Passing Arrays to Methods 263
7.9 Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-Reference 265
7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 266
7.11 Multidimensional Arrays 272
7.12 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 275
7.13 Variable-Length Argument Lists 281
7.14 Using Command-Line Arguments 283
7.15 Class Arrays 285
7.16 Introduction to Collections and Class ArrayList 287
7.17 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing Arcs 291
7.18 Wrap-Up 294
Contents xi
8 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 315
8.1 Introduction 316
8.2 Time Class Case Study 316
8.3 Controlling Access to Members 321
8.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference 322
8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors 324
8.6 Default and No-Argument Constructors 330
8.7 Notes on Set and Get Methods 330
8.8 Composition 332
8.9 enum Types 335
8.10 Garbage Collection 337
8.11 static Class Members 338
8.12 static Import 342
8.13 final Instance Variables 343
8.14 Package Access 344
8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations 345
8.16 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Objects with Graphics 348
8.17 Wrap-Up 352
9 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 360
9.1 Introduction 361
9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses 362
9.3 protected Members 364
9.4 Relationship Between Superclasses and Subclasses 365
9.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 365
9.4.2 Creating and Using a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class 371
9.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy 376
9.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables 379
9.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables 382
9.5 Constructors in Subclasses 387
9.6 Class Object 387
9.7 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Displaying Text and
Images Using Labels 388
9.8 Wrap-Up 391
10 Object-
xii Contents
10.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 404
10.5.1 Abstract Superclass Employee 405
10.5.2 Concrete Subclass SalariedEmployee 407
10.5.3 Concrete Subclass HourlyEmployee 409
10.5.4 Concrete Subclass CommissionEmployee 411
10.5.5 Indirect Concrete Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee 413
10.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator instanceof and Downcasting 414
10.6 Allowed Assignments Between Superclass and Subclass Variables 419
10.7 final Methods and Classes 419
10.8 A Deeper Explanation of Issues with Calling Methods from Constructors 420
10.9 Creating and Using Interfaces 421
10.9.1 Developing a Payable Hierarchy 422
10.9.2 Interface Payable 423
10.9.3 Class Invoice 424
10.9.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface Payable 426
10.9.5 Modifying Class SalariedEmployee for Use in the Payable
Hierarchy 428
10.9.6 Using Interface Payable to Process Invoices and Employees
Polymorphically 430
10.9.7 Some Common Interfaces of the Java API 431
10.10 Java SE 8 Interface Enhancements 432
10.10.1 default Interface Methods 432
10.10.2 static Interface Methods 433
10.10.3 Functional Interfaces 433
10.11 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing with Polymorphism 433
10.12 Wrap-Up 436
11 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 441
11.1 Introduction 442
11.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling 443
11.3 Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptions 445
11.4 When to Use Exception Handling 451
11.5 Java Exception Hierarchy 451
11.6 finally Block 454
11.7 Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an Exception Object 459
11.8 Chained Exceptions 461
11.9 Declaring New Exception Types 464
11.10 Preconditions and Postconditions 465
11.11 Assertions 465
11.12 try-with-Resources: Automatic Resource Deallocation 467
11.13 Wrap-Up 467
12 GUI Components: Part 1 473
12.1 Introduction 474
Contents xiii
12.2 Java’s Nimbus Look-and-Feel 475
12.3 Simple GUI-Based Input/Output with JOptionPane 476
12.4 Overview of Swing Components 479
