The.Pragmatic.Programmer：From.Journeyman.to.Master

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

Preface.......................................................................................................12
Who Should Read This Book?...............................................................12
What Makes a Pragmatic Programmer?..............................................13
Individual Pragmatists, Large Teams..................................................14
It's a Continuous Process......................................................................15
How the Book Is Organized ..................................................................15
What's in a Name? ................................................................................15
Source Code and Other Resources ....................................................16
Send Us Feedback..............................................................................16
Acknowledgments..............................................................................16
What's in a Name? ................................................................................18
Source Code and Other Resources ....................................................18
Send Us Feedback..............................................................................18
Acknowledgments..............................................................................19
The Cat Ate My Source Code................................................................19
Take Responsibility ...........................................................................20
Related sections include:................................................................21
Challenges ......................................................................................21
Software Entropy ..................................................................................21
Putting Out Fires...............................................................................22
Related sections include: ...................................................................23
Challenges..........................................................................................23
Stone Soup and Boiled Frogs................................................................23
The Villagers' Side.............................................................................24
Related sections include:................................................................25
Challenges ......................................................................................25
Good-Enough Software .........................................................................25
Involve Your Users in the Trade-Off ................................................26
Know When to Stop ...........................................................................26
Related sections include:................................................................27
Challenges ......................................................................................27
Your Knowledge Portfolio .....................................................................27
Your Knowledge Portfolio..................................................................28
Building Your Portfolio......................................................................28
Goals...................................................................................................29
Opportunities for Learning ...............................................................30
Critical Thinking ...............................................................................30
Care and Cultivation of Gurus.................................................................30
Challenges ......................................................................................31
Communicate!........................................................................................31
Know What You Want to Say............................................................32
Know Your Audience .........................................................................32
Figure 1.1. The wisdom acrostic—understanding an audience ...32 
Choose Your Moment.........................................................................33
Choose a Style....................................................................................33
Make It Look Good ............................................................................33
Involve Your Audience.......................................................................34
Be a Listener......................................................................................34
Get Back to People.............................................................................34
E-Mail Communication.............................................................................34
Summary ...............................................................................................35
Related sections include: ...................................................................35
Challenges..........................................................................................35
Chapter 2. A Pragmatic Approach ...........................................................37
The Evils of Duplication........................................................................37
How Does Duplication Arise?............................................................38
Imposed Duplication..........................................................................39
Inadvertent Duplication ....................................................................40
Impatient Duplication .......................................................................42
Interdeveloper Duplication ...............................................................42
Related sections include:................................................................43
Orthogonality ........................................................................................43
What Is Orthogonality? .....................................................................43
A Nonorthogonal System ...............................................................44
Benefits of Orthogonality ..................................................................44
Gain Productivity...........................................................................45
Reduce Risk ....................................................................................45
Project Teams ....................................................................................45
Design.................................................................................................46
Figure 2.1. Typical layer diagram .................................................46
Toolkits and Libraries .......................................................................47
Coding ................................................................................................48
Testing................................................................................................49
Documentation...................................................................................49
Living with Orthogonality.................................................................49
Related sections include:................................................................50
Challenges ......................................................................................50
Exercises ............................................................................................50
Reversibility ..........................................................................................51
Reversibility.......................................................................................51
Flexible Architecture .........................................................................52
Related sections include:................................................................53
Challenges ......................................................................................53
Tracer Bullets........................................................................................53
Code That Glows in the Dark............................................................54
Tracer Bullets Don't Always Hit Their Target.................................56
Tracer Code versus Prototyping........................................................56 
Related sections include:................................................................57
Prototypes and Post-it Notes ................................................................57
Things to Prototype ...........................................................................58
How to Use Prototypes ......................................................................58
Prototyping Architecture...................................................................59
How Not to Use Prototypes ...............................................................59
