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TOGAF9.1Z中文版本.doc

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  • 发布时间:2022-07-01
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【实例简介】TOGAF9.1Z中文版本.doc

【实例截图】

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【核心代码】

1章简介Introduction 17

1.1 TOGAF文件的结构Structure of the TOGAF Document 17

1.2 执行概述Executive Overview 18

2章核心概念Core Concepts 21

2.1 什么是TOGAF? What Is TOGAF? 21

2.2 TOGAF背景环境下,什么是架构? What Is Architecture in the Context of TOGAF? 21

2.3 TOGAF涉及哪些种类的架构? What Kind of Architecture Does TOGAF Deal with? 21

2.4 架构开发方法Architecture Development Method 21

2.5 交付物、制品和构建块Deliverables, Artifacts, and Building Blocks 22

2.6 企业的连续统一体Enterprise Continuum 23

2.7 架构库Architecture Repository 24

2.8 建立和维护企业架构能力Establishing and Maintaining an Enterprise Architecture Capability 25

2.9 将架构能力建立为运行实体Establishing the Architecture Capability as an Operational Entity 25

2.10 使用TOGAF与其他框架Using TOGAF with Other Frameworks 26

3章定义Definitions 28

3.1 抽象Abstraction 28

3.2 施动者Actor 28

3.3 应用Application 28

3.4 应用架构Application Architecture 28

3.5 应用平台Application Platform 28

3.6 应用平台界面(API)Application Platform Interface 28

3.7 架构风格Architectural Style 28

3.8 架构Architecture 28

3.9 架构构建块(ABB)Architecture Building Block 29

3.10 架构连续统一体Architecture Continuum 29

3.11 架构开发方法(ADM)Architecture Development Method 29

3.12 架构域Architecture Domain 29

3.13 架构框架Architecture Framework 29

3.14 架构治理Architecture Governance 29

3.15 架构全景Architecture Landscape 29

3.16 架构原则Architecture Principles 29

3.17 架构愿景Architecture Vision 29

3.18 制品Artifact 30

3.19 基线Baseline 30

3.20 无边界信息流Boundary less Information Flow 30

3.21 构建块Building Block 30

3.22 业务架构Business Architecture 30

3.23 业务功能Business Function 30

3.24 业务治理Business Governance 30

3.25 业务服务Business Service 31

3.26 能力Capability 31

3.27 能力架构Capability Architecture 31

3.28 能力增量Capability Increment 31

3.29 沟通和利益攸关者管理Communications and Stakeholder Management 31

3.30 关注点Concerns 31

3.31 约束Constraint 31

3.32 数据架构Data Architecture 31

3.33 交付物Deliverable 31

3.34 企业Enterprise 32

3.35 企业的连续统一体Enterprise Continuum 32

3.36 基础架构Foundation Architecture 32

3.37 框架Framework 32

3.38 差距Gap 32

3.39 治理Governance 32

3.40 信息Information 32

3.41 信息技术(IT)Information Technology 32

3.42 互用性Interoperability 33

3.43 逻辑的Logical 33

3.44 元数据Metadata 33

3.45 元模型Metamodel 33

3.46 方法Method 33

3.47 方法论Methodology 33

3.48 模型Model 33

3.49 建模Modeling 34

3.50 目的Objective 34

3.51 特征模式Patterns 34

3.52 绩效管理Performance Management 34

3.53 物理的Physical 34

3.54 平台Platform 34

3.55 平台服务Platform Service 34

3.56 原则Principle 34

3.57 参考模型(RM)Reference Model 34

3.58 存储库Repository 35

3.59 需求Requirement 35

3.60 路线图Roadmap 35

3.61 角色Role 35

3.62 分部架构Segment Architecture 35

3.63 面向服务Service Orientation 35

3.64 面向服务架构(SOA)Service Oriented Architecture 35

3.65 解决方案架构Solution Architecture 36

3.66 解决方案构建块(SBB)Solution Building Block 36

3.67 解决方案连续统一体Solutions Continuum 36

3.68 利益攸关者Stakeholder 36

3.69 标准信息库(SIB)Standards Information Base 36

3.70 战略架构Strategic Architecture 36

3.71 目标架构Target Architecture 36

3.72 架构视图分类法Taxonomy of Architecture Views 36

3.73 技术架构Technology Architecture 37

3.74 过渡架构Transition Architecture 37

3.75 视图View 37

3.76 视角Viewpoint 37

3.77 工作包Work Package 37

4章发布说明Release Notes 38

4.1 TOGAF9的新特征是什么?What’s New in TOGAF 9? 38

4.1.1 本版中应用的变更Changes Applied in this Edition 39

4.2 TOGAF9的效益The Benefits of TOGAF 9 40

4.3 TOGAF8.1.1结构到TOGAF9的映射Mapping of the TOGAF 8.1.1 Structure to TOGAF 9 41

4.4 TOGAF9结构到TOGAF8.1.1的映射Mapping of TOGAF 9 Structure to TOGAF 8.1.1 42

4.5 使用TOGAF Using TOGAF 43

4.5.1 使用条件Conditions of Use 43

4.5.2 TOGAF花费多少成本?How Much Does TOGAF Cost? 44

4.5.3 下载Downloads 44

4.6 为什么加入The Open Group? Why Join The Open Group? 44

5章简介 Introduction 46

5.1 ADM概述 ADM Overview 46

5.1.1 ADM、企业的连续统一体和架构库 The ADM, Enterprise Continuum, and Architecture Repository 46

5.1.2 ADM和基础架构 The ADM and the Foundation Architecture 47

5.1.3 ADM和支持指南和技巧 ADM and Supporting Guidelines and Techniques 47

5.2 架构开发周期 Architecture Development Cycle 47

5.2.1 关键点 Key Points 47

5.2.2 基本结构 Basic Structure 48

5.3 ADM的适应性调整 Adapting the ADM 49

5.4 架构治理 Architecture Governance 50

5.5 界定架构的范围 Scoping the Architecture 51

5.5.1 广度 Breadth 52

5.5.2 深度 Depth 52

5.5.3 时间区间 Time Period 53

5.5.4 架构域 Architecture Domains 53

5.6 架构综合 Architecture Integration 54

5.7 概要总结 Summary 54

6章预备阶段 Preliminary Phase 56

6.1 目的 Objectives 56

6.2 实施途径 Approach 57

6.2.1 企业Enterprise 57

6.2.2 组织的背景环境 Organizational Context 57

6.2.3 架构工作的需求 Requirements for Architecture Work 58

6.2.4 原则 Principles 58

6.2.5 管理框架 Management Frameworks 59

6.2.6 使管理框架相关联 Relating the Management Frameworks 60

6.2.7 企业架/业变革成度评 Planning for Enterprise Architecture/Business Change Maturity Evaluation 61

