python学习教程

【实例简介】 Python详细学习教程

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

第 1 章 Python 编程基础 ................................................................................................................ 9
1.编程语言是什么 .................................................................................................................. 10
2.编译型语言和解释型语言 .................................................................................................. 11
3.Python 是什么 ..................................................................................................................... 15
4.Python 具有哪些特点（优点和缺点） ............................................................................. 17
5.学 Python，不需要有编程基础！ ..................................................................................... 22
6.学 Python 能干什么 ............................................................................................................ 23
7.怎样学习 Python，才能成为 Python 高手？ .................................................................... 26
8.Python 2.x 和 Python 3.x，初学者应如何选择？ ............................................................. 29
9.Python 3 和 Python 2 的区别 .............................................................................................. 32
10.Python 2to3：自动将 Python 2.x 代码转换成 Python3.x 代码 ...................................... 40
11.作为程序猿，怎样才能及时了解 Python 的最新变化呢？ .......................................... 42
12.Python 底层是用什么语言实现的？ ............................................................................... 44
13.了解 Jupyter Notebook，你已然超越了 90%的 Python 程序员 ..................................... 50
第 2 章 Python 初探 ...................................................................................................................... 54
1.Windows 安装 Python ......................................................................................................... 55
2.Linux 安装 Python................................................................................................................ 58
3.Mac 安装 Python 环境 ........................................................................................................ 61
4.python 不是内部或外部命令的解决方法 ......................................................................... 63
5.第一个 Python 程序 ............................................................................................................ 68
6.Python 交互式解释器 ......................................................................................................... 74
7.IDE（集成开发环境）是什么 ............................................................................................ 77
8.Python IDE 有哪些，哪款适合初学者？ ........................................................................... 78
9.Python IDLE 使用方法（包含常用快捷键） ..................................................................... 82
10.Python 注释 ....................................................................................................................... 88
11.Python 缩进规则（包含快捷键） ................................................................................... 92
12.Python 编码规范（PEP 8） .............................................................................................. 95
13.Python 标识符命名规范 ................................................................................................... 98
14.一文彻底搞懂编码规范的重要性 .................................................................................. 101
15.Python 关键字（保留字） ............................................................................................. 105
16.Python 内置函数 ............................................................................................................. 106
第 3 章 变量类型和运算符 ......................................................................................................... 109
1.Python 变量及其使用 ....................................................................................................... 109
2.Python 数值类型（整形、浮点型和复数） ................................................................... 113
3.为什么 Python 浮点类型存在误差？ .............................................................................. 119
4.Python 字符串 ................................................................................................................... 121
5.python 字符串使用哪种编码格式？ ............................................................................... 127
6.Python bytes ...................................................................................................................... 131
7.Python bool 布尔类型 ....................................................................................................... 135
8.Python len()函数：获取字符串长度或字节数 ................................................................ 136
9.Python input()函数：获取用户输入的字符串 ................................................................ 138
10.Python print()函数高级用法 ........................................................................................... 141
11.Python 格式化字符串 ..................................................................................................... 143
12.Python 转义字符 ............................................................................................................. 147
13.Python 数据类型转换 ..................................................................................................... 150
14.Python 算术运算符 ......................................................................................................... 152
15.Python 赋值运算符 ......................................................................................................... 158
16.Python 位运算符 ............................................................................................................. 161
17.Python 比较运算符 ......................................................................................................... 169
18.Python 逻辑运算符 ......................................................................................................... 172
19.Python 三目运算符 ......................................................................................................... 175
20.Python 运算符优先级 ..................................................................................................... 178
第 4 章 列表、元组、字典和集合 ............................................................................................. 180
1.什么是序列，Python 序列详解 ....................................................................................... 180
2.Python 列表（list） .......................................................................................................... 187
3.Python list 列表添加元素.................................................................................................. 193
4.Python list 列表删除元素.................................................................................................. 197
5.Python list 列表修改元素.................................................................................................. 200
6.Python list 常用方法 ......................................................................................................... 202
7.Python range()快速初始化数字列表 ................................................................................ 209
8.Python tuple 元组详解 ...................................................................................................... 212