Related sections include:................................................................60
Exercises ............................................................................................60
Domain Languages................................................................................60
Domain-Specific Errors ............................................................................62
Implementing a Mini-Language .......................................................62
Data Languages and Imperative Languages................................63
Figure 2.2. Windows .rc file ...........................................................63
Stand-Alone and Embedded Languages .......................................65
Easy Development or Easy Maintenance?....................................65
Related sections include:................................................................65
Challenges ......................................................................................65
Exercises ............................................................................................66
Estimating .............................................................................................66
How Accurate Is Accurate Enough?..................................................67
Where Do Estimates Come From? ....................................................68
Understand What's Being Asked ..................................................68
Build a Model of the System..........................................................68
Break the Model into Components................................................68
Give Each Parameter a Value .......................................................69
Calculate the Answers ...................................................................69
Keep Track of Your Estimating Prowess ......................................69
Estimating Project Schedules ...........................................................70
What to Say When Asked for an Estimate .......................................70
Related sections include:................................................................70
Challenges ......................................................................................70
Exercises ............................................................................................71
Chapter 3. The Basic Tools.......................................................................72
The Power of Plain Text........................................................................73
What Is Plain Text?...........................................................................73
Drawbacks..........................................................................................74
The Power of Text..............................................................................74
Insurance Against Obsolescence ...................................................74
Leverage .........................................................................................75
The Unix Philosophy.................................................................................75
Easier Testing ................................................................................76
Lowest Common Denominator..........................................................76
Related sections include:................................................................76
Challenges ......................................................................................76 
Shell Games...........................................................................................77
Shell Utilities and Windows Systems...............................................79
Using Unix Tools Under Windows...........................................................79
Related sections include:................................................................80
Challenges ......................................................................................80
Power Editing........................................................................................80
One Editor..........................................................................................80
Editor Features..................................................................................81
Productivity........................................................................................82
Figure 3.1. Sorting lines in an editor ............................................82
Where to Go from Here......................................................................82
What Editors Are Available?.............................................................83
Challenges ......................................................................................83
Source Code Control..............................................................................83
Source Code Control and Builds .......................................................85
But My Team Isn't Using Source Code Control...................................85
Source Code Control Products ..............................................................85
Related sections include: ...................................................................85
Challenges..........................................................................................85
Debugging..............................................................................................86
Psychology of Debugging...................................................................86
A Debugging Mindset ........................................................................87
Where to Start ...................................................................................87
Debugging Strategies ........................................................................88
Bug Reproduction .....................................................................................88
Visualize Your Data.......................................................................88
Figure 3.2. Sample debugger diagram of a circular linked list. The
arrows represent pointers to nodes. ..............................................89
Tracing............................................................................................89
Corrupt Variables? Check Their Neighborhood ......................................90
Rubber Ducking .............................................................................90
Process of Elimination ...................................................................90
The Element of Surprise ...................................................................91
Debugging Checklist..........................................................................92
Related sections include:................................................................92
Challenges ......................................................................................92
Text Manipulation.................................................................................93
Related sections include: ...................................................................95
Exercises................................................................................................95
Code Generators....................................................................................95
Passive Code Generators...................................................................96
Active Code Generators.....................................................................97
Figure 3.3. Active code generator creates code from a database
schema ............................................................................................97 
Figure 3.4. Generating code from a language-neutral
representation. In the input file, lines starting with 'M' flag the
start of a message definition, 'F' lines define fields, and 'E' is the
end of the message. ........................................................................98
Code Generators Needn't Be Complex..............................................98
Code Generators Needn't Generate Code .........................................98
Related sections include:................................................................98
Exercises ............................................................................................99
Chapter 4. Pragmatic Paranoia..............................................................100
Design by Contract..............................................................................101
DBC ..................................................................................................101
DBC and Constant Parameters..............................................................102
Implementing DBC..........................................................................104
Assertions .....................................................................................104
Language Support........................................................................105
DBC and Crashing Early ................................................................105