6.3 输入 Inputs 61

6.3.1 企业的外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 61

6.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 61

6.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 62

6.4 步骤 Steps 62

6.4.1 界定受影响的企业组织的范围 Scope the Enterprise Organizations Impacted 63

6.4.2 确认治理和支持框架 Confirm Governance and Support Frameworks 63

6.4.3 定义并建立企业架构团队和组织 Define and Establish Enterprise Architecture Team and Organization. 63 6.4.4识别和建立架构原则 Identify and Establish Architecture Principles 64

6.4.5 剪裁TOGAF他选(如) Tailor TOGAF and, if Any, Other Selected Architecture Framework(s) 64

6.4.6 实施架构的工具 Implement Architecture Tools 64

6.5 输出 Outputs 64

7章阶段A:架构愿景 Phase A: Architecture Vision 66

7.1 目的 Objectives 66

7.2 实施途径 Approach 66

7.2.1 概述 General 66

7.2.2 创建架构愿景 Creating the Architecture Vision 67

7.2.3 业务场景 Business Scenarios 67

7.3 输入 Inputs 68

7.3.1 企业外部的参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 68

7.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 68

7.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 68

7.4 步骤 Steps 68

7.4.1 建立架构项目 Establish the Architecture Project 69

7.4.2 识别利益攸关者、关注点和业务需求 Identify Stakeholders, Concerns, and Business Requirements 69

7.4.3 确认和详细阐述业务目标、业务驱动因素和约束 Confirm and Elaborate Business Goals, Business Drivers, and Constraints 70

7.4.4 评价业务能力 Evaluate Business Capabilities 70

7.4.5 评估业务转型准备度 Assess Readiness for Business Transformation 70

7.4.6 定义范围 Define Scope 70

7.4.7 确认和详细阐述架构原则,包括业务原则 Confirm and Elaborate Architecture Principles, including Business Principles 71

7.4.8 开发架构愿景 Develop Architecture Vision 71

7.4.9 定义目标架构价值主张和KPI Define the Target Architecture Value Propositions and KPIs 71

7.4.10 识别业务转型风险和缓解活动 Identify the Business Transformation Risks and Mitigation Activities 72

7.4.11 开发架构工作说明书;确保批准 Develop Statement of Architecture Work; Secure Approval 72

7.5 输出 Outputs 72

8章 阶段B:业务架构 Phase B: Business Architecture 74

8.1 目的 Objectives 74

8.2 实施途径 Approach 74

8.2.1 概述 General 74

8.2.2 开发基线描述 Developing the Baseline Description 75

8.2.3 业务建模 Business Modeling 76

8.2.4 架构存储库 Architecture Repository 77

8.3 输入 Inputs 77

8.3.1 企业外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 78

8.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 78

8.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 78

8.4 步骤 Steps 79

8.4.1 选择参考模型、视角和工具 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools 80

8.4.2 开发基线业务架构描述 Develop Baseline Business Architecture Description 82

8.4.3 开发目标业务架构描述 Develop Target Business Architecture Description 82

8.4.4 进行差距分析 Perform Gap Analysis 83

8.4.5 定义候选路线图组件 Define Candidate Roadmap Components 83

8.4.6 化解贯穿整个架构全景中的影响 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape 83

8.4.7 进行正式的利益攸关者审视 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review 83

8.4.8 最终确定业务架构 Finalize the Business Architecture 83

8.4.9 创建架构定义文件 Create Architecture Definition Document 84

8.5 输出 Outputs 84

9章阶段C:信息系统架构 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures 86

9.1 目的 Objectives 86

9.2 实施途径 Approach 86

9.3 输入 Inputs 87

9.3.1 企业外的参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 87

9.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 87

9.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 87

9.4 步骤 Steps 88

9.5 输出 Outputs 88

10章阶段C:信息系统架构——数据架构 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures  Data Architecture 89

10.1 目的 Objectives 89

10.2 实施途径 Approach 89

10.2.1 数据架构的考量因素 Key Considerations for Data Architecture 89

10.2.2 架构存储库 Architecture Repository 90

10.3 输入 Inputs 90

10.3.1 企业外的参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 90

10.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 90

10.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 90

10.4 步骤 Steps 91

10.4.1 选择参考模型、视角和工具 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools 92

10.4.2 开发基线数据架构描述 Develop Baseline Data Architecture Description 94

10.4.3 开发目标数据架构描述 Develop Target Data Architecture Description 94

10.4.4 进行差距分析 Perform Gap Analysis 95

10.4.5 定义候选路线图组件Define Candidate Roadmap Components 95

10.4.6 解析贯穿整个架构全景中的影响 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape 95

10.4.7 进行正式的利益攸关者审视 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review 95

10.4.8 最终确定数据架构 Finalize the Data Architecture 96

10.4.9 创建架构定义文件Create Architecture Definition Document 96

10.5 输出 Outputs 96

11章阶段C:信息系统架构——应用架构Phase C: Information Systems Architectures — Application Architecture  98

11.1 目的 Objectives 98

11.2 实施途径 Approach 98

11.2.1 架构存储库 Architecture Repository 98

11.3 输入 Inputs 98

11.3.1 企业外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 98

11.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 98

11.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 99

11.4 步骤 Steps 100

11.4.1 选择参考模型、视角和工具 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools 100

11.4.2 开发基线应用架构描述 Develop Baseline Application Architecture Description 103

11.4.3 开发目标应用架构描述 Develop Target Application Architecture Description 103

11.4.4 进行差距分析 Perform Gap Analysis 103

11.4.5 定义候选路线图组件 Define Candidate Roadmap Components 103

11.4.6 化解贯穿整个架构全景中的影响 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape 104

