Phased Array Antenna Handbook.pdf

【实例截图】

【核心代码】

Contents
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xii
Preface to the First Edition xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1
Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 System Requirements for Radar and Communication
Antennas 1
1.1.2 Directive Properties of Arrays 1
1.1.3 Array Noise Characterization 4
1.1.4 The Receiving Antenna in a Polarized Plane Wave Field 8
1.1.5 System Considerations 10
1.1.6 Monopulse Beam Splitting 11
1.2 Array Characterization for Radar and Communication Systems 12
1.2.1 Scanning and Collimation of Linear and Planar Arrays 15
1.2.2 Phase Scanning in One Dimension (ϕ0 = 0) 15
1.2.3 Two-Dimensional Scanning of Planar Arrays 18
1.2.4 Beamwidth and Directivity of Scanning Arrays 18
1.2.5 Directivity of Linear Arrays 22
1.2.6 Directivity of Planar Arrays 24
1.2.7 Array Realized Gain and Scan Loss 25
1.2.8 Grating Lobes of a Linear Array 26
1.2.9 Grating Lobes of a Planar Array 30
1.2.10 Bandwidth 31
1.2.11 Array Size Determination 35
1.2.12 EIRP and G/T for Large, Two-Dimensional Passive or
Active Arrays 35
1.2.13 Gain Limitations Due to Circuit Losses 37
1.2.14 Directivity and Illumination Errors: Random Error and
Quantization Error 39
1.2.15 Minimum Number of Elements versus Scan Coverage:
Limited Field-of-View Arrays 42
1.2.16 Time-Delay Compensation 44
6737 Book.indb 5 10/26/17 4:15 PM
vi Contents
1.3 Array Architecture and Control Technology 45
1.3.1 Array Aperture 45
1.3.2 Feed Architectures 48
1.3.3 Beamforming and Relevant Architectures 53
1.3.4 RF Components for Array Control 56
1.3.5 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Technology 59
1.3.6 Antenna Components for Mobile Phones 59
1.3.7 Metamaterials for Array Control 60
References 61
Chapter 2
Pattern Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays 65
2.1 Array Analysis 65
2.1.1 The Radiation Integrals 65
2.1.2 Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain
Computed from Element Patterns 69
2.2 Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays 76
2.2.1 Linear Array Characteristics 76
2.2.2 Planar Array Characteristics 85
2.3 Scanning to Endfire 91
2.4 Thinned Arrays 94
2.4.1 Average Patterns of Density-Tapered Arrays 96
2.4.2 Probabilistic Studies of Thinned Arrays 97
2.4.3 Thinned Arrays with Quantized Amplitude Distributions 102
References 110
Chapter 3
Pattern Synthesis for Linear and Planar Arrays 113
3.1 Linear Arrays and Planar Arrays with Separable Distributions 114
3.1.1 Fourier Transform Method 114
3.1.2 Schelkunov’s (Schelkunoff’s) Form 114
3.1.3 Woodward Synthesis 117
3.1.4 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis 120
3.1.5 Taylor Line Source Synthesis 126
3.1.6 Modified sin πz/πz Patterns 134
3.1.7 Bayliss Line Source Difference Patterns 136
3.1.8 Synthesis Methods Based on Taylor Patterns: Elliott’s
Modified Taylor Patterns and the Iterative Method of Elliott 139
3.1.9 Discretization of Continuous Aperture Illuminations by
Root Matching and Iteration 145
3.1.10 Power Pattern Parameter Optimization Based upon the
Ratio of Quadratic Forms 146
3.2 Numerical Methods of Pattern Synthesis 149
3.2.1 Numerical Power Pattern Synthesis 149
3.2.2 The Alternating Projection Method 158
3.2.3 Numerical Pattern Synthesis Subject to Constraints 162
6737 Book.indb 6 10/26/17 4:15 PM
Contents vii
3.3 Circular Planar Arrays 164
3.3.1 Taylor Circular Array Synthesis 164
3.3.2 Bayliss Difference Patterns for Circular Arrays 166
3.4 Methods of Pattern Optimization and Adaptive Arrays 168
3.4.1 Introduction 168
3.4.2 Generalized S/N Optimization for Sidelobe Cancelers and
Phased and Multiple-Beam Arrays 171
3.4.3 Operation as Sidelobe Canceler 174
3.4.4 Fully Adaptive Phased or Multiple-Beam Arrays 177
3.4.5 Wideband Adaptive Control 179
3.5 Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Inversion 184
3.6 Pattern Synthesis Including Mutual Coupling 186
3.6.1 Introduction 186
3.6.2 Pattern Synthesis Using Mutual Coupling Parameters 187
3.6.3 Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns 188
3.6.4 Array Failure Correction 189
References 191
Chapter 4
Patterns of Nonplanar Arrays 197
4.1 Introduction 197
4.1.1 Methods of Analysis for General Conformal Arrays 198
4.2 Patterns of Circular and Cylindrical Arrays 199
4.2.1 Phase Mode Excitation of Circular Arrays 202
4.2.2 Patterns and Elevation Scan 206
4.2.3 Circular and Cylindrical Arrays of Directional Elements 207
4.2.4 Sector Arrays on Conducting Cylinders 210
4.3 Spherical and Hemispherical Arrays 233
4.4 Truncated Conical Arrays 234
References 234
Chapter 5