9.Python 元组和列表的区别 ............................................................................................... 220
10.Python 列表和元组的底层实现是怎样的？ ................................................................. 222
11.Python dict 字典 .............................................................................................................. 225
12.Python dict 字典基本操作 .............................................................................................. 233
13.Python dict 字典方法完全攻略 ...................................................................................... 236
14.Python 使用字典格式化字符串 ..................................................................................... 244
15.Python set 集合 ............................................................................................................... 245
16.Python set 集合基本操作 ............................................................................................... 250
17.Python set 集合方法 ....................................................................................................... 254
18.Python frozenset 集合 ..................................................................................................... 262
19.深入底层了解 Python 字典和集合，一眼看穿他们的本质！ .................................... 264
20.Python 深拷贝和浅拷贝详解 ......................................................................................... 272
第 5 章 Python 字符串常用方法 ................................................................................................ 279
1.Python 字符串拼接（包含字符串拼接数字） ............................................................... 279
2.Python 截取字符串 ........................................................................................................... 281
3.Python split()分割字符串方法 .......................................................................................... 284
4.Python join()合并字符串方法 ........................................................................................... 287
5. Python count()方法：统计字符串出现的次数 ............................................................... 288
6. Python find()方法：检测字符串中是否包含某子串 ...................................................... 290
7.Python index()方法：检测字符串中是否包含某子串 .................................................... 292
8.Python 字符串对齐方法（ljust()、rjust()和 center()）详 ............................................... 294
9.Python startswith()和 endswith() ...................................................................................... 298
10.Python 字符串大小写转换 ............................................................................................. 300
11.Python 去除字符串中空格 ............................................................................................. 302
12.Python format()格式化输出方法 .................................................................................... 305
13.Python encode()和 decode()方法 ................................................................................... 308
14.Python dir()和 help()帮助函数 ........................................................................................ 313
第 6 章 Python 流程控制 ............................................................................................................ 316
1.Python if else 条件语句 ..................................................................................................... 316
2.Python if else 语句用法规范 ............................................................................................. 322
3.Python if 语句嵌套 ............................................................................................................ 328
4.Python pass ........................................................................................................................ 331
5.Python assert 断言 ............................................................................................................ 332
6.如何合理使用 assert，千万不要和 if 混用！ ................................................................. 333
7.Python while 循环语句 ..................................................................................................... 336
8.Python for 循环 ................................................................................................................. 340
9.Python 循环结构中 else 用法 ........................................................................................... 350
10.Python 循环嵌套 ............................................................................................................. 352
11.Python break：跳出当前循环体 .................................................................................... 354
12.Python continue：直接执行下次循环 ........................................................................... 358
13.教你一招，彻底告别死（无限）循环！ ...................................................................... 359
14.Python 推导式，快速初始化各种序列！ ..................................................................... 361
15.Python zip 函数................................................................................................................ 370
16.Python reversed 函数 ...................................................................................................... 372
17.Python sorted 函数 .......................................................................................................... 373
18.Python 项目实战之数字转人民币读法 ......................................................................... 375
19.Python 项目实战之绕圈圈面试题 ................................................................................. 378
20.Python 项目实战之猜数字游戏（含实现代码） ......................................................... 382
第 7 章 函数和 lambda 表达式 ................................................................................................... 384
1.Python 函数（函数定义、函数调用）用法详解 ........................................................... 384
2.Python 函数值传递和引用传递（包括形式参数和实际参数） ................................... 391
3.Python 函数参数传递机制 ............................................................................................... 393
4.Python 位置参数 ............................................................................................................... 401
5.Python 关键字参数 ........................................................................................................... 404
6.Python 默认参数 ............................................................................................................... 406
7.Python 函数如何传入任意个参数？ ............................................................................... 410
8.Python 如何用序列中元素给函数传递参数？ ............................................................... 414
9.Python return 函数返回值 ................................................................................................ 417
10.Python 函数返回多个值 ................................................................................................. 420
11.Python 函数递归 ............................................................................................................. 422
12.Python 变量作用域（全局变量和局部变量） ............................................................. 423
13.Python 如何在函数中使用同名的全局变量？ ............................................................. 428
14.Python 局部函数 ............................................................................................................. 430