11.4.7 进行正式的利益攸关者审视 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review 104

11.4.8 最终确定应用架构 Finalize the Application Architecture 104

11.4.9 创建架构定义文件 Create Architecture Definition Document 104

11.5 输出 Outputs 104

12章阶段D:技术架构 Phase D: Technology Architecture 107

12.1 目的 Objectives 107

12.2 实施途径 Approach 107

12.2.1 架构存储库 Architecture Repository 107

12.3 输入 Inputs 108

12.3.1 企业外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 108

12.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 108

12.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 108

12.4 步骤 Steps 109

12.4.1 选择参考模型、视角和工具 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools 110

12.4.2 开发基线技术架构描述 Develop Baseline Technology Architecture Description 113

12.4.3 开发目标技术架构描述 Develop Target Technology Architecture Description 113

12.4.4 进行差距分析 Perform Gap Analysis 113

12.4.5 定义候选路线图组件 Define Candidate Roadmap Components 114

12.4.6 化解贯穿整个架构全景中的影响 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape 114

12.4.7 进行正式的利益攸关者审视 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review 114

12.4.8 最终确定技术架构 Finalize the Technology Architecture 114

12.4.9 创建架构定义文件 Create Architecture Definition Document 114

12.5 输出 Outputs 115

12.6 附言 Postscript 116

13章阶段E:机会和解决方案 Phase E: Opportunities & Solutions 117

13.1 目的 Objectives 117

13.2 实施途径 Approach 117

13.3 输入 Inputs 118

13.3.1 企业外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 118

13.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 118

13.3.3 架构输入Architectural Inputs 118

13.4 步骤 Steps 119

13.4.1 确定/确认关键的公司级变革属性 Determine/Confirm Key Corporate Change Attributes 120

13.4.2 确定关于实施的业务约束 Determine Business Constraints for Implementation 120

13.4.3 审视和合并阶段BD的差距分析结果 Review and Consolidate Gap Analysis Results from Phases B to D 120

13.4.4 审视所有相关业务功能的合并需求 Review Consolidated Requirements Across Related Business Functions 121

13.4.5 合并和调和互用性需求 Consolidate and Reconcile Interoperability Requirements 121

13.4.6 细化和确认依赖性 Refine and Validate Dependencies 121

13.4.7 确认业务转型的准备度和风险 Confirm Readiness and Risk for Business Transformation 121

13.4.8 制定实施和迁移战略 Formulate Implementation and Migration Strategy 122

13.4.9 识别主要工作包并将其分组 Identify and Group Major Work Packages 122

13.4.10 识别过渡架构 Identify Transition Architectures 123

13.4.11 创建架构路线图及实施和迁移计划 Create the Architecture Roadmap & Implementation and Migration Plan . 123 13.5输出 Outputs 123

14章阶段F:迁移规划 Phase F: Migration Planning 126

14.1 目的 Objectives 126

14.2 实施途径 Approach 126

14.3 输入 Inputs 127

14.3.1 企业外部参考资料Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 127

14.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 127

14.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 127

14.4 步骤 Steps 128

14.4.1 为实施和迁移计划确认管理框架交互 Confirm Management Framework Interactions for the Implementation and Migration Plan 129

14.4.2 为每个工作包指派业务价值 Assign a Business Value to Each Work Package 129

14.4.3 评估资源需求、项目时间安排和可用性/交付载体 Estimate Resource Requirements, Project Timings, and Availability/Delivery Vehicle 130

14.4.4 通过成本/效益评估和风险验证对迁移项目进行优先级排序 Prioritize the Migration Projects through the Conduct of a Cost/Benefit Assessment and Risk Validation 130

14.4.5 确认架构路线图并更新架构定义文件 Confirm Architecture Roadmap and Update Architecture Definition Document 130

14.4.6 生成实施和迁移计划 Generate the Implementation and Migration Plan 131

14.4.7 完成架构开发周期并记录经验教训 Complete the Architecture Development Cycle and Document Lessons Learned 131

14.5 输出 Outputs 131

15章阶段G:实施治理Phase G: Implementation Governance 133

15.1 目的 Objectives 133

15.2 实施途径 Approach 133

15.3 输入 Inputs 134

15.3.1 企业外的参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 134

15.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 134

15.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 134

15.4 步骤 Steps 135

15.4.1 利用开发管理来确认部署的范围和优先级 Confirm Scope and Priorities for Deployment with Development Management

.................................................................................................... 135

15.4.2 识别部署资源和技能 Identify Deployment Resources and Skills 136

15.4.3 指导解决方案部署的开发 Guide Development of Solutions Deployment 136

15.4.4 执行企业架构合规审视 Perform Enterprise Architecture Compliance Reviews 137

15.4.5 实施业务和IT运行 Implement Business and IT Operations 137

15.4.6 执行实施审视并结束实 Perform Post-Implementation Review and Close the Implementation 137