12.5 Displaying Text and Images in a Window 481
12.6 Text Fields and an Introduction to Event Handling with Nested Classes 485
12.7 Common GUI Event Types and Listener Interfaces 491
12.8 How Event Handling Works 493
12.9 JButton 495
12.10 Buttons That Maintain State 498
12.10.1 JCheckBox 499
12.10.2 JRadioButton 501
12.11 JComboBox; Using an Anonymous Inner Class for Event Handling 504
12.12 JList 508
12.13 Multiple-Selection Lists 511
12.14 Mouse Event Handling 513
12.15 Adapter Classes 518
12.16 JPanel Subclass for Drawing with the Mouse 522
12.17 Key Event Handling 525
12.18 Introduction to Layout Managers 528
12.18.1 FlowLayout 530
12.18.2 BorderLayout 532
12.18.3 GridLayout 536
12.19 Using Panels to Manage More Complex Layouts 538
12.20 JTextArea 539
12.21 Wrap-Up 542
13 Graphics and Java 2D 555
13.1 Introduction 556
13.2 Graphics Contexts and Graphics Objects 558
13.3 Color Control 559
13.4 Manipulating Fonts 566
13.5 Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals 571
13.6 Drawing Arcs 575
13.7 Drawing Polygons and Polylines 578
13.8 Java 2D API 581
13.9 Wrap-Up 588
14 Strings, Characters and Regular Expressions 596
14.1 Introduction 597
14.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 597
14.3 Class String 598
14.3.1 String Constructors 598
14.3.2 String Methods length, charAt and getChars 599
14.3.3 Comparing Strings 600
xiv Contents
14.3.4 Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings 605
14.3.5 Extracting Substrings from Strings 607
14.3.6 Concatenating Strings 608
14.3.7 Miscellaneous String Methods 608
14.3.8 String Method valueOf 610
14.4 Class StringBuilder 611
14.4.1 StringBuilder Constructors 612
14.4.2 StringBuilder Methods length, capacity, setLength
and ensureCapacity 612
14.4.3 StringBuilder Methods charAt, setCharAt, getChars
and reverse 614
14.4.4 StringBuilder append Methods 615
14.4.5 StringBuilder Insertion and Deletion Methods 617
14.5 Class Character 618
14.6 Tokenizing Strings 623
14.7 Regular Expressions, Class Pattern and Class Matcher 624
14.8 Wrap-Up 633
15 Files, Streams and Object Serialization 644
15.1 Introduction 645
15.2 Files and Streams 645
15.3 Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory Information 647
15.4 Sequential-Access Text Files 651
15.4.1 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File 651
15.4.2 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File 655
15.4.3 Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry Program 657
15.4.4 Updating Sequential-Access Files 661
15.5 Object Serialization 662
15.5.1 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization 663
15.5.2 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential-Access File 668
15.6 Opening Files with JFileChooser 670
15.7 (Optional) Additional java.io Classes 673
15.7.1 Interfaces and Classes for Byte-Based Input and Output 673
15.7.2 Interfaces and Classes for Character-Based Input and Output 675
15.8 Wrap-Up 676
16 Generic Collections 684
16.1 Introduction 685
16.2 Collections Overview 685
16.3 Type-Wrapper Classes 687
16.4 Autoboxing and Auto-Unboxing 687
16.5 Interface Collection and Class Collections 687
16.6 Lists 688
16.6.1 ArrayList and Iterator 689
16.6.2 LinkedList 691
Contents xv
16.7 Collections Methods 696
16.7.1 Method sort 697
16.7.2 Method shuffle 700
16.7.3 Methods reverse, fill, copy, max and min 702
16.7.4 Method binarySearch 704
16.7.5 Methods addAll, frequency and disjoint 706
16.8 Stack Class of Package java.util 708
16.9 Class PriorityQueue and Interface Queue 710
16.10 Sets 711
16.11 Maps 714
16.12 Properties Class 718
16.13 Synchronized Collections 721
16.14 Unmodifiable Collections 721
16.15 Abstract Implementations 722
16.16 Wrap-Up 722
17 Java SE 8 Lambdas and Streams 729
17.1 Introduction 730
17.2 Functional Programming Technologies Overview 731
17.2.1 Functional Interfaces 732
17.2.2 Lambda Expressions 733
17.2.3 Streams 734
17.3 IntStream Operations 736
17.3.1 Creating an IntStream and Displaying Its Values with the
forEach Terminal Operation 738
17.3.2 Terminal Operations count, min, max, sum and average 739