Elements for Phased Arrays 239
5.1 Array Elements 239
5.2 Polarization Characteristics of Infinitesimal Elements in Free Space 239
5.3 Electric Current (Wire) Antenna Elements 242
5.3.1 Effective Radius of Wire Structures with Noncircular
Cross-Section 242
5.3.2 The Dipole and the Monopole 242
5.3.3 Special Feeds for Dipoles and Monopoles 246
5.3.4 Dipoles Fed Off-Center 249
5.3.5 The Sleeve Dipole and Monopole 251
5.3.6 The Bowtie and Other Wideband Dipoles 253
5.3.7 The Folded Dipole 254
5.3.8 Microstrip Dipoles 256
5.3.9 Other Wire Antenna Structures 256
6737 Book.indb 7 10/26/17 4:15 PM
viii Contents
5.4 Wideband Array Elements 258
5.4.1 Introduction 258
5.4.2 Self-Complementary Elements 259
5.4.3 TEM Horn Element 260
5.4.4 Long-Slot Array 260
5.4.5 Spiral Elements and Arrays 262
5.4.6 Broadband Tapered Slot and Vivaldi Arrays 262
5.4.7 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna 266
5.4.8 Broadband Dipole Elements 267
5.4.9 Bunny Ear 268
5.4.10 Capacitively Coupled Dipoles 268
5.5 Aperture Antenna Elements 273
5.5.1 Slot Elements 273
5.5.2 Waveguide Radiators 275
5.5.3 Ridged Waveguide Elements 278
5.5.4 Horn Elements 280
5.6 Microstrip Patch Elements 280
5.6.1 Microstrip Patch 280
5.6.2 The Balanced Fed Radiator of Collings 288
5.7 Elements for Alternative Transmission Lines 289
5.8 Elements and Row (Column) Arrays for One-Dimensional Scan 289
5.8.1 Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Elements 291
5.8.2 Printed Circuit Series-Fed Arrays 295
5.9 Elements and Polarizers for Polarization Diversity 296
References 302
Chapter 6
Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Effects 313
6.1 Mutual Impedance Effects 313
6.2 Integral Equation Formulation for Radiation and Coupling in
Finite and Infinite Arrays 315
6.2.1 Formulation and Results for Finite Arrays 315
6.2.2 Formulation and Results for Infinite Arrays 319
6.3 Array Blindness and Surface Waves 329
6.4 Impedance and Element Patterns in Well-Behaved Infinite Scanning
Arrays 342
6.5 Semi-Infinite and Finite Arrays 353
6.6 Impedance Matching for Wide Angle and Wideband Radiation 353
6.6.1 Reduced Element Spacing 354
6.6.2 Dielectric WAIM Sheets 356
6.7 Mutual Coupling Phenomena for Nonplanar Surfaces 358
6.8 Small Arrays and Waveguide Simulators for the Evaluation of
Phased Array Scan Behavior 363
6.8.1 Several Useful Simulators 367
References 369
6737 Book.indb 8 10/26/17 4:15 PM
Contents ix
Chapter 7
Array Error Effects 375
7.1 Introduction 375
7.2 Effects of Random Amplitude and Phase Errors in Periodic Arrays 375
7.2.1 Average Pattern Characteristics 377
7.2.2 Directivity 380
7.2.3 Beam Pointing Error 380
7.2.4 Peak Sidelobes 381
7.3 Sidelobe Levels Due to Periodic Phase, Amplitude, and Time-Delay
Quantization 384
7.3.1 Characteristics of an Array of Uniformly Illuminated
Contiguous Subarrays 385
7.3.2 Phase Quantization in a Uniformly Illuminated Array 388
7.3.3 Reduction of Sidelobes Due to Phase Quantization 393
7.3.4 Subarrays with Quantized Amplitude Taper 396
7.3.5 Time Delay at the Subarray Ports 397
7.3.6 Discrete Phase or Time-Delayed Subarrays with
Quantized Subarray Amplitudes 398
References 399
Chapter 8
Multiple Beam Antennas 401
8.1 Introduction 401
8.1.1 Multiple Beam Systems 402
8.1.2 Beam Crossover Loss 403
8.2 Orthogonality Loss and the Stein Limit 407
8.2.1 Introduction 407
8.2.2 Orthogonality of the psinc Functions and their Source
Vectors 408
8.2.3 Power Dividers for Multiple Beam Networks 409
8.2.4 Efficiency of Multiple Beam Radiation—Stein’s Limit 411
8.2.5 Multiple-Beam Matrices and Optical Beamformers 417
8.3 Multiple-Beam Lens and Reflector Systems 421
8.3.1 Multiple Beam Lenses 423
8.3.2 Reflectors for Scanning and Multiple Beams 425
8.3.3 Reflectarrays 426
References 430
Chapter 9
Special Arrays for Limited Field of View and Wideband Coverage 435
9.1 Antenna Techniques for Limited Field of View and Wideband
Systems 435
9.1.1 Minimum Number of Controls 436
9.1.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Arrays for Limited Field of View 439
9.1.3 Aperiodic and Thinned Arrays 455
6737 Book.indb 9 10/26/17 4:15 PM
x Contents
9.2 Completely Overlapped Subarrays 464
9.2.1 Constrained Network for Completely Overlapped Subarrays 464
9.2.2 Reflectors and Lenses with Array Feeds 472
9.2.3 Practical Design of a Dual-Transform System 493
9.3 Wideband Scanning Systems 497
9.3.1 Broadband Arrays with Time-Delayed Offset Beams 497
9.3.2 Contiguous Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems 498
9.3.3 Overlapped Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems 501
References 508
About the Authors 513
Index 515