15.5 输出 Outputs 137

16章阶段H:架构变更管理Phase H: Architecture Change Management 138

16.1 目的 Objectives 138

16.2 实施途径 Approach 138

16.2.1 变更的驱动因素 Drivers for Change 139

16.2.2 企业架构变更管理流程 Enterprise Architecture Change Management Process 140

16.2.3 维护vs架构再设计的指南 Guidelines for Maintenance versus Architecture Redesign 141

16.3 输入 Inputs 142

16.3.1 企业外部参考资料 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise 142

16.3.2 非架构输入 Non-Architectural Inputs 142

16.3.3 架构输入 Architectural Inputs 142

16.4 步骤 Steps 143

16.4.1 建立价值实现流程 Establish Value Realization Process 143

16.4.2 部署监控工具 Deploy Monitoring Tools 144

16.4.3 管理风险 Manage Risks 144

16.4.4 为架构变更管理提供分析 Provide Analysis for Architecture Change Management 144

16.4.5 开发满足绩效目标的变更需求 Develop Change Requirements to Meet Performance Targets 144

16.4.6 管理治理流程 Manage Governance Process 144

16.4.7 为实施变更启动流程 Activate the Process to Implement Change 144

16.5 输出 Outputs 145

17章ADM架构需求管理ADM Architecture Requirements Management 146

17.1 目的 Objectives 146

17.2 实施途径 Approach 146

17.2.1 概述 General 146

17.2.2 需求开发 Requirements Development 147

17.2.3 资源 Resources 147

17.3 输入 Inputs 148

17.4 步骤 Steps 148

17.5 输出 Outputs 149

18章简介Introduction 151

18.1 ADM的适应性调整指南 Guidelines for Adapting the ADM Process 151

18.2 架构开发技巧 Techniques for Architecture Development 151

18.3 配合不同架构风格使用TOGAF Using TOGAF with Different Architectural Styles 151

19章对ADM应用迭代 Applying Iteration to the ADM 153

19.1 概述 Overview 153

19.2 迭代周期 Iteration Cycles 153

19.3 架构介入的类别 Classes of Architecture Engagement 154

19.4 架构开发的途径 Approaches to Architecture Development 156

19.5 迭代考量因素 Iteration Considerations 156

19.5.1 ADM周期之间的迭代 Iteration between ADM Cycles 157

19.5.2 在一个ADM周期内的迭代 Iteration within an ADM Cycle 157

19.6 结论 Conclusions 159

20章贯穿架构全景应用ADM Applying the ADM across the Architecture Landscape 160

20.1 概述 Overview 160

20.2 架构全景 Architecture Landscape 160

20.3 绘编架构全景以理解企的状 Organizing the Architecture Landscape to Understand the State of the Enterprise 161