15.Python 函数高级用法 ..................................................................................................... 433
16.Python 闭包 ..................................................................................................................... 438
17.Python lambda 表达式（匿名函数） ............................................................................ 440
18.Python 函数式编程（map()、filter()和 reduce()）详解 ............................................... 444
19.函数注解，号称 Python3 新增的最独特的功能！ ...................................................... 449
20.如何才能提高代码颜值，让代码变得有逼格？ .......................................................... 451
第 8 章 Python 类和对象 ............................................................................................................ 455
1.Python 面向对象 ............................................................................................................... 455
2.Python class：定义类 ........................................................................................................ 458
3.Python __init__()类构造方法 ............................................................................................ 460
4.Python 类对象的创建和使用 ........................................................................................... 463
5.Python self ......................................................................................................................... 468
6.Python 类属性和实例属性 ............................................................................................... 472
7.Python 实例方法、静态方法和类方法 ........................................................................... 479
8.Python 类调用实例方法 ................................................................................................... 483
9.为什么说 Python 类是独立的命令空间？ ...................................................................... 485
10.Python 描述符 ................................................................................................................. 487
11.Python property()............................................................................................................. 490
12.Python @property ........................................................................................................... 493
13.Python 封装 ..................................................................................................................... 496
14.Python 继承机制 ............................................................................................................. 501
15.在子类中，Python 到底是如何找到父类的属性和方法的？（深度揭秘） .............. 505
16.Python 父类方法重写 ..................................................................................................... 510
使用未绑定方法调用被重写的方法 ................................................................................... 511
17.如何使用 Python 继承机制提高开发效率？ ................................................................ 512
18.Python super().................................................................................................................. 514
19.切记，super()只能在新式类中使用！ .......................................................................... 518
20.使用 super()，这些“坑”千万别踩！ ......................................................................... 519
21.Python __slots__限制类实例动态添加属性和方法 ...................................................... 523
22.Python type()函数：动态创建类 .................................................................................. 526
23.Python MetaClass 元类.................................................................................................... 529
24.Python 底层是如何实现 MetaClass 元类的？ ............................................................... 532
25.Python 多态 ..................................................................................................................... 535
26.Python 枚举类 ................................................................................................................. 538
27.Python 项目实战：利用面向对象思想实现搜索引擎 ................................................. 543
第 9 章 Python 异常处理机制 .................................................................................................... 547
1.什么是异常处理 ................................................................................................................ 548
2.浅谈 Python 异常处理机制 .............................................................................................. 554
3.Python try except ............................................................................................................... 557
4.Python try except else ........................................................................................................ 565
5.Python try except finally .................................................................................................... 569
6.Python raise ....................................................................................................................... 575
7.Python sys.exc_info()获取异常信息.................................................................................. 584
8.Python traceback ............................................................................................................... 587
9.Python 自定义异常类 ....................................................................................................... 591
10.正确使用 Python 异常处理机制 .................................................................................... 594
11.Python IDLE 调试程序 ..................................................................................................... 598
12.Python assert 调试程序 .................................................................................................. 603
第 10 章 类特殊成员（属性和方法） ....................................................................................... 605
1.Python __new__ ................................................................................................................ 605
2.Python __repr__ ................................................................................................................ 608
3.Python __del__ .................................................................................................................. 610
4.Python __dir__ ................................................................................................................... 611
5.Python __dict__ ................................................................................................................. 612
6.Python setattr、getattr、hasattr ...................................................................................... 613
7.Python issubclass 和 isinstance ......................................................................................... 616
8.Python __call__ .................................................................................................................. 618
9.Python 序列相关操作 ...................................................................................................... 620
10.Python 迭代器 ................................................................................................................. 623
11.Python 生成器 ................................................................................................................. 626
