GNU Make manual

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

Short Contents
1 Overview of make ...................................... 1
2 An Introduction to Makefiles ............................ 3
3 Writing Makefiles ..................................... 11
4 Writing Rules ........................................ 21
5 Writing Recipes in Rules ............................... 41
6 How to Use Variables ................................. 59
7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles .......................... 77
8 Functions for Transforming Text ........................ 83
9 How to Run make .................................... 99
10 Using Implicit Rules ................................. 111
11 Using make to Update Archive Files ..................... 129
12 Extending GNU make ................................ 133
13 Integrating GNU make ................................ 143
14 Features of GNU make ................................ 147
15 Incompatibilities and Missing Features .................. 151
16 Makefile Conventions ................................. 153
A Quick Reference ..................................... 169
B Errors Generated by Make ............................ 177
C Complex Makefile Example ............................ 181
Index of Concepts ....................................... 195
Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives ................... 205
iii
Table of Contents
1 Overview of make ................................ 1
1.1 How to Read This Manual...................................... 1
1.2 Problems and Bugs............................................. 1
2 An Introduction to Makefiles................... 3
2.1 What a Rule Looks Like........................................ 3
2.2 A Simple Makefile .............................................. 4
2.3 How make Processes a Makefile ................................. 5
2.4 Variables Make Makefiles Simpler............................... 6
2.5 Letting make Deduce the Recipes ............................... 7
2.6 Another Style of Makefile....................................... 8
2.7 Rules for Cleaning the Directory................................ 9
3 Writing Makefiles .............................. 11
3.1 What Makefiles Contain....................................... 11
3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines ...................................... 12
3.2 What Name to Give Your Makefile ............................ 12
3.3 Including Other Makefiles ..................................... 13
3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES....................................... 14
3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade.................................... 14
3.6 Overriding Part of Another Makefile........................... 15
3.7 How make Reads a Makefile.................................... 16
3.8 Secondary Expansion.......................................... 18
4 Writing Rules .................................. 21
4.1 Rule Syntax................................................... 21
4.2 Types of Prerequisites ......................................... 22
4.3 Using Wildcard Characters in File Names...................... 23
4.3.1 Wildcard Examples....................................... 23
4.3.2 Pitfalls of Using Wildcards................................ 24
4.3.3 The Function wildcard................................... 24
4.4 Searching Directories for Prerequisites ......................... 25
4.4.1 VPATH: Search Path for All Prerequisites .................. 25
4.4.2 The vpath Directive...................................... 26
4.4.3 How Directory Searches are Performed.................... 27
4.4.4 Writing Recipes with Directory Search.................... 27
4.4.5 Directory Search and Implicit Rules....................... 28
4.4.6 Directory Search for Link Libraries........................ 28
4.5 Phony Targets................................................. 29
4.6 Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites......................... 31
4.7 Empty Target Files to Record Events.......................... 31
4.8 Special Built-in Target Names ................................. 32
iv GNU make
4.9 Multiple Targets in a Rule..................................... 34
4.10 Multiple Rules for One Target................................ 35
4.11 Static Pattern Rules.......................................... 36
4.11.1 Syntax of Static Pattern Rules........................... 36
4.11.2 Static Pattern Rules versus Implicit Rules ............... 37
4.12 Double-Colon Rules .......................................... 38
4.13 Generating Prerequisites Automatically....................... 38
5 Writing Recipes in Rules...................... 41
5.1 Recipe Syntax................................................. 41
5.1.1 Splitting Recipe Lines .................................... 41
5.1.2 Using Variables in Recipes................................ 43
5.2 Recipe Echoing................................................ 43
5.3 Recipe Execution.............................................. 44
5.3.1 Using One Shell .......................................... 44
5.3.2 Choosing the Shell........................................ 45
5.4 Parallel Execution............................................. 47
5.4.1 Output During Parallel Execution ........................ 47
5.4.2 Input During Parallel Execution .......................... 49
5.5 Errors in Recipes.............................................. 49
5.6 Interrupting or Killing make ................................... 50
5.7 Recursive Use of make ......................................... 50
5.7.1 How the MAKE Variable Works............................. 51
5.7.2 Communicating Variables to a Sub-make .................. 52
5.7.3 Communicating Options to a Sub-make ................... 53
5.7.4 The ‘--print-directory’ Option......................... 55
5.8 Defining Canned Recipes ...................................... 55
5.9 Using Empty Recipes.......................................... 57
6 How to Use Variables.......................... 59
6.1 Basics of Variable References .................................. 59
6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables.................................. 60
6.3 Advanced Features for Reference to Variables .................. 62