20.4 开发不同层级的架构 Developing Architectures at Different Levels 161

21章安保架构和ADM Security Architecture and the ADM 163

21.1 概述 Overview 163

21.2 简介 Introduction 163

21.3 关于架构领域安保性的引导 Guidance on Security for the Architecture Domains 163

21.4 ADM架构需求管理 ADM Architecture Requirements Management 164

21.5 预备阶段 Preliminary Phase 165

21.5.1 安保输入 Security Inputs 166

21.5.2 安保输出 Security Outputs 166

21.6 阶段A:架构愿景 Phase A: Architecture Vision 166

21.6.1 安保输入 Security Inputs 167

21.6.2 安保输出 Security Outputs 167

21.7 阶段B:业务架构 Phase B: Business Architecture 168

21.7.1 安保输入 Security Inputs 169

21.7.2 安保输出 Security Outputs 169

21.8 阶段C:信息系统架构 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures 170

21.8.1 安保输入 Security Inputs 171

21.8.2 安保输出 Security Outputs 172

21.9 阶段D:技术架构 Phase D: Technology Architecture 172

21.9.1 安保输入 Security Inputs 173

21.9.2 安保输出 Security Outputs 173

21.10 阶段E:机会和解决方案 Phase E: Opportunities & Solutions 174

21.11 阶段F:迁移规划 Phase F: Migration Planning 174

21.12 阶段G:实施治理 Phase G: Implementation Governance 174

21.13 阶段H:架构变更管理 Phase H: Architecture Change Management 175

21.14 参考文献 References 176

22章使用TOGAF定义和治理SOA Using TOGAF to Define & Govern SOAs 177

22.1 概述 Overview 177

22.2 简介 Introduction 177

22.3 SOA定义 SOA Definition 177

22.4 SOA特征 SOA Features 178

22.5 企业架构和SOA Enterprise Architecture and SOA 178

22.6 SOA和层级 SOA and Levels 179

22.6.1 实施规范的细节层级 Level of Detail of Implementation Specification 179

22.6.2 不同层级上的SOA活动 SOA Activities at Different Levels 179

22.7 TOGAF用于SOA Using TOGAF for SOA 180

22.7.1 预备阶段 Preliminary Phase 180

22.7.2 阶段A:架构愿景 Phase A: Architecture Vision 182

22.7.3 架构开发:阶段B、C和D Architecture Development: Phases B, C, and D 183

22.8 概要总结 187

23章架构原则Architecture Principles 189

23.1 简介Introduction 189

23.2 架构原则的特征 Characteristics of Architecture Principles 189

23.3 架构原则的组成部分 Components of Architecture Principles 189

23.4 开发架构原则 Developing Architecture Principles 190

23.4.1 原则的质量 Qualities of Principles 190

23.5 架构原则的应用 Applying Architecture Principles 191

23.6 架构原则示例集 Example Set of Architecture Principles 192

23.6.1 业务原则 Business Principles 192

23.6.2 数据原则 Data Principles 195

23.6.3 应用原则 Application Principles 198

23.6.4 技术原则 Technology Principles 199

24章利益攸关者管理Stakeholder Management 201

24.1 简介 Introduction 201

24.2 利益攸关者管理的实施途径 Approach to Stakeholder Management 201

24.3 利益攸关者管理流程的步骤 Steps in the Stakeholder Management Process 202

24.3.1 识别利益攸关者 Identify Stakeholders 202

24.3.2 对利益攸关者职位分类 Classify Stakeholder Positions 203

24.3.3 确定利益攸关者管理途径 Determine Stakeholder Management Approach 204

24.3.4 剪裁工作交付物 Tailor Engagement Deliverables 204

24.4 利益攸关者映射模板 Template Stakeholder Map 204

25章架构特征模式 Architecture Patterns 207

25.1 简介 Introduction 207

25.1.1 背景 Background 207

25.1.2 特征模式内容 Content of a Pattern 207

25.1.3 术语 Terminology 209

25.1.4 使用中的架构特征模式 Architecture Patterns in Use 210

25.2 美国财政部架构开发指导(TADG) US Treasury Architecture Development Guidance (TADG) 210

25.2.I TADG特征模式内容 TADG Pattern Content 210

25.2.2 TADG架构特征模式 TADG Architecture Patterns 211

25.3 IBM电子商务特征模式 IBM Patterns for e-Business 211

25.4 若干特征模式资源 Some Pattern Resources 212

26章业务场景和业务目标Business Scenarios and Business Goals 214

26.1 简介 Introduction 214

26.2 业务场景的益处 Benefits of Business Scenarios 214

26.3 创建业务场景 Creating the Business Scenario 215

26.3.1 整体流程 Overall Process 215

26.3.2 收集 Gathering 216

26.3.3 分析 Analyzing 217

26.3.4 审查 Reviewing 217

26.4 业务场景内容 Contents of a Business Scenario 217

26.5 对业务场景的贡献 Contributions to the Business Scenario 218

26.6 业务场景和TOGAF ADM Business Scenarios and the TOGAF ADM 219

26.7 开发业务场景 Developing Business Scenarios 219

26.7.1 一般指南 General Guidelines 219

26.7.2 每个领域需要提问的问题 Questions to Ask for Each Area 220

26.8 业务场景文档 Business Scenario Documentation 222

26.8.1 文本文档 Textual Documentation 222

26.9 目标和目的指南 Guidelines on Goals and Objectives 222

26.9.1 目标的重要性 Importance of Goals 222

26.9.2 SMART目的的重要性 Importance of SMART Objectives 223

26.9.3 目标和目的类别 Categories of Goals and Objectives 224

26.10 概要总结 Summary 227

27章差距分析Gap Analysis 228

27.1 简介 Introduction 228

27.2 建议的步骤 Suggested Steps 228

27.3 示例 Example 229

28章迁移规划技巧 Migration Planning Techniques 230

28.1 实施因素评估和推论矩阵 230

28.2 合并的差距、解决方案和依赖性矩阵 Consolidated Gaps, Solutions, & Dependencies Matrix 230

28.3 架构定义增量表Architecture Definition Increments Table 231

28.4 过渡架构状态演进表 Transition Architecture State Evolution Table 231

28.5 业务价值评估技巧Business Value Assessment Technique 231

29章互用性需求 Interoperability Requirements 233

29.1 综述 overview 233

29.2 定义互用性 Defining Interoperability 233

29.3 企业运行模型 Enterprise Operating Model 234

29.4 细化互用性 Refining Interoperability 235

29.5 确定互用性需求 Determining Interoperability Requirements 235

29.6 使互用性需求与潜在的解决方案保持一致 Reconciling Interoperability Requirements with Potentia Solutions

....................................................................................................... 237

29.7 概要总结 Summary 237

30章业务转型准备度评估 Business Transformation Readiness Assessment 238

30.1 简介 Introduction 238

30.1.1 业务转型使能计划(BTEP) Business Transformation Enablement Program (BTEP) 239

30.2 确定准备度因素 Determine Readiness Factors 239

30.3 表达准备度因素 Present Readiness Factors 240

30.4 评估准备度因素 Assess Readiness Factors 241

30.4.1 准备度因素愿景 Readiness Factor Vision 242

30.4.2 准备度因素评定 Readiness Factor Rating 242

30.4.3 准备度因素风险和行动 Readiness Factor Risks & Actions 243

30.5 准备度和迁移规划 Readiness and Migration Planning 243

30.6 推广实施计划 Marketing the Implementation Plan 243

30.7 结论 Conclusion 243

31章风险管理Risk Management 245

31.1简介Introduction 245

31.4 初始风险评估 Initial Risk Assessment 245

31.5 风险缓解及残余风险评估 Risk Mitigation and Residual Risk Assessment 246

31.6 实施残留风险评估 Conduct Residual Risk Assessment 246

31.7 风险监控和治理(阶段G) Risk Monitoring and Governance (Phase G) 247

31.8 概要总结 Summary 247

32章基于能力的规划 Capability-Based Planning 248

32.1 概述 Overview 248

32.2 基于能力的规划范例 Capability-Based Planning Paradigm 248

32.3 基于能力的规划的概念 Concept of Capability-Based Planning 248

32.3.1 能力维度 Capability Dimensions 249

32.3.2 能力增量 Capability Increments 250

32.4 企业架构背景环境下的能力 Capabilities in an Enterprise Architecture Context 251

32.5 概要总结 Summary 251

33章简介 Introduction 253

33.1 概述 Overview 253

33.2 内容元模型 Content Metamodel 254

33.3 内容框架和TOGAF ADM Content Framework and the TOGAF ADM 255

33.4 第四部分的结构 Structure of Part IV 255

34章内容元模型 Content Metamodel 256

34.1 概述 Overview 256

34.2 内容元模型愿景和概念 Content Metamodel Vision and Concepts 256

34.2.1 核心内容元模型概念 Core Content Metamodel Concepts 256

34.2.2 内容元模型的概述 Overview of the Content Metamodel 260

34.3 详细的内容元模型 Content Metamodel in Detail 261

34.3.1 核心内容元模型 Core Content Metamodel 261

34.3.2 核心架构制品 Core Architecture Artifacts 262

34.3.3 完整内容元模型 Full Content Metamodel 263

34.4 内容元模型扩展 Content Metamodel Extensions 264

34.4.1 治理扩展 Governance Extensions 265

34.4.2 服务扩展 Services Extensions 266

34.4.3 流程建模扩展 Process Modeling Extensions 268

34.4.4 数据扩展 Data Extensions 269

34.4.5 基础设施合并扩展 Infrastructure Consolidation Extensions 271

34.4.6 动机扩展 Motivation Extensions 272

34.5 内容元模型实体 Content Metamodel Entities 274

34.6 内容元模型属性 Content Metamodel Attributes 276

34.7 元模型关系 279

35章架构制品Architectural Artifacts 282

35.1 基本概念 Basic Concepts 282

35.1.1 视角和视图的简单示例 Simple Example of a Viewpoint and View 283

35.2 采用ADM开发视图 Developing Views in the ADM 284

35.2.1 一般指南 General Guidelines 284

35.2.2 视图创建流程 View Creation Process 284

35.3 视图、工具和语言 Views, Tools, and Languages 285

35.3.1 概述 Overview 285

35.4 视图和视角 Views and Viewpoints 285

35.4.1 视图和视角示例 Example of Views and Viewpoints 285

35.4.2 企业架构中的视图和视角 Views and Viewpoints in Enterprise Architecture 286

35.4.3 需要用于架构描述的常用语言和可互用性工具 Need fora Common Language and Interoperable Tools for Architecture Description 287

