旋翼机飞行手册.pdf

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CONTENTS
vi
Powerplant Limitations.......................................6-2
Weight and Loading Distribution .......................6-2
Flight Limitations ...............................................6-3
Placards...............................................................6-3
Emergency Procedures ............................................6-3
Normal Procedures..................................................6-3
Performance.............................................................6-3
Weight and Balance.................................................6-4
Aircraft and Systems Description ...........................6-4
Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance ...................6-4
Supplements ............................................................6-4
Safety and Operational Tips....................................6-4
Chapter 7—Weight and Balance
Weight......................................................................7-1
Basic Empty Weight ...........................................7-1
Useful Load ........................................................7-1
Payload................................................................7-1
Gross Weight.......................................................7-1
Maximum Gross Weight.....................................7-1
Weight Limitations .............................................7-1
Determining Empty Weight................................7-1
Balance ....................................................................7-2
Center of Gravity ................................................7-2
CG Forward of Forward Limit.......................7-2
CG Aft of Aft Limit .......................................7-2
Lateral Balance ...................................................7-3
Weight and Balance Calculations............................7-3
Reference Datum ................................................7-3
Arm .....................................................................7-4
Moment...............................................................7-4
Center of Gravity Computation ..........................7-4
Weight and Balance Methods..................................7-4
Computational Method .......................................7-4
Loading Chart Method........................................7-5
Sample Problem 1 ..........................................7-5
Sample Problem 2 ..........................................7-5
Sample Problem 3 ..........................................7-6
Combination Method ..........................................7-6
Calculating Lateral CG.......................................7-7
Chapter 8—Performance
Factors Affecting Performance................................8-1
Density Altitude ..................................................8-1
Atmospheric Pressure .........................................8-1
Altitude ...............................................................8-2
Temperature ........................................................8-2
Moisture (Humidity)...........................................8-2
High and Low Density Altitude Conditions.......8-2
Weight .................................................................8-2
Winds ..................................................................8-2
Performance Charts .................................................8-3
Hovering Performance........................................8-3
Sample Problem 1 ..........................................8-4
Sample Problem 2 ..........................................8-4
Takeoff Performance...........................................8-5
Sample Problem 3 ..........................................8-5
Climb Performance.............................................8-5
Sample Problem 4 ..........................................8-6
Chapter 9—Basic Flight Maneuvers
Preflight ...................................................................9-1
Minimum Equipment Lists (MELS) and
Operations With Inoperative Equipment ............9-1
Engine Start and Rotor Engagement.......................9-2
Rotor Safety Considerations...............................9-2
Safety In and Around Helicopters ......................9-3
Ramp Attendants and Aircraft
Servicing Personnel........................................9-3
Aircraft Servicing...........................................9-3
External-Load Riggers ...................................9-3
Pilot at the Flight Controls.............................9-3
External-Load Hookup Personnel..................9-3
Passengers ......................................................9-4
Vertical Takeoff to a Hover .....................................9-5
Technique............................................................9-5
Common Errors ..................................................9-5
Hovering..................................................................9-5
Technique............................................................9-5
Common Errors ..................................................9-5
Hovering Turn .........................................................9-6
Technique............................................................9-6
Common Errors ..................................................9-7
Hovering—Forward Flight......................................9-7
Technique............................................................9-7
Common Errors ..................................................9-7
Hovering—Sideward Flight ....................................9-7
Technique............................................................9-7
Common Errors ..................................................9-8
Hovering—Rearward Flight....................................9-8
Technique............................................................9-8
Common Errors ..................................................9-8
Taxiing.....................................................................9-8
Hover Taxi ..........................................................9-9
Air Taxi ...............................................................9-9
Technique .......................................................9-9
Common Errors..............................................9-9
Surface Taxi ........................................................9-9
Technique .......................................................9-9
Common Errors............................................9-10
Normal Takeoff From a Hover..............................9-10
Technique..........................................................9-10
Common Errors ................................................9-10
Normal Takeoff From the Surface.........................9-11
Technique ..........................................................9-11
Common Errors.................................................9-11
Crosswind Considerations
During Takeoffs ................................................9-11
Straight-and-Level Flight ......................................9-12
vii
Technique..........................................................9-12
Common Errors ................................................9-12
Turns......................................................................9-12
Technique..........................................................9-12
Slips ..................................................................9-13
Skids..................................................................9-13
Common Errors ................................................9-13
Normal Climb........................................................9-13