17.3.3 Terminal Operation reduce 739
17.3.4 Intermediate Operations: Filtering and Sorting IntStream Values 741
17.3.5 Intermediate Operation: Mapping 742
17.3.6 Creating Streams of ints with IntStream Methods range and
rangeClosed 743
17.4 Stream<Integer> Manipulations 743
17.4.1 Creating a Stream<Integer> 744
17.4.2 Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results 745
17.4.3 Filtering a Stream and Storing the Results for Later Use 745
17.4.4 Filtering and Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results 745
17.4.5 Sorting Previously Collected Results 745
17.5 Stream<String> Manipulations 746
17.5.1 Mapping Strings to Uppercase Using a Method Reference 747
17.5.2 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive
Ascending Order 748
17.5.3 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive
Descending Order 748
17.6 Stream<Employee> Manipulations 748
17.6.1 Creating and Displaying a List<Employee> 750
xvi Contents
17.6.2 Filtering Employees with Salaries in a Specified Range 751
17.6.3 Sorting Employees By Multiple Fields 752
17.6.4 Mapping Employees to Unique Last Name Strings 754
17.6.5 Grouping Employees By Department 755
17.6.6 Counting the Number of Employees in Each Department 756
17.6.7 Summing and Averaging Employee Salaries 756
17.7 Creating a Stream<String> from a File 758
17.8 Generating Streams of Random Values 761
17.9 Lambda Event Handlers 763
17.10 Additional Notes on Java SE 8 Interfaces 763
17.11 Java SE 8 and Functional Programming Resources 764
17.12 Wrap-Up 764
18 Recursion 776
18.1 Introduction 777
18.2 Recursion Concepts 778
18.3 Example Using Recursion: Factorials 779
18.4 Reimplementing Class FactorialCalculator Using Class BigInteger 781
18.5 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 783
18.6 Recursion and the Method-Call Stack 786
18.7 Recursion vs. Iteration 787
18.8 Towers of Hanoi 789
18.9 Fractals 791
18.9.1 Koch Curve Fractal 791
18.9.2 (Optional) Case Study: Lo Feather Fractal 792
18.10 Recursive Backtracking 801
18.11 Wrap-Up 802
19 Searching, Sorting and Big O 810
19.1 Introduction 811
19.2 Linear Search 812
19.3 Big O Notation 814
19.3.1 O(1) Algorithms 814
19.3.2 O(n) Algorithms 815
19.3.3 O(n2) Algorithms 815
19.3.4 Big O of the Linear Search 816
19.4 Binary Search 816
19.4.1 Binary Search Implementation 817
19.4.2 Efficiency of the Binary Search 820
19.5 Sorting Algorithms 820
19.6 Selection Sort 821
19.6.1 Selection Sort Implementation 821
19.6.2 Efficiency of the Selection Sort 824
19.7 Insertion Sort 824
Contents xvii
19.7.1 Insertion Sort Implementation 825
19.7.2 Efficiency of the Insertion Sort 827
19.8 Merge Sort 827
19.8.1 Merge Sort Implementation 828
19.8.2 Efficiency of the Merge Sort 832
19.9 Big O Summary for This Chapter’s Searching and Sorting Algorithms 833
19.10 Wrap-Up 834
20 Generic Classes and Methods 839
20.1 Introduction 840
20.2 Motivation for Generic Methods 840
20.3 Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time Translation 842
20.4 Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a
Type Parameter as the Return Type 845
20.5 Overloading Generic Methods 848
20.6 Generic Classes 849
20.7 Raw Types 856
20.8 Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters 860
20.9 Wrap-Up 864
21 Custom Generic Data Structures 869
21.1 Introduction 870
21.2 Self-Referential Classes 871
21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 871
21.4 Linked Lists 872
21.4.1 Singly Linked Lists 872
21.4.2 Implementing a Generic List Class 873
21.4.3 Generic Classes ListNode and List 878
21.4.4 Class ListTest 878
21.4.5 List Method insertAtFront 878
21.4.6 List Method insertAtBack 879
21.4.7 List Method removeFromFront 880
21.4.8 List Method removeFromBack 881
21.4.9 List Method print 882
21.4.10 Creating Your Own Packages 882
21.5 Stacks 886
21.6 Queues 890
21.7 Trees 893
21.8 Wrap-Up 900
22 GUI Components: Part 2 911
22.1 Introduction 912
22.2 JSlider 912
xviii Contents
22.3 Understanding Windows in Java 916
22.4 Using Menus with Frames 917
22.5 JPopupMenu 925
22.6 Pluggable Look-and-Feel 928