35.5 结论 Conclusions 287

35.6 ADM阶段的架构制品 Architectural Artifacts by ADM Phase 287

35.6.1 预备阶段 Preliminary Phase 288

35.6.2 阶段A:架构愿景 Phase A: Architecture Vision 289

35.6.3 阶段B:业务架构 Phase B: Business Architecture 289

35.6.4 阶段C:数据架构 Phase C: Data Architecture 293

35.6.5 阶段C:应用架构 Phase C: Application Architecture 296

35.6.6 阶段D:技术架构 Phase D: Technology Architecture 300

35.6.7 阶段E:机会和解决方案 Phase E: Opportunities and Solutions 302

35.6.8 需求管理 Requirements Management 303

35.7 待开发的推荐架构视图 Recommended Architecture Views to be Developed 303

35.7.1 开发业务架构视图 Developing a Business Architecture View 304

35.7.2 开发企业安保视图 Developing an Enterprise Security View 305

35.7.3 开发软件工程视图 Developing a Software Engineering View 308

35.7.4 开发系统工程视图 Developing a System Engineering View 315

35.7.5 开发通信工程视图 Developing a Communications Engineering View 320

35.7.6 开发数据流视图 Developing a Data Flow View 323

35.7.7 开发企业可管理性视图 Developing an Enterprise Manageability View 327

35.7.8 开发采办方视图 Developing an Acquirer View 329

36章架构交付物 Architecture Deliverables 331

36.1 简介 Introduction 331

36.2 交付物描述 Deliverable Descriptions 331

36.2.1 架构构建块 Architecture Building Blocks 332

36.2.2 架构契约 Architecture Contract 332

36.2.3 架构定义文件 Architecture Principles 333

36.2.4 架构原则 Architecture Principles 334

36.2.5 架构库 Architecture Repository 334

36.2.6 架构需求规范 Architecture Requirements Specification 334

36.2.7 架构路线图 Architecture Roadmap 335

36.2.8 架构愿景 Architecture Vision 336

36.2.9 业务原则、业务目标和业务驱动因素Business Principles, Business Goals, and Business Drivers Purpose

.................................................................................................... 337 36.2.10能力评估 Capability Assessment............................................................... 337

36.2.11 变更要求 Change Request 338

36.2.12 沟通计划 Communications Plan 339

36.2.13 合规性评估 Compliance Assessment 339

36.2.14 实施和迁移计划 Implementation and Migration Plan 339

36.2.15 实施治理模型 Implementation Governance Model 340

36.2.16 企业架构的组织模型 Organizational Model for Enterprise Architecture 341

36.2.17 架构工作要求书 Request for Architecture Work 341

36.2.18 需求影响评估 Requirements Impact Assessment 342

36.2.19 解决方案构建块 Solution Building Blocks 342

36.2.20 架构工作说明书 Statement of Architecture Work 342

36.2.21 剪裁的架构框架 Tailored Architecture Framework 343

37章构建块Building Blocks 344

37.1 概述 Overview 344

37.2 构建块的简介 Introduction to Building Blocks 344

37.2.1 概述 Overview 344

37.2.2 一般特征 Generic Characteristics 344

37.2.3 架构构建块 Architecture Building Blocks 345

37.2.4 解决方案构建块 Solution Building Blocks 345

37.3 构建块和ADM Building Blocks and the ADM 346

37.3.1 基本原则 Basic Principles 346

37.3.2 ADM中的构建块规范流程 Building Block Specification Process in the ADM 347

38章引言Introduction 349

38.1 简介 Introduction 349

38.2 第五部分的结构 Structure of Part V 349

39章企业的连续统一体Enterprise Continuum 350

39.1 概述 Overview 350

39.2 企业的连续统一体和架构复用 Enterprise Continuum and Architecture Re-Use 350

39.3 企业的连续统一体的构成要素 Constituents of the Enterprise Continuum 350

39.4 详细的企业的连续统一体 Enterprise Continuum in Detail 352

39.4.1 架构连续统一体 Architecture Continuum 352

39.4.2 解决方案连续统一体 Solutions Continuum 354

39.5 企业的连续统一体和ADM The Enterprise Continuum and the ADM 356

39.6 企业的连续统一体和你的组织 The Enterprise Continuum and Your Organization 356

39.6.1 关系 Relationships 356

39.6.2 你的企业 Your Enterprise 357

40章架构划分Architecture Partitioning 359

40.1 概述 Overview 359

40.2 应用分类来创建所划分的架构 Applying Classification to Create Partitioned Architectures 359

40.2.1 预备阶段内的活动 Activities within the Preliminary Phase 360

40.3 综合 Integration 361

41章架构库Architecture Repository 363

41.1 概述 Overview 363

41.2 架构全景 Architecture Landscape 364

41.3 参考库 Reference Library 364

41.3.1 概述 Overview 364

41.4 标准信息库 Standards Information Base 365

41.4.1 概述 Overview 365

41.4.2 标准类型 Types of Standard 365

41.4.3 标准生命周期 Standards Lifecycle 365

41.4.4 标准信息库内的标准分类 Standards Classification within the Standards Information Base 366