Technique..........................................................9-13
Common Errors ................................................9-14
Normal Descent.....................................................9-14
Technique..........................................................9-14
Common Errors ................................................9-14
Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................9-14
Rectangular Course...........................................9-14
S-Turns..............................................................9-16
Turns Around a Point........................................9-17
Common Errors During Ground
Reference Maneuvers .......................................9-18
Traffic Patterns ......................................................9-18
Approaches............................................................9-19
Normal Approach to a Hover ...........................9-19
Technique .....................................................9-19
Common Errors............................................9-19
Normal Approach to the Surface ......................9-20
Technique .....................................................9-20
Common Errors............................................9-20
Crosswind During Approaches.........................9-20
Go-Around.............................................................9-20
After Landing and Securing..................................9-20
Noise Abatement Procedures ................................9-20
Chapter 10—Advanced Maneuvers
Reconnaissance Procedures...................................10-1
High Reconnaissance........................................10-1
Low Reconnaissance ........................................10-1
Ground Reconnaissance....................................10-1
Maximum Performance Takeoff ...........................10-2
Technique..........................................................10-2
Common Errors ................................................10-2
Running/Rolling Takeoff.......................................10-2
Technique..........................................................10-3
Common Errors ................................................10-3
Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop)..........................10-3
Technique..........................................................10-3
Common Errors ................................................10-4
Steep Approach to a Hover ...................................10-4
Technique..........................................................10-4
Common Errors ................................................10-5
Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On
Landing..................................................................10-5
Technique..........................................................10-5
Common Errors ................................................10-5
Slope Operations ...................................................10-6
Slope Landing...................................................10-6
Technique.....................................................10-6
Common Errors............................................10-6
Slope Takeoff ....................................................10-6
Technique.....................................................10-7
Common Errors............................................10-7
Confined Area Operations.....................................10-7
Approach...........................................................10-7
Takeoff ..............................................................10-8
Common Errors ................................................10-8
Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations .......................10-8
Approach and Landing .....................................10-8
Takeoff ..............................................................10-9
Common Errors ................................................10-9
Chapter 11—Helicopter Emergencies
Autorotation...........................................................11-1
Straight-in Autorotation ....................................11-2
Technique .....................................................11-2
Common Errors............................................11-3
Power Recovery From Practice
Autorotation ......................................................11-3
Technique .....................................................11-3
Common Errors............................................11-3
Autorotation With Turns ...................................11-3
Technique .....................................................11-3
Power Failure in a Hover..................................11-4
Technique .....................................................11-4
Common Errors............................................11-4
Height/Velocity Diagram.......................................11-4
The Effect of Weight Versus
Density Altitude ................................................11-5
Vortex Ring State (Settling With Power) ..............11-5
Retreating Blade Stall............................................11-6
Ground Resonance.................................................11-7
Dynamic Rollover .................................................11-7
Critical Conditions............................................11-8
Cyclic Trim .......................................................11-8
Normal Takeoffs and Landings.........................11-8
Slope Takeoffs and Landings............................11-8
Use of Collective ..............................................11-9
Precautions........................................................11-9
Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping ...............11-10
Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall ........................11-10
Recovery From Low Rotor RPM........................11-10
Systems Malfunctions..........................................11-11
Antitorque System Failure ..............................11-11
Landing—Stuck Left Pedal........................11-11
Landing—Stuck Neutral or
Right Pedal .................................................11-12
Unanticipated Yaw / Loss of Tail Rotor
Effectiveness (LTE) ........................................11-12
Main Rotor Disc Interference
(285-315°) .......................................................11-12
Weathercock Stability
(120-240°) .......................................................11-13
viii
Tail Rotor Vortex Ring State
(210-330°) .......................................................11-13
LTE at Altitude...........................................11-13
Reducing the Onset of LTE .......................11-13
Recovery Technique...................................11-14
Main Drive Shaft Failure................................11-14
Hydraulic Failures...........................................11-14
Governor Failure.............................................11-14
Abnormal Vibrations.......................................11-14
Low Frequency Vibrations.........................11-15
Medium and High Frequency
Vibrations ...................................................11-15
Tracking and Balance ................................11-15
Flight Diversion...................................................11-15
Lost Procedures ...................................................11-16
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear..........11-16
Chapter 12—Attitude Instrument Flying
Flight Instruments .................................................12-1
Pitot-Static Instruments ....................................12-1
Airspeed Indicator........................................12-1