6.3.1 Substitution References................................... 62
6.3.2 Computed Variable Names................................ 63
6.4 How Variables Get Their Values ............................... 65
6.5 Setting Variables .............................................. 65
6.6 Appending More Text to Variables............................. 67
6.7 The override Directive ....................................... 68
6.8 Defining Multi-Line Variables.................................. 69
6.9 Undefining Variables .......................................... 70
6.10 Variables from the Environment .............................. 70
6.11 Target-specific Variable Values................................ 71
6.12 Pattern-specific Variable Values............................... 72
6.13 Suppressing Inheritance ...................................... 72
6.14 Other Special Variables....................................... 73
v
7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles................ 77
7.1 Example of a Conditional...................................... 77
7.2 Syntax of Conditionals ........................................ 78
7.3 Conditionals that Test Flags................................... 80
8 Functions for Transforming Text.............. 83
8.1 Function Call Syntax.......................................... 83
8.2 Functions for String Substitution and Analysis................. 84
8.3 Functions for File Names ...................................... 87
8.4 Functions for Conditionals..................................... 89
8.5 The foreach Function......................................... 90
8.6 The file Function ............................................ 91
8.7 The call Function ............................................ 92
8.8 The value Function........................................... 93
8.9 The eval Function ............................................ 93
8.10 The origin Function......................................... 94
8.11 The flavor Function......................................... 96
8.12 Functions That Control Make ................................ 96
8.13 The shell Function.......................................... 97
8.14 The guile Function.......................................... 97
9 How to Run make............................... 99
9.1 Arguments to Specify the Makefile............................. 99
9.2 Arguments to Specify the Goals ............................... 99
9.3 Instead of Executing Recipes ................................. 101
9.4 Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files ........................ 102
9.5 Overriding Variables.......................................... 103
9.6 Testing the Compilation of a Program ........................ 104
9.7 Summary of Options ......................................... 104
10 Using Implicit Rules ........................ 111
10.1 Using Implicit Rules......................................... 111
10.2 Catalogue of Built-In Rules.................................. 112
10.3 Variables Used by Implicit Rules ............................ 115
10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules..................................... 117
10.5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules....................... 118
10.5.1 Introduction to Pattern Rules .......................... 119
10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples................................. 119
10.5.3 Automatic Variables.................................... 120
10.5.4 How Patterns Match ................................... 122
10.5.5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules ......................... 123
10.5.6 Canceling Implicit Rules................................ 124
10.6 Defining Last-Resort Default Rules .......................... 125
10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules .................................. 125
10.8 Implicit Rule Search Algorithm.............................. 127
vi GNU make
11 Using make to Update Archive Files........ 129
11.1 Archive Members as Targets................................. 129
11.2 Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets ................... 129
11.2.1 Updating Archive Symbol Directories................... 130
11.3 Dangers When Using Archives............................... 130
11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files................................ 131
12 Extending GNU make........................ 133
12.1 GNU Guile Integration...................................... 133
12.1.1 Conversion of Guile Types.............................. 133
12.1.2 Interfaces from Guile to make........................... 134
12.1.3 Example Using Guile in make........................... 134
12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects................................... 135
12.2.1 The load Directive..................................... 136
12.2.2 How Loaded Objects Are Remade ...................... 137
12.2.3 Loaded Object Interface................................ 137
12.2.4 Example Loaded Object................................ 139
13 Integrating GNU make....................... 143
13.1 Sharing Job Slots with GNU make........................... 143
13.1.1 POSIX Jobserver Interaction ........................... 144
13.1.2 Windows Jobserver Interaction ......................... 144
13.2 Synchronized Terminal Output .............................. 145
14 Features of GNU make....................... 147
15 Incompatibilities and Missing Features .... 151
16 Makefile Conventions........................ 153
16.1 General Conventions for Makefiles........................... 153
16.2 Utilities in Makefiles ........................................ 154
16.3 Variables for Specifying Commands.......................... 155
16.4 DESTDIR: Support for Staged Installs ........................ 156
16.5 Variables for Installation Directories......................... 156
16.6 Standard Targets for Users .................................. 161
16.7 Install Command Categories................................. 166
Appendix A Quick Reference .................. 169
Appendix B Errors Generated by Make ...... 177
Appendix C Complex Makefile Example...... 181
C.1 GNU Free Documentation License............................ 185
vii
Index of Concepts ................................ 195
Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives .... 205