Who's responsible?..................................................................................105
Other Uses of Invariants.................................................................106
Loop Invariants............................................................................106
Semantic Invariants.....................................................................107
Dynamic Contracts and Agents ......................................................108
Related sections include:..............................................................108
Challenges ....................................................................................108
Exercises ..........................................................................................108
Dead Programs Tell No Lies...............................................................110
Crash, Don't Trash ..........................................................................110
Related sections include:..............................................................111
Assertive Programming ......................................................................111
Leave Assertions Turned On...........................................................113
Assertion and Side Effects......................................................................113
Related sections include:..............................................................114
Exercises ..........................................................................................114
When to Use Exceptions .....................................................................114
What Is Exceptional?.......................................................................115
Error Handlers Are an Alternative.................................................116
Related sections include:..............................................................117
Challenges ....................................................................................117
Exercises ..........................................................................................117
How to Balance Resources ..................................................................117
Nest Allocations...............................................................................120
Objects and Exceptions .......................................................................120
Balancing and Exceptions...................................................................121
Balancing Resources with C   Exceptions ....................................121
Balancing Resources in Java...........................................................122 
When You Can't Balance Resources...................................................123
Checking the Balance..........................................................................123
Related sections include: .................................................................124
Challenges........................................................................................124
Exercises..............................................................................................124
Chapter 5. Bend or Break.......................................................................125
Decoupling and the Law of Demeter ..................................................125
Minimize Coupling ..........................................................................126
The Law of Demeter for Functions .................................................127
Figure 5.1. Law of Demeter for functions ...................................127
Does It Really Make a Difference?..................................................128
Physical Decoupling................................................................................128
Related sections include:..............................................................129
Challenges ....................................................................................129
Exercises ..........................................................................................129
Metaprogramming...............................................................................130
Dynamic Configuration ...................................................................130
Metadata-Driven Applications........................................................131
Business Logic..............................................................................132
When to Configure ..................................................................................132
An Example: Enterprise Java Beans..............................................133
Cooperative Configuration...........................................................133
Don't Write Dodo-Code....................................................................134
Related sections include:..............................................................134
Challenges ....................................................................................134
Exercises ..........................................................................................134
Temporal Coupling..............................................................................134
Workflow ..........................................................................................135
Figure 5.2. UML activity diagram: making a piña colada .........136
Architecture .....................................................................................137
Figure 5.3. OLTP architecture overview.....................................137
Design for Concurrency ...................................................................138
Cleaner Interfaces........................................................................138
Deployment ......................................................................................140
Related sections include:..............................................................140
Challenges ....................................................................................140
It's Just a View....................................................................................140
Publish/Subscribe ............................................................................141
Figure 5.4. Publish/subscribe protocol ........................................141
Model-View-Controller ....................................................................142
The CORBA Event Service.....................................................................142
Java Tree View.............................................................................143
Beyond GUIs....................................................................................144
Figure 5.5. Baseball reporting, Viewers subscribe to models. ...145 
Still Coupled (After All These Years) .............................................146
Related sections include:..............................................................146
Exercises ..........................................................................................146
Blackboards .........................................................................................146
Figure 5.6. Someone found a connection between Humpty's
gambling debts and the phone logs. Perhaps he was getting
threatening phone calls. ..............................................................147
Blackboard Implementations..........................................................148
Organizing Your Blackboard..................................................................148
Application Example .......................................................................149
Related sections include:..............................................................150
Challenges ....................................................................................150
Exercises ..........................................................................................150
Chapter 6. While You Are Coding..........................................................151
Programming by Coincidence .............................................................151
How to Program by Coincidence .....................................................152
Accidents of Implementation.......................................................152
Accidents of Context.....................................................................153
Implicit Assumptions...................................................................153
How to Program Deliberately..........................................................154
Related sections include:..............................................................154
Exercises ..........................................................................................155
Algorithm Speed..................................................................................155
What Do We Mean by Estimating Algorithms? .............................155
The O() Notation..............................................................................156
Figure 6.1. Runtimes of various algorithms ...............................156