22.7 JDesktopPane and JInternalFrame 933
22.8 JTabbedPane 936
22.9 BoxLayout Layout Manager 938
22.10 GridBagLayout Layout Manager 942
22.11 Wrap-Up 952
23 Concurrency 957
23.1 Introduction 958
23.2 Thread States and Life Cycle 960
23.2.1 New and Runnable States 961
23.2.2 Waiting State 961
23.2.3 Timed Waiting State 961
23.2.4 Blocked State 961
23.2.5 Terminated State 961
23.2.6 Operating-System View of the Runnable State 962
23.2.7 Thread Priorities and Thread Scheduling 962
23.2.8 Indefinite Postponement and Deadlock 963
23.3 Creating and Executing Threads with the Executor Framework 963
23.4 Thread Synchronization 967
23.4.1 Immutable Data 968
23.4.2 Monitors 968
23.4.3 Unsynchronized Mutable Data Sharing 969
23.4.4 Synchronized Mutable Data Sharing—Making Operations Atomic 974
23.5 Producer/Consumer Relationship without Synchronization 976
23.6 Producer/Consumer Relationship: ArrayBlockingQueue 984
23.7 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship with synchronized,
wait, notify and notifyAll 987
23.8 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: Bounded Buffers 994
23.9 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Lock and
Condition Interfaces 1002
23.10 Concurrent Collections 1009
23.11 Multithreading with GUI: SwingWorker 1011
23.11.1 Performing Computations in a Worker Thread:
Fibonacci Numbers 1012
23.11.2 Processing Intermediate Results: Sieve of Eratosthenes 1018
23.12 sort and parallelSort Timings with the Java SE 8 Date/Time API 1025
23.13 Java SE 8: Sequential vs. Parallel Streams 1027
23.14 (Advanced) Interfaces Callable and Future 1030
23.15 (Advanced) Fork/Join Framework 1034
23.16 Wrap-Up 1034
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Contents xix
24 Accessing Databases with JDBC 1045
24.1 Introduction 1046
24.2 Relational Databases 1047
24.3 A books Database 1048
24.4 SQL 1052
24.4.1 Basic SELECT Query 1052
24.4.2 WHERE Clause 1053
24.4.3 ORDER BY Clause 1055
24.4.4 Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN 1056
24.4.5 INSERT Statement 1058
24.4.6 UPDATE Statement 1059
24.4.7 DELETE Statement 1060
24.5 Setting up a Java DB Database 1060
24.5.1 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Windows 1061
24.5.2 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Mac OS X 1062
24.5.3 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Linux 1063
24.6 Manipulating Databases with JDBC 1063
24.6.1 Connecting to and Querying a Database 1063
24.6.2 Querying the books Database 1067
24.7 RowSet Interface 1080
24.8 PreparedStatements 1082
24.9 Stored Procedures 1098
24.10 Transaction Processing 1098
24.11 Wrap-Up 1099
25 JavaFX GUI: Part 1 1107
25.1 Introduction 1108
25.2 JavaFX Scene Builder and the NetBeans IDE 1109
25.3 JavaFX App Window Structure 1110
25.4 Welcome App—Displaying Text and an Image 1111
25.4.1 Creating the App’s Project 1111
25.4.2 NetBeans Projects Window—Viewing the Project Contents 1113
25.4.3 Adding an Image to the Project 1114
25.4.4 Opening JavaFX Scene Builder from NetBeans 1114
25.4.5 Changing to a VBox Layout Container 1115
25.4.6 Configuring the VBox Layout Container 1116
25.4.7 Adding and Configuring a Label 1116
25.4.8 Adding and Configuring an ImageView 1116
25.4.9 Running the Welcome App 1117
25.5 Tip Calculator App—Introduction to Event Handling 1118
25.5.1 Test-Driving the Tip Calculator App 1119
25.5.2 Technologies Overview 1119
25.5.3 Building the App’s GUI 1122
25.5.4 TipCalculator Class 1126
25.5.5 TipCalculatorController Class 1128
xx Contents
25.6 Features Covered in the Online JavaFX Chapters 1133
25.7 Wrap-Up 1134
Chapters on the Web 1141
A Operator Precedence Chart 1143
B ASCII Character Set 1145
C Keywords and Reserved Words 1146
D Primitive Types 1147
E Using the Debugger 1148
E.1 Introduction 1149
E.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, cont and print Commands 1149
E.3 The print and set Commands 1153
E.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, step up and next Commands 1155
E.5 The watch Command 1158
E.6 The clear Command 1160
E.7 Wrap-Up 1162
Appendices on the Web 1165
Index 1167