12.Python @函数装饰器 ...................................................................................................... 635
13.结合实例，深入了解装饰器！ ...................................................................................... 642
第 11 章 Python 模块和包 .......................................................................................................... 645
1.什么是模块 ........................................................................................................................ 645
2.Python import 导入模块 ................................................................................................... 647
3.Python 自定义模块 ........................................................................................................... 654
4.Python __name__=='__main__' ........................................................................................ 659
5.Python 导入模块的 3 种方式 ........................................................................................... 661
6.Python 导入模块的本质 ................................................................................................... 672
7.Python __all__变量 ........................................................................................................... 676
8.Python 包：存放多个模块的文件夹 ............................................................................... 678
9.Python 创建包，导入包 ................................................................................................... 680
10.Python __init__.py 的作用 .............................................................................................. 686
11. Python 查看模块（变量、函数、类）方法 ................................................................ 688
12.Python __doc__ ............................................................................................................... 690
13.Python __file__ ................................................................................................................ 692
14.Python 第三方库（模块）下载和安装 ......................................................................... 693
第 12 章 Python 常见模块 .......................................................................................................... 696
1.Python sys .......................................................................................................................... 696
2.Python os ........................................................................................................................... 704
3.Python random .................................................................................................................. 710
4.Python time ........................................................................................................................ 714
5.Python json ........................................................................................................................ 721
6.Python re 正则表达式模块及其用法 ............................................................................... 735
7.Python set 和 frozenset ..................................................................................................... 744
8.Python queue（双端队列）模块及用法 ......................................................................... 749
9.Python heapq（堆操作） ................................................................................................. 755
10.Python ChainMap............................................................................................................. 762
11.Python Counter ................................................................................................................ 766
12.Python defaultdict ............................................................................................................ 771
13.Python namedtuple ......................................................................................................... 772
14.Python OrderedDict ......................................................................................................... 776
15.Python itertools................................................................................................................ 779
16.Python functools .............................................................................................................. 786
第 13 章 Tkinter ........................................................................................................................... 799
1.什么是 GUI，Python GUI 常用库汇总 ............................................................................. 799
2.Python GUI 编程组件及用法 ............................................................................................ 801
3.Python Tkinter Pack ........................................................................................................... 817
4.Python Tkinter Grid ............................................................................................................ 822
5.Python Tkinter Place 布局管理器及用法 ......................................................................... 825
6.Python Tkinter command 和 bind 事件处理（绑定）用法详解 ..................................... 829
7.Python Tkinter ttk 组件及用法 ......................................................................................... 839
8.Python Tkinter Variable ...................................................................................................... 842
9.Python Tkinter compound 选项使用方法......................................................................... 844
10.Python Tkinter Entry 和 Text 控件用法(包含两者区别)................................................. 846
11.Python Tkinter Radiobutton 和 Checkbutton 控件用法 ................................................. 853
12.PythonTkinter Listbox 和 Combobox 控件用法 .............................................................. 860
13.Python Tkinter Spinbox .................................................................................................... 870
14.Python Tkinter Scale 和 LabeledScale .............................................................................. 872
15.Python Tkinter LabelFrame .............................................................................................. 879
16.Python Tkinter Panedwindow .......................................................................................... 882
17.Python Tkinter OptionMenu ............................................................................................ 888
18.Python Tkinter 对话框 ..................................................................................................... 891
19.Python Tkinter 自定义对话框 ......................................................................................... 895
20.Python Tkinter 输入对话框 ............................................................................................. 900
21.Python Tkinter 文件对话框 ............................................................................................. 903
22.Python Tkinter askcolor 颜色选择对话框用法 ............................................................... 907
23.Python Tkinter 消息框 ..................................................................................................... 909
24.Python Tkinter Menu 菜单 .............................................................................................. 915