41.5 治理日志 Governance Log 367

41.5.1 概述 Overview 367

41.5.2 治理日志的内容 Contents of the Governance Log 367

41.6 企业存储库 The Enterprise Repository 368

41.6.1 需求存储库 Requirements Repository 368

41.6.2 解决方案存储库 Solutions Repository 368

41.7 外部存储库 External Repositories 368

41.7.1 外部参考模型 External Reference Models 368

41.7.2 外部标准 External Standards 368

41.7.3 架构委员会的审批 Architecture Board Approvals 369

42章架构开发工具Tools for Architecture Development 370

42.1 概述 Overview 370

42.2 工具标准化问题 Issues in Tool Standardization 370

43章基础架构:技术参考模型Foundation Architecture: Technical Reference Model 372

43.1 概念 Concepts 372

43.1.1 TRM在基础架构中的角色 Role of the TRM in the Foundation Architecture 372

43.1.2 TRM组件 TRM Components 372

43.1.3 其他TRM Other TRMs 372

43.2 高层级分解 High-Level Breakdown 373

43.2.1 概述 Overview 373

43.2.2 可移植性和互用性 Portability and Interoperability 373

43.3 TRM的详述 TRM in Detail 374

43.3.1 简介 Introduction 374

43.3.2 TRM实体和界面 TRM Entities and Interfaces 374

43.3.3 应用软件 Application Software 375

43.3.4 应用平台 Application Platform 376

43.3.5 通信基础设施 Communications Infrastructure 377

43.3.6 应用平台界面 Application Platform Interface 378

43.3.7 通信基础设施界面 Communications Infrastructure Interface 378

43.3.8 质量 Qualities 378

43.4 应用平台—分类法 Application Platform —— Taxonomy 378

43.4.1 基本原则 Basic Principles 379

43.4.2 应用平台服务类别 Application Platform Service Categories 379

43.4.3 应用平台服务质量 Application Platform Service Qualities 383

43.5 详细的平台分类法 Detailed Platform Taxonomy 384

43.5.1 数据交换服务 Data Interchange Services 384

43.5.2 数据管理服务 Data Management Services 386

43.5.3 图形和成像服务 Graphics and Imaging Services 387

43.5.4 国际运营服务 International Operation Services 387

43.5.5 位置和目录服务 Location and Directory Services 388

43.5.6 网络服务 Network Services 388

43.5.7 操作系统服务 Operating System Services 390

43.5.8 软件工程服务 Software Engineering Services 390

43.5.9 事务处理服务 Transaction Processing Services 391

43.5.10 用户界面服务 User Interface Services 392

43.5.11 安保服务 Security Services 393

43.5.12 系统和网络管理服务 System and Network Management Services 394

43.5.13 面向对象的服务提供 Object-Oriented Provision of Services 396

44章综合信息基础设施参考模型 Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model 398

44.1 基本概念 Basic Concepts 398

44.1.1 背景 Background 398

44.1.2 模型的组件 Components of the Model 398

44.1.3 TOGAF其他部分的关系 Relationship to Other Parts of TOGAF 398

44.1.4 关键业务和技术驱动因素 Key Business and Technical Drivers 399

44.1.5 III-RM的状态 Status of the lll-RM 400

44.2 高层级视图 High-Level View 401

44.2.1 III-RM衍生自TRM Derivation of the m-RM from the TRM 401

44.2.2 高层级III-RM图形 High-Level lll-RM Graphic 402

44.2.3 高层级III-RM的组件 Components of the High-Level lll-RM 402

44.3 详细的分类法 Detailed Taxonomy 403

44.3.1 详细的III-RM图形 Detailed III-RM Graphic 403

44.3.2 业务应用 Business Applications 403

44.3.3 基础设施应用 Infrastructure Applications 406

44.3.4 应用平台 Application Platform 407

44.3.5 质量 Qualities 410

45章简介Introduction 412

45.1 概述 Overview 412

45.2 第七部分的结构 Structure of Part VII 412

46章建立架构能力Establishing an Architecture Capability 413

46.1 概述 Overview 413

46.2 阶段A:架构愿景 Phase A: Architecture Vision 413

46.3 阶段B:业务架构 Phase B: Business Architecture 414

46.4 阶段C:数据架构 Phase C: Data Architecture 414

46.5 阶段C:应用架构 Phase C: Application Architecture 414

46.6 阶段D:技术架构 Phase D: Technology Architecture 415

46.7 阶段E:机会和解决方案 Phase E: Opportunities & Solutions 415

46.8 阶段F:迁移规划 Phase F: Migration Planning 415

46.9 阶段G:实施治理 Phase G: Implementation Governance 415

46.10 阶段H:架构变更管理 Phase H: Architecture Change Management 415

46.11 需求管理 Requirements Management 415

47章架构委员会 Architecture Board 416

47.1 角色 Role 416

47.2 职责 Responsibilities 416

47.3 成立架构委员会 Setting Up the Architecture Board 417

47.3.1 触发条件 Triggers 417

47.3.2 委员会规模 Size of the Board 418

47.3.3 委员会结构 Board Structure 418

47.4 架构委员会的运作 Operation of the Architecture Board 418

47.4.1 概述 General 418

47.4.2 准备 Preparation 419

47.4.3 议程 Agenda 419

48章架构合规性 Architecture Compliance 421

48.1 简介 Introduction 421

48.2 术语:架构合规性的含义 Terminology: The Meaning of Architecture Compliance 421

48.3 架构合规性审视 Architecture Compliance Reviews 422

48.3.1 目的 Purpose 422

48.3.2 时间安排 Timing 423

48.3.3 治理和人员场景 Governance and Personnel Scenarios 423

48.4 架构合规性审视流程 Architecture Compliance Review Process 424

48.4.1 概述 Overview 424

48.4.2 角色 Roles 424

48.4.3 步骤 Steps 425

48.5 架构合规性审视检查单 Architecture Compliance Review Checklists 425

48.5.1 硬件和操作系统检查单 Hardware and Operating System Checklist 426

48.5.2 软件服务和中间件检查单 Software Services and Middleware Checklist 426

48.5.3 应用检查单 Applications Checklists 427

48.5.4 信息管理检查单 Information Management Checklists 430

48.5.5 安保检查单 Security Checklist 431

48.5.6 系统管理检查单 System Management Checklist 432

48.5.7 系统工程/整体架构检查单 System Engineering/Overall Architecture Checklists 432

48.5.8 系统工程/方法&工具检查单 System Engineering/Methods & Tools Checklist 434

48.6 架构合规性审视指南 Architecture Compliance Review Guidelines 436

48.6.1 剪裁检查单 Tailoring the Checklists 436

48.6.2 进行架构合规性审视 Conducting Architecture Compliance Reviews 436

49章架构契约Architecture Contracts 438

49.1 角色 Role 438

49.2 内容 Contents 439

49.2.1 架构工作说明书 Statement of Architecture Work 439

49.2.2 架构设计与开发合作伙伴之间的契约 Contract between Architecture Design and Development Partners 439 49.2.3架构开发职能部门与业务用户之间的契约 Contract between Architecting Function and Business Users 440 49.3与架构治理的关系 Relationship to Architecture Governance 440

50章架构治理Architecture Governance 441

50.1 简介 Introduction 441

50.1.1 企业内的治理层级 Levels of Governance within the Enterprise 441

50.1.2 治理的本质 Nature of Governance 441

50.1.3 技术治理 Technology Governance 442

50.1.4 IT治理 IT Governance 442

50.1.5 架构治理:概述 Architecture Governance: Overview 443

50.2 架构治理框架 Architecture Governance Framework 444

50.2.1 架构治理框架——概念结构 Architecture Governance Framework — Conceptual Structure 444

50.2.2 架构治理框架—组织结构 Architecture Governance Framework — Organizational Structure 446