Instrument Check.........................................12-1
Altimeter ......................................................12-2
Instrument Check.....................................12-2
Vertical Speed Indicator....................................12-2
Instrument Check.........................................12-2
System Errors...............................................12-2
Gyroscopic Instruments ....................................12-3
Attitude Indicator.........................................12-3
Heading Indicator ........................................12-3
Turn Indicators.............................................12-4
Instrument Check.........................................12-4
Magnetic Compass............................................12-4
Compass Errors............................................12-4
Magnetic Variation.......................................12-4
Compass Deviation..................................12-5
Magnetic Dip ...........................................12-5
Instrument Check.....................................12-5
Instrument Flight ...................................................12-5
Instrument Cross-Check ...................................12-5
Instrument Interpretation ..................................12-6
Aircraft Control ................................................12-7
Straight-and-Level Flight..................................12-7
Pitch Control................................................12-7
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-8
Altimeter..................................................12-8
Vertical Speed Indicator ..........................12-8
Airspeed Indicator ...................................12-9
Bank Control................................................12-9
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-9
Heading Indicator ..................................12-10
Turn Indicator ........................................12-10
Common Errors During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-10
Power Control During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-11
Common Errors During
Airspeed Changes.......................................12-11
Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed
and Constant Rate)..........................................12-11
Entry...........................................................12-12
Leveloff......................................................12-14
Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and
Constant Rate) ................................................12-14
Entry...........................................................12-14
Leveloff......................................................12-15
Common Errors During
Straight Climbs and Descents ....................12-15
Turns...............................................................12-15
Turns to a Predetermined Heading ............12-16
Timed Turns...............................................12-16
Change of Airspeed in Turns.................12-16
30° Bank Turn............................................12-17
Climbing and Descending Turns ...............12-17
Compass Turns...........................................12-17
Common Errors During Turns...................12-18
Unusual Attitudes............................................12-18
Common Errors During Unusual
Attitude Recoveries....................................12-18
Emergencies ........................................................12-18
Autorotations ..................................................12-19
Common Errors During
Autorotations..............................................12-19
Servo Failure...................................................12-19
Instrument Takeoff ..............................................12-19
Common Errors During
Instrument Takeoffs ........................................12-20
Chapter 13—Night Operations
Night Flight Physiology ........................................13-1
Vision in Flight .................................................13-1
The Eye.............................................................13-1
Cones ................................................................13-1
Rods ..................................................................13-2
Night Vision......................................................13-2
Night Scanning .................................................13-2
Aircraft Lighting...............................................13-3
Visual Illusions .................................................13-3
Autokinesis ..................................................13-3
Night Myopia...............................................13-3
False Horizon...............................................13-3
Landing Illusions .........................................13-4
Night Flight ...........................................................13-4
Preflight ............................................................13-4
Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement ...........13-4
Taxi Technique..................................................13-4
Takeoff ..............................................................13-4
En route Procedures..........................................13-5
ix
Collision Avoidance at Night............................13-5
Approach and Landing .....................................13-5
Chapter 14—Aeronautical Decision Making
Origins of ADM Training......................................14-2
The Decision-Making Process ..............................14-3
Defining the Problem........................................14-3
Choosing a Course of Action............................14-3
Implementing the Decision and
Evaluating the Outcome ...................................14-3
Risk Management..................................................14-4
Assessing Risk ..................................................14-4
Factors Affecting Decision Making ......................14-5
Pilot Self-Assessment .......................................14-5
Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes ....................14-5
Stress management ...........................................14-6
Use of Resources ..............................................14-6
Internal Resources........................................14-7
External Resources.......................................14-7
Workload Management.....................................14-7
Situational Awareness .......................................14-8
Obstacles to Maintaining
Situational Awareness ..................................14-8
Operational Pitfalls.......................................14-8
GYROPLANE
Chapter 15—Introduction to the Gyroplane
Types of Gyroplanes..............................................15-1
Components...........................................................15-2
Airframe............................................................15-2
Powerplant ........................................................15-2
Rotor System ....................................................15-2
Tail Surfaces .....................................................15-2
Landing Gear ....................................................15-3
Wings ................................................................15-3
Chapter 16—Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane
Autorotation...........................................................16-1
Vertical Autorotation.........................................16-1
Rotor Disc Regions...........................................16-2
Autorotation in Forward Flight ........................16-2