25.Python tkinter Canvas 画布完全攻略 ............................................................................. 928
26.tkinter Canvas tag_bind：指定图形项绑定事件处理函数或方法 ................................ 953
27.Python tkinter Canvas 绘制动画 ..................................................................................... 963
第 14 章 Python 文件操作（I/O） ............................................................................................. 967
1.Python 文件基本操作 ....................................................................................................... 968
2.Python open()函数详解：打开指定文件 ......................................................................... 970
3.以文本格式和二进制格式打开文件，到底有什么区别？ ............................................ 976
4.Python read()函数：按字节（字符）读取文件 .............................................................. 978
5.Python readline()和 readlines()函数：按行读取文件 ...................................................... 981
6.Python write()和 writelines()：向文件中写入数据 ......................................................... 985
7.Python close()函数：关闭文件 ......................................................................................... 988
8.Python seek 和 tell ............................................................................................................. 990
9.Python with as 用法详解 ................................................................................................... 994
10.什么是上下文管理器，深入底层了解 Python with as 语句 ........................................ 996
11.Python fileinput 模块：逐行读取多个文件 ................................................................. 1001
12.Python linecache 模块用法：随机读取文件指定行 ................................................... 1004
13.Python pathlib 模块 ....................................................................................................... 1005
14.Python os.path 模块常见函数用法（实例 详细注释） ............................................ 1017
15.Pythonfnmatch 模块：用于文件名的匹配 .................................................................. 1019
16.Python os 模块 .............................................................................................................. 1021
17.Python tempfile 模块：生成临时文件和临时目录 ..................................................... 1030
第 15 章 Python 数据库编程 .................................................................................................... 1034
1.Python 数据库 API ........................................................................................................... 1034
2.Python SQLite 创建数据表 .............................................................................................. 1040
3.SQLite Expert 安装和使用 ............................................................................................... 1044
4.Python execute()和 executemany() ................................................................................. 1048
5.Python fetchone()、fetchmany()和 fetchall() .................................................................. 1052
6.Python executescript() ..................................................................................................... 1056
7.Python SQLite create_function() ...................................................................................... 1057
8.Python SQLite create_aggregate() ................................................................................... 1059
9.Python SQLite create_collation()方法：创建自定义比较函数 ...................................... 1062
10.MySQL 数据库下载和安装 ........................................................................................... 1064
11. Python pip（管理模块工具）基础用法 ..................................................................... 1070
12.Python MySQL 数据库执行 DDL 语句 .......................................................................... 1074
13.Python MySQL 数据库执行 DML 语句 ......................................................................... 1077
14.Python MySQL 数据库执行查询语句 ........................................................................... 1081
15.Python MySQL callproc()方法：调用数据库存储过程.............................................. 1083
16.Python PyMySQL 模块下载和安装 ............................................................................... 1085
第 16 章 Python 并发编程 ........................................................................................................ 1087
1.Python 进程和线程 ......................................................................................................... 1087
2.Python 创建线程 ............................................................................................................. 1089
3.Python 线程的生命周期 ................................................................................................. 1096
4.Python Thread join() ........................................................................................................ 1103
5.Python 守护线程 ............................................................................................................. 1105
6.Python sleep()函数用法：线程睡眠 .............................................................................. 1107
7. Python 互斥锁（Lock）：解决多线程安全问题 ........................................................... 1108
8.Python 线程死锁 ............................................................................................................. 1117
9.Python condition 实现线程通信 ..................................................................................... 1121
10.Python Queue 队列实现线程通信 ............................................................................... 1128
11.Python Event 实现线程通信 ......................................................................................... 1132
12.Python 线程池 ............................................................................................................... 1136
13.Python threading Local()函数用法：返回线程局部变量 ............................................ 1144
14.Python Timer 定时器：控制函数在特定时间执行 ..................................................... 1147
15.Python schedule 任务调度及其用法 ............................................................................ 1149
16.Python os.fork()方法：创建新进程 .............................................................................. 1151
17.PythonProcess 创建进程（2 种方法）详解 ................................................................ 1153
18.Python 设置进程启动的 3 种方式 ............................................................................... 1157
19.多进程编程和多线程编程的优缺点 ............................................................................ 1160
20.Python 使用进程池管理进程 ....................................................................................... 1162
21.Python 进程间通信 2 种实现方法（Queue 和 Pipe） ............................................... 1165
22.Python Futures 并发编程 .............................................................................................. 1169
23.Python Asyncio 并发编程 .............................................................................................. 1176
24.深入底层了解 Python GIL 全局解释器锁 .................................................................... 1182
25.深度解析 Python 垃圾回收机制 .................................................................................. 1188
第 17 章 Python 网络编程 ........................................................................................................ 1198