Common Sense Estimation .............................................................157
Algorithm Speed in Practice............................................................158
Best Isn't Always Best .................................................................159
Related sections include:..............................................................159
Challenges ....................................................................................160
Exercises ..........................................................................................160
Refactoring ..........................................................................................160
When Should You Refactor?............................................................161
Real-World Complications ...........................................................162
How Do You Refactor?.....................................................................162
Automatic Refactoring............................................................................163
Related sections include:..............................................................163
Exercises ..........................................................................................164
Code That's Easy to Test.....................................................................165
Unit Testing.....................................................................................165
Testing Against Contract ................................................................166
Writing Unit Tests...........................................................................167
Using Test Harnesses......................................................................169 
Ad Hoc Testing........................................................................................169
Build a Test Window .......................................................................170
A Culture of Testing ........................................................................171
Related sections include:..............................................................171
Exercises ..........................................................................................172
Evil Wizards ........................................................................................172
Related sections include: .................................................................173
Challenges........................................................................................173
Chapter 7. Before the Project .................................................................174
The Requirements Pit .........................................................................174
Digging for Requirements ...............................................................175
Documenting Requirements............................................................176
Sometimes the Interface Is the System .................................................176
Figure 7.1. Cockburn's use case template...................................177
Figure 7.2. A sample use case......................................................178
Use Case Diagrams......................................................................179
Figure 7.3. UML use cases—so simple a child could do it!.........180
Overspecifying .................................................................................180
Seeing Further.................................................................................180
Just One More Wafer-Thin Mint….................................................181
Maintain a Glossary ........................................................................181
Get the Word Out ............................................................................182
Related sections include:..............................................................182
Challenges ....................................................................................182
Exercises ..........................................................................................182
Solving Impossible Puzzles.................................................................183
Degrees of Freedom .........................................................................183
There Must Be an Easier Way!.......................................................184
Challenges........................................................................................185
Not Until You're Ready.......................................................................185
Good Judgment or Procrastination? ...............................................186
Challenges ....................................................................................186
The Specification Trap ........................................................................187
Related sections include: .................................................................188
Challenges........................................................................................189
Circles and Arrows..............................................................................189
Do Methods Pay Off? .......................................................................190
Should We Use Formal Methods?...................................................190
Related sections include:..............................................................191
Challenges ....................................................................................191
Chapter 8. Pragmatic Projects ...............................................................192
Pragmatic Teams ................................................................................192
No Broken Windows ........................................................................193
Boiled Frogs .....................................................................................193 
Communicate ...................................................................................193
Don't Repeat Yourself......................................................................194
Orthogonality...................................................................................194
Automation ......................................................................................196
Know When to Stop Adding Paint ..................................................196
Related sections include:..............................................................196
Challenges ....................................................................................196
Ubiquitous Automation.......................................................................197
All on Automatic..............................................................................197
Compiling the Project ......................................................................198
Generating Code...........................................................................198
Regression Tests...........................................................................199
Recursive make.......................................................................................199
Build Automation ............................................................................199
Final Builds..................................................................................200
Automatic Administrivia.................................................................200
Web Site Generation ....................................................................200
Approval Procedures....................................................................201
The Cobbler's Children....................................................................201
Related sections include:..............................................................201
Challenges ....................................................................................202
Ruthless Testing..................................................................................202
What to Test.....................................................................................203
Unit Testing .................................................................................203
Integration Testing ......................................................................204
Validation and Verification .........................................................204
Resource Exhaustion, Errors, and Recovery...............................204
Performance Testing....................................................................205
Usability Testing..........................................................................205
Look at usability in terms of human factors. Were there any miIt's All
Writing.................................................................................................205
Comments in Code...........................................................................206
Executable Documents ....................................................................208
