实例介绍
【实例简介】Augmented.Reality.Principles.and.Practice 增强现实
【实例截图】
【核心代码】
Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors 1 Introduction to Augmented Reality Definition and Scope A Brief History of Augmented Reality Examples Industry and Construction Maintenance and Training Medical Personal Information Display Navigation Television Advertising and Commerce Games Related Fields Mixed Reality Continuum Virtual Reality Ubiquitous Computing Summary 2 Displays Multimodal Displays Audio Displays Haptic, Tactile, and Tangible Displays Olfactory and Gustatory Displays Visual Perception Requirements and Characteristics Method of Augmentation Ocularity and Stereoscopy Focus Occlusion Resolution and Refresh Rate Field of View Viewpoint Offset Brightness and Contrast Distortions and Aberrations Latency Ergonomics Social Acceptance Spatial Display Model Visual Displays Near-Eye Displays Handheld Displays Stationary Displays Projected Displays Summary 3 Tracking Tracking, Calibration, and Registration Coordinate Systems Model Transformation View Transformation Projective Transformation Frames of Reference Characteristics of Tracking Technology Physical Phenomena Measurement Principle Measured Geometric Property Sensor Arrangement Signal Sources Degrees of Freedom Measurement Coordinates Spatial Sensor Arrangement Workspace Coverage Measurement Error Temporal Characteristics Stationary Tracking Systems Mechanical Tracking Electromagnetic Tracking Ultrasonic Tracking Mobile Sensors Global Positioning System Wireless Networks Magnetometer Gyroscope Linear Accelerometer Odometer Optical Tracking Model-Based versus Model-Free Tracking Illumination Markers versus Natural Features Target Identification Sensor Fusion Complementary Sensor Fusion Competitive Sensor Fusion Cooperative Sensor Fusion Summary 4 Computer Vision for Augmented Reality Marker Tracking Camera Representation Marker Detection Pose Estimation from Homography Pose Refinement Multiple-Camera Infrared Tracking Blob Detection Establishing Point Correspondences Triangulation from Two Cameras Triangulation from More Than Two Cameras Matching Targets Consisting of Spherical Markers Absolute Orientation Natural Feature Tracking by Detection Interest Point Detection Descriptor Creation Descriptor Matching Perspective-n-Point Pose Robust Pose Estimation Incremental Tracking Active Search Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi Tracking Zero-Normalized Cross-Correlation Hierarchical Search Combined Detection and Tracking Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Five-Point Algorithm for Essential Matrix Bundle Adjustment Parallel Tracking and Mapping Relocalization and Loop Closure Dense Mapping Outdoor Tracking Scalable Visual Matching Prior Information from Sensors Prior Information from Geometry Simultaneous Tracking, Mapping, and Localization Summary 5 Calibration and Registration Camera Calibration Internal Camera Parameters Correcting Lens Distortion Display Calibration Single Point Active Alignment Method Head-Mounted Display Calibration Using a Pointing Device Hand–Eye Calibration Registration Geometric Measurement Distortions Error Propagation Latency Filtering and Prediction Summary 6 Visual Coherence Registration Occlusion Occlusion Refinement Probabilistic Occlusion Model-Free Occlusion Photometric Registration Image-Based Lighting Light Probes Offline Light Capturing Photometric Registration from Static Images Photometric Registration from Specular Reflections Photometric Registration from Diffuse Reflections Photometric Registration from Shadows Outdoor Photometric Registration Reconstructing Explicit Light Sources Common Illumination Differential Rendering Real-Time Global Illumination Shadows Diffuse Global Illumination Specular Global Illumination Diminished Reality Determination of the Region of Interest Observation and Modeling of the Hidden Area Removal of the Region of Interest Projector-Based Diminished Reality Camera Simulation Lens Distortion Blur Noise Vignetting Chromatic Aberrations Bayer Pattern Artifacts Tone Mapping Artifacts Stylized Augmented Reality Summary 7 Situated Visualization Challenges Data Overload User Interaction Registration Errors Visual Interference Temporal Coherence Visualization Registration Locally Registered Situated Visualization Globally Registered Situated Visualization Registration Uncertainty Annotations and Labeling Labeling Fundamentals Optimization Techniques Temporal Coherence Image-Guided Placement Legibility X-Ray Visualization Ghostings from Object Space Ghostings from Image Space Implementation with G-Buffers Spatial Manipulation Explosion Diagrams Space Distortion Information Filtering Knowledge-Based Filter Spatial Filter Combined Knowledge-Based and Spatial Filter Summary 8 Interaction Output Modalities Augmentation Placement Agile Displays Magic Lenses Input Modalities Tracking and Manipulation of Rigid Objects Body Tracking Gestures Touch Physically Based Interfaces Tangible Interfaces Tangibles on Surfaces Tangibles with Generic Shape Tangibles with Distinct Shapes Transparent Tangibles Virtual User Interfaces on Real Surfaces Augmented Paper Multi-view Interfaces Multi-display Focus Context Shared Space Multiple Locales Cross-View Interaction Haptic Interaction Multimodal Interaction Conversational Agents Summary 9 Modeling and Annotation Specifying Geometry Points Planes Volumes Specifying Appearance Semi-automatic Reconstruction Free-Form Modeling Annotation Summary 10 Authoring Requirements of AR Authoring Real-World Interfaces Hardware Abstraction Authoring Workflow Elements of Authoring Actors Story Stages Interactions Setup Stand-Alone Authoring Solutions Desktop Authoring Authoring by Performance Plug-In Approaches Web Technology Summary 11 Navigation Foundations of Human Navigation Exploration and Discovery Route Visualization Viewpoint Guidance Guidance Toward a Target Object Guidance Toward a Target Viewpoint Multiple Perspectives Simultaneous Multiple Perspectives Transitional Interfaces Summary 12 Collaboration Properties of Collaboration Systems Co-located Collaboration Individual Displays and Views Gaze Awareness Agile Collaboration in Shared Space Remote Collaboration Video Sharing Video Sharing with Virtual Objects Video Sharing with Geometric Reconstruction Pointing and Gestures Remote Collaboration with Agile Users Summary 13 Software Architectures AR Application Requirements Environment Control and Scene Dynamics Display Space Real–Virtual Consistency Semantic Knowledge Physical Space Software Engineering Requirements Platform Abstraction User Interface Abstraction Reusability and Extensibility Distributed Computing Decoupled Simulation Distributed Object Systems Object Management Case Study: SHEEP Dataflow Dataflow Graphs Multimodal Interaction Threads and Scheduling Case Study: Wearable Augmented Reality Setup Scene Graphs Fundamentals of Scene Graphs Dependency Graph Scene Graph Integration Distributed Shared Scene Graph Developer Support Parameter Configuration Declarative Scripting Case Study: Augmented Reality Tour Guide Procedural Scripting Mixed-Language Programming Runtime Reconfiguration Choosing an AR Platform Summary 14 The Future What May Drive Business Cases Professional Users Consumers An AR Developer’s Wish List Low-Level Camera API Multiple Cameras Wide-Field-of-View Cameras Sensors Unified Memory Parallel Programming on the Mobile GPU Better Displays Taking AR Outdoors Uncooperative Users Limited Device Capabilities Localization Success Rate Interfacing with Smart Objects Confluence of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Augmented Humans AR as a Dramatic Medium AR as a Social Computing Platform Summary References Index
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