1.什么是计算机网络，TCP/IP 协议和端口号 .................................................................. 1198
2.Python 网络编程模块 ..................................................................................................... 1204
3.Python urllib.parseurllib.parse 模块用法详解 ............................................................. 1206
4.Python urllib.request ....................................................................................................... 1213
5.Python http.cookiejar 模块：管理 cookie ...................................................................... 1222
6. 什么是 TCP 协议，TCP 协议和 IP 协议的关系 ............................................................ 1228
7.Python socket 建立 TCP 连接 .......................................................................................... 1230
8.Python 多线程实现 socket 通信 ..................................................................................... 1236
9.Python socket shutdown 方法详解 ................................................................................. 1240
10.Python selectors 模块用法：实现非阻塞式编程 ........................................................ 1243
11.UDP 是什么，UDP 协议及优缺点（包含和 TCP 协议的区别） ................................ 1248
12.socket 发送和接受数据（基于 UDP 协议） ............................................................... 1249
13.UDP 多点广播................................................................................................................ 1254
14.Python smtplib 模块详解：发送邮件 .......................................................................... 1257
15.Pythonpoplib 模块：收取邮件 ..................................................................................... 1264
第 18 章 Python 文档和测试 .................................................................................................... 1270
1.编写 Python 开发文档的重要性 .................................................................................... 1270
2.读完本文，你也能编写高大上的 Python 软件开发文档 ............................................ 1272
3.Python docstring 添加注释 ............................................................................................. 1277
4.Python pydoc ................................................................................................................... 1279
5.Python doctest ................................................................................................................. 1291
6.Python unittest（PyUnit） .............................................................................................. 1296
7.Python TestSuite ............................................................................................................... 1307
8.Python setUp 和 tearDown .............................................................................................. 1311
9.Python unittest 跳过测试用例 ........................................................................................ 1315
第 19 章 Python 打包和发布 .................................................................................................... 1318
1.Python 打包的发展历程 ................................................................................................. 1318
2.如何创建一个程序包？ .................................................................................................. 1321
3.如何在开发期间安装测试 Python 程序包？ ................................................................ 1335
4.Python 命名空间包 ......................................................................................................... 1337
5.如何向 PyPI 上传 Python 程序包？ ............................................................................... 1343
6.Python 源码包和二进制包 ............................................................................................. 1346
7.Python zipapp 打包 ......................................................................................................... 1352
8.Python PyInstaller ............................................................................................................ 1358
9.怎样阻止别人反编译我们的程序包？ .......................................................................... 1365
第 20 章 Python 数据可视化 .................................................................................................... 1367
1.Python Matplotlib 安装 ................................................................................................... 1367
2.Python Matplotlib plot ..................................................................................................... 1369
3.Python Matplotlib legend ................................................................................................ 1374
4.Python Matplotlib time、xlabel、ylabel、xticks、yticks ............................................... 1379
5.Python Matplotlib subplot ............................................................................................... 1384
6.Python Matplotlib pie ...................................................................................................... 1392
7.Python Matplotlib 绘制柱状图（bar 和 barh 函数） ................................................... 1394
8.Python Matplotlib scatter ................................................................................................ 1402
9.Python Matplotlib contour 和 contourf ........................................................................... 1405
10.Python plot_surface ....................................................................................................... 1408
11.Python Pygal ................................................................................................................... 1410
12.Python Pygal 常见数据图 .............................................................................................. 1419
13.Python 读取 csv 文件 .................................................................................................... 1437
14.Python 读取 JSON 文件 ................................................................................................. 1444
15.Python 读取网络数据 ................................................................................................... 1451
第 21 章 Python Scrapy 网络爬虫............................................................................................. 1457
1.网络爬虫是什么 .............................................................................................................. 1457
2.Python Scrapy 安装.......................................................................................................... 1459
3.Python Scrapy 项目创建 .................................................................................................. 1463
4.Python Scrapy shell .......................................................................................................... 1467
5.Python Scrapy 爬虫项目开发过程 .................................................................................. 1474
6.Python scrapy 爬虫数据保存到 MySQL 数据库 ............................................................. 1485
7.Python Scrapy 突破反爬虫机制 ...................................................................................... 1487
8.Python Scrapy 反爬虫解决方案 ...................................................................................... 1496
9.Python Scrapy 整合 Selenium.......................................................................................... 1500
第 第 1 章 Python 编程基础