What if My Document Isn't Plain Text? ................................................208
Technical Writers ............................................................................209
Print It or Weave It .........................................................................209
Markup Languages..........................................................................210
Related sections include:..............................................................210
Challenges ....................................................................................211
How to Test ......................................................................................211
Design/Methodology Testing ..................................................................211
Regression Testing.......................................................................212
Test Data ......................................................................................212
Exercising GUI Systems ..............................................................213 
Testing the Tests..........................................................................213
Testing Thoroughly......................................................................214
When to Test....................................................................................214
Tightening the Net ..........................................................................215
Related sections include:..............................................................215
Challenges ....................................................................................215
Great Expectations..............................................................................216
Communicating Expectations .........................................................216
The Extra Mile.................................................................................217
Related sections include:..............................................................217
Challenges ....................................................................................218
Pride and Prejudice.............................................................................218
Appendix A. Resources ...........................................................................220
Professional Societies..........................................................................220
Building a Library...............................................................................221
Periodicals........................................................................................221
Weekly Trade Papers.......................................................................221
Books ................................................................................................221
Analysis and Design ........................................................................222
Teams and Projects..........................................................................222
Specific Environments.....................................................................222
The Web ...........................................................................................223
Internet Resources ..............................................................................223
Editors..............................................................................................223
Emacs ...............................................................................................223
[URL l] The Emacs Editor ...........................................................223
[URL 2] The XEmacs Editor........................................................224
vi.......................................................................................................224
[URL 3] The Vim Editor...............................................................224
[URL 4] The elvis Editor..............................................................224
[URL 5] Emacs Viper Mode .........................................................224
Compilers, Languages, and Development Tools ............................224
[URL 6] The GNU C/C   Compiler.............................................224
[URL 7] The Java Language from Sun .......................................224
[URL 8] Perl Language Home Page ............................................225
[URL 9] The Python Language....................................................225
[URL 10] SmallEiffel....................................................................225
[URL 11] ISE Eiffel......................................................................225
[URL 12] Sather ...........................................................................225
[URL 13] VisualWorks.................................................................225
[URL 14] The Squeak Language Environment ..........................225
[URL 15] The TOM Programming Language .............................226
[URL 16] The Beowulf Project.....................................................226
[URL 17] iContract—Design by Contract Tool for Java.............226 
[URL 18] Nana—Logging and Assertions for C and C  ...........226
[URL 19] DDD–Data Display Debugger .....................................226
[URL 20] John Brant's Refactoring Browser ..............................226
[URL 21 ] DOC   Documentation Generator.............................226
[URL 22] xUnit–Unit Testing Framework..................................227
[URL 23] The Tcl Language ........................................................227
[URL 24] Expect—Automate Interaction with Programs ..........227
[URL 25] T Spaces........................................................................227
[URL 26] javaCC—Java Compiler-Compiler ..............................227
[URL 27] The bison Parser Generator ........................................227
[URL 28] SWIG—Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator228
[URL 29] The Object Management Group, Inc...........................228
Unix Tools Under DOS....................................................................228
[URL 30] The UWIN Development Tools....................................228
[URL 31 ] The Cygnus Cygwin Tools ..........................................228
[URL 32] Perl Power Tools ..........................................................228
Source Code Control Tools ..............................................................229
[URL 33] RCS—Revision Control System...................................229
[URL 34] CVS—Concurrent Version System..............................229
[URL 35] Aegis Transaction-Based Configuration Management
......................................................................................................229
[URL 36] ClearCase .....................................................................229
[URL 37] MKS Source Integrity..................................................229
[URL 38] PVCS Configuration Management..............................229
[URL 39] Visual SourceSafe ........................................................229
[URL 40] Perforce.........................................................................229
Other Tools.......................................................................................230
[URL 41] WinZip—Archive Utility for Windows ........................230
[URL 42] The Z Shell ...................................................................230
[URL 43] A Free SMB Client for Unix Systems .........................230
Papers and Publications..................................................................230
[URL 44] The comp.object FAQ...................................................230
[URL 45] eXtreme Programming ................................................230
[URL 46] Alistair Cockburn's Home Page...................................231
[URL 47] Martin Fowler's Home Page........................................231
[URL 48] Robert C. Martin's Home Page....................................231
[URL 49] Aspect-Oriented Programming....................................231
[URL 50] JavaSpaces Specification.............................................231
[URL 51] Netscape Source Code..................................................231
[URL 52] The Jargon File............................................................231
[URL 53] Eric S. Raymond's Papers............................................232
[URL 54] The K Desktop Environment.......................................232
[URL 55] The GNU Image Manipulation Program ....................232
[URL 56] The Demeter Project ....................................................232 
Miscellaneous...................................................................................232
[URL 57] The GNU Project..........................................................232
[URL 58] Web Server Information ..............................................232
Bibliography ........................................................................................234
Appendix B. Answers to Exercises.........................................................237