Reverse Flow................................................16-3
Retreating Blade Stall ..................................16-3
Rotor Force............................................................16-3
Rotor Lift ..........................................................16-4
Rotor Drag ........................................................16-4
Thrust.....................................................................16-4
Stability .................................................................16-5
Horizontal Stabilizer.........................................16-5
Fuselage Drag (Center of Pressure)..................16-5
Pitch Inertia.......................................................16-5
Propeller Thrust Line........................................16-5
Rotor Force .......................................................16-6
Trimmed Condition...........................................16-6
Chapter 17—Gyroplane Flight Controls
Cyclic Control .......................................................17-1
Throttle ..................................................................17-1
Rudder ...................................................................17-2
Horizontal Tail Surfaces........................................17-2
Collective Control .................................................17-2
Chapter 18—Gyroplane Systems
Propulsion Systems ...............................................18-1
Rotor Systems .......................................................18-1
Semirigid Rotor System....................................18-1
Fully Articulated Rotor System ........................18-1
Prerotator ...............................................................18-2
Mechanical Prerotator.......................................18-2
Hydraulic Prerotator .........................................18-2
Electric Prerotator.............................................18-3
Tip Jets..............................................................18-3
Instrumentation......................................................18-3
Engine Instruments ...........................................18-3
Rotor Tachometer .............................................18-3
Slip/Skid Indicator ............................................18-4
Airspeed Indicator ............................................18-4
Altimeter ...........................................................18-4
IFR Flight Instrumentation ...............................18-4
Ground Handling...................................................18-4
Chapter 19—Rotorcraft Flight Manual
(Gyroplane)
Using the Flight Manual........................................19-1
Weight and Balance Section .............................19-1
Sample Problem ...........................................19-1
Performance Section.........................................19-2
Sample Problem ...........................................19-2
Height/Velocity Diagram .............................19-3
Emergency Section ...........................................19-3
Hang Test...............................................................19-4
Chapter 20—Flight Operations
Preflight .................................................................20-1
Cockpit Management........................................20-1
Engine Starting......................................................20-1
Taxiing...................................................................20-1
Blade Flap.........................................................20-1
Before Takeoff.......................................................20-2
Prerotation.........................................................20-2
Takeoff...................................................................20-3
Normal Takeoff.................................................20-3
Crosswind Takeoff ............................................20-4
Common Errors for Normal and
Crosswind Takeoffs ..........................................20-4
Short-Field Takeoff...........................................20-4
x
Common Errors............................................20-4
High-Altitude Takeoff ..................................20-4
Soft-Field Takeoff.............................................20-5
Common Errors............................................20-5
Jump Takeoff................................................20-5
Basic Flight Maneuvers.........................................20-6
Straight-and-Level Flight..................................20-6
Climbs...............................................................20-6
Descents ............................................................20-7
Turns .................................................................20-7
Slips..............................................................20-7
Skids.............................................................20-7
Common Errors During Basic
Flight Maneuvers ..............................................20-8
Steep Turns .......................................................20-8
Common Errors............................................20-8
Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................20-8
Rectangular Course...........................................20-8
S-Turns............................................................20-10
Turns Around a Point......................................20-11
Common Errors During
Ground Reference Maneuvers ........................20-11
Flight at Slow Airspeeds .....................................20-12
Common Errors ..............................................20-12
High Rate of Descent ..........................................20-12
Common Errors ..............................................20-13
Landings ..............................................................20-13
Normal Landing..............................................20-13
Short-Field Landing........................................20-13
Soft-Field Landing..........................................20-14
Crosswind Landing.........................................20-14
High-Altitude Landing....................................20-14
Common Errors During Landing....................20-15
Go-Around...........................................................20-15
Common Errors ..............................................20-15
After Landing and Securing................................20-15
Chapter 21—Gyroplane Emergencies
Aborted Takeoff.....................................................21-1
Accelerate/Stop Distance..................................21-1
Lift-off at Low Airspeed and
High Angle of Attack ............................................21-1
Common Errors ................................................21-2
Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO) ............................21-2
Buntover (Power Pushover) ..................................21-3
Ground Resonance ................................................21-3
Emergency Approach and Landing.......................21-3
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear............21-4
Chapter 22—Gyroplane Aeronautical Decision
Making
Impulsivity.............................................................22-1
Invulnerability .......................................................22-1
Macho....................................................................22-2
Resignation............................................................22-2
Anti-Authority .......................................................22-3
Glossary.................................................................G-1
Index........................................................................I-1