50.3 实践中的架构治理 Architecture Governance in Practice 447

50.3.1 架构治理—关键成功因素 Architecture Governance — Key Success Factors 447

50.3.2 有效架构治理战略的要素 Elements of an Effective Architecture Governance Strategy 448

51章架构成熟度模型Architecture Maturity Models 449

51.1 概述 Overview 449

51.2 背景 Background 449

51.3 美国商务部ACMM框架 DoC ACMM Framework 450

51.3.1 概述 Overview 450

51.3.2 ACMM的要素 Elements of the ACMM 450

51.3.3 示例:企业架构流程成熟度等级 Example: Enterprise Architecture Process Maturity Levels 451

51.4 能力成熟度模型综合(CMMI) Capability Maturity Models Integration (CMMI) 453

51.4.1 简介 Introduction 453

51.4.2 SCAMPI方法 SCAMPI Method 453

51.5 结论 Conclusions 454

52章架构技能框架 Architecture Skills Framework 455

52.1 简介 Introduction 455

52.2 对企业架构技能框架的需要 Need for an Enterprise Architecture Skills Framework 455

52.2.1 定义的严密性 Definitional Rigor 455

52.2.2 内部架构实践的基础 Basis of an Internal Architecture Practice 455

52.3 目标/理由依据 Goals/Rationale 456

52.3.1 企业架构师的认证 Certification of Enterprise Architects 456

52.3.2 具体益处 Specific Benefits 456

52.4 企业架构角色和技能类别 Enterprise Architecture Role and Skill Categories 457

52.4.1 概述 Overview 457

52.4.2 TOGAF角色 TOGAF Roles 457

52.4.3 技能类别 Categories of Skills 458

52.4.4 熟练程度 Proficiency Levels 458

52.5 企业架构角色和技能定义 Enterprise Architecture Role and Skill Definitions 459

52.5.1 一般技能 Generic Skills 459

52.5.2 业务技能与方法 Business Skills & Methods 459

52.5.3 企业架构技能 Enterprise Architecture Skills 460

52.5.4 项目群或项目管理技能 Program or Project Management Skills 460

52.5.5 IT常识技能 IT General Knowledge Skills 460

52.5.6 技术类IT技能 Technical IT Skills 461

52.5.7 法律环境 Legal Environment 461

52.6 企业架构师的一般角色和技能 Generic Role and Skills of the Enterprise Architect 461

52.6.1 一般角色 Generic Role 461

52.6.2 依照企业的连续统一体描述特性 Characterization in Terms of the Enterprise Continuum 463

52.6.3 企业架构师的主要特点 Key Characteristics of an Enterprise Architect 463

52.7 结论 Conclusions 464

附录A补充定义的词汇表Glossary of Supplementary Definitions 466

A.1访问控制(AC)Access Control 466

A.2 Ada 466

A.3应用组件Application Component 466

A.4应用软件Application Software 466

A.5可用性Availability 466

A.6批处理Batch Processing 466

A.7业务系统Business System 466

A.8目录集Catalog 466

A.9客户端Client 466

A.10 COBIT 467

A.11通信网络Communications Network 467

A.12通信节点Communications Node 467

A.13通信系统Communications System 467

A.14复合应用Composite Application 467

A.15构型管理Configuration Management 467

A.16连通性服务Connectivity Service 467

A.17契约Contract 467

A.18控制Control 468

A.19首席X官CxO 468

A.20数据字典Data Dictionary 468

A.21数据元素Data Element 468

A.22数据实体Data Entity 468

A.23数据互换服务Data Interchange Service 468

A.24数据管理服务Data Management Service 468

A.25数据库Database 468

A.26数据库管理系统Database Management System 468

A.27目录服务Directory Service 468

A.28分布式数据库Distributed Database 469

A.29驱动因素Driver 469

A.30最终用户End User 469

A.31企业资源规划(ERP)系统Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System 469

A.32事件Event 469

A.33外部环境界面(EEI)External Environment Interface (EEI) 469

A.34 FORTRAN 469

A.35功能分解Functional Decomposition 469

A.36目标Goal 469

A.37指南Guideline 470

A.38硬件Hardware 470

A.39人机界面(HCI)Human Computer Interface (HCI) 470

A.40信息域Information Domain 470

A.41信息系统(IS)Information System (IS) 470

A.42信息系统服务Information System Service 470

A.43交互Interaction 470

A.44交互模型Interaction Model 470

A.45界面Interface 470

A.46 ITIL 470

A.47关键绩效指标(KPI)Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 470

A.48生命周期Lifecycle 471

A.49位置Location 471

A.50逻辑应用组件Logical Application Component 471

A.51逻辑数据组件Logical Data Component 471

A.52逻辑技术组件Logical Technology Component 471

A.53成功项目群管理(MSP)Managing Successful Programs (MSP) 471

A.54矩阵Matrix 471

A.55测度Measure 471

A.56元视图Metaview 471

A.57多媒体服务Multimedia Service 471

A.58开放规范Open Specifications 472

A.59开放系统Open System 472

A.60运行治理Operational Governance 472

A.61操作系统服务Operating System Service 472

A.62服务包Packaged Services 472

A.63物理应用组件Physical Application Component 472

A.64物理数据组件Physical Data Component 472

A.65物理技术组件Physical Technology Component 472

A.66可移植性Portability 473

A.67谱系Portfolio 473

A.68 PRINCE2 473

A.75风险管理Risk Management 473

A.76可伸缩性Scalability 473

A.77安保Security 473

A.78服务器Server 473

A.79服务Service 473

A.80服务质量Service Quality 473

A.81 SMART 474

A.82供应商管理Supplier Management 474

A.83系统System 474

A.84系统和网络管理服务System and Network Management Service 474

A.85系统利益攸关者System Stakeholder 474

A.86技术组件Technology Component 474

A.87时间区间Time Period 474

A.88事务Transaction 474

A.89事务序列Transaction Sequence 474

A.90用例Use-Case 474

A.91用户User 475

A.92用户界面服务User Interface Service 475

附录B缩略语Appendix B Abbreviations 476

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