Automotive Antenna Design and Applications.pdf

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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. xiii
Lead Author...........................................................................................................xv
List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................... xvii
1. Automotive Antennas Overview: Patents, Papers, and Products.........1
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................1
1.2 AM/FM Antenna Systems...................................................................3
1.2.1 AM/FM Broadcasting Frequency Range .............................3
1.2.2 Printed-on-Glass Antennas....................................................3
1.2.3 Short Mast Helical Roof Antennas........................................5
1.3 Cellular Phone Antennas.....................................................................6
1.4 Car TV Antennas ..................................................................................8
1.4.1 Terrestrial Systems...................................................................8
1.4.2 Satellite TV Antennas..............................................................8
1.4.3 Internet TV in Vehicles............................................................9
1.5 Satellite Radio Antennas.................................................................... 10
1.6 GPS Antenna Systems ........................................................................ 11
1.7 Antennas for Short Range Communications ..................................12
1.7.1 Introduction............................................................................12
1.7.2 Remote Start Engine and Remote Keyless
Entry Antennas ...................................................................... 13
1.7.3 Tire Pressure Sensors ............................................................ 15
1.7.4 Electronic Toll Collection Systems ...................................... 16
1.8 Thin Film Antennas............................................................................ 18
1.9 Digital Audio Broadcasting Design ................................................. 19
1.10 Automotive Radar Antenna Systems...............................................20
1.11 Antenna Packaging Issues................................................................. 21
1.12 Summary..............................................................................................22
References .......................................................................................................23
2. Basic Antenna Parameters and Definitions ............................................27
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................27
2.2 Far Zone and Radiation Pattern........................................................27
2.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern Measurements .......................29
2.4 Directivity, Gain, Average Gain, and Antenna Beamwidth ......... 31
2.5 Impedance, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Bandwidth,
and Quality Factor..............................................................................34
2.6 Impedance Matching Between Antenna and Car Receiver..........36
2.7 Electrically Small Antennas ..............................................................36
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2.8 Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors........................................ 37
2.9 Notes on Decibels................................................................................39
2.10 Converting Field Strength to Power.................................................40
References ....................................................................................................... 41
3. Active and Diversity Receiving Antenna Systems................................43
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................43
3.2 Signal and Noise Analysis of Active Antenna ...............................44
3.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.............................................................44
3.2.2 Antenna Noise Temperature................................................47
3.3 Low Noise Amplifier Parameters .....................................................48
3.3.1 Introduction............................................................................48
3.3.2 S Parameters ...........................................................................48
3.3.3 Stability Analysis ...................................................................49
3.3.4 Amplifier Gain .......................................................................49
3.3.5 Matching for Maximum Amplifier Gain............................ 51
3.3.6 Noise Matching Design ........................................................ 52
3.3.7 Output Gain Matching for Noise Matched LNA..............53
3.3.8 Low Noise Amplifier Distortion Parameters.....................53
3.3.9 Measurement Set-Up to Estimate Third-Order
Intermodulation Distortions ................................................54
3.4 Active Antenna Gain..........................................................................55
3.5 Low Noise Amplifiers for Electrically Small Antennas ................56
3.6 Diversity Techniques ..........................................................................56
References .......................................................................................................60
4. Audio Broadcasting Antennas ...................................................................63
4.1 AM/FM Whip Antenna.....................................................................63
4.2 Printed-on-Glass AM/FM Antennas ...............................................64
4.2.1 Introduction............................................................................64
4.2.1.1 Rear Glass Systems.................................................65
4.2.1.2 Side Glass Systems .................................................65
4.2.1.3 Front (Windshield) Systems..................................65
4.2.1.4 Diversity Window Antennas................................65
4.2.2 Passive Windshield Antennas..............................................66
4.2.2.1 FM Frequency Range.............................................66
4.2.2.2 AM Frequency Range............................................69
4.2.3 Simulation Results .................................................................73
4.2.4 Side Glass Antenna Pattern Example .................................75
4.2.5 Amplifier Circuit for AM/FM Antenna System ............... 76
4.2.6 Amplifier with High Input Impedance ..............................83
4.3 Short Roof AM/FM Antenna ............................................................84
4.3.1 Helix Antenna Radiation Modes.........................................84
4.3.2 Helix Antenna for FM Frequency Band.............................86
4.4 Short Meander Antenna.....................................................................87
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4.5 Diversity FM Antennas......................................................................89
4.5.1 Two Antenna Diversity Elements........................................89
4.5.2 Single Reconfigurable Antenna Element for Space
Diversity Applications .......................................................... 91
4.5.3 Correlation Signal Analysis for Car Roof Spaced
Antennas .................................................................................92
4.6 Antennas for Digital Audio Broadcasting.......................................93
4.6.1 L Band Antenna Geometry ..................................................93
4.6.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements for L Band
Antenna...................................................................................97
4.6.3 Antennas for Band III............................................................99
References ..................................................................................................... 103
5. Cellular Antennas ...................................................................................... 107
5.1 Single Band Monopole on Roof....................................................... 107
5.2 Glass Mounted Monopole................................................................ 113
5.3 Dual-Band Monopole ....................................................................... 114
5.4 Helix.................................................................................................... 116
5.4.1 Single Band Simulation Results......................................... 116
5.4.2 Dual-Band Helix .................................................................. 118
5.5 Compact Printed Circuit Board Antennas .................................... 120
5.5.1 Single Band Meander Line Design.................................... 120
5.5.2 Dual-Band Combined Design............................................123
5.5.3 Tri-Band Design ................................................................... 124
5.5.4 CPW-Fed Multiband Design .............................................. 124
5.5.5 Planar Inverted F Antenna................................................. 128
5.5.6 Hidden Printed Dipole........................................................ 131
5.5.7 Printed-on-Glass Design..................................................... 131
5.5.8 Antenova Series.................................................................... 131
5.6 Dual-Band Inverted F Design ......................................................... 134
5.7 Rear View Mirror Mount ................................................................. 135
5.8 Bumper Installation.......................................................................... 137
5.9 Combined FM/PCS Design............................................................. 138
5.10 Integrated AM/FM/AMPS/PCS Design ....................................... 140
5.11 Integrated PCS/RKE Design ........................................................... 140
5.12 Cellular Diversity Systems............................................................... 142
5.12.1 Spatial, Polarization, and Pattern Diversity..................... 142
5.12.2 Monopoles for Diversity Reception................................... 145
5.12.3 Switched Parasitic Elements for Diversity Design.......... 146
References ..................................................................................................... 148
6 TV Antennas for Cars................................................................................ 151
6.1 Satellite TV Antennas....................................................................... 151
6.1.1 Satellite TV System Requirements..................................... 151
6.1.2 Ridged Waveguide Antenna Array................................... 152
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6.1.3 Electronic Beam-Controlled Phase Array ........................ 153
6.1.4 G/T Estimation..................................................................... 155
6.2 Antennas for Digital Terrestrial TV ............................................... 157
6.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 157
6.2.2 H-Shaped Glass Configuration.......................................... 158
6.2.3 Simple Meander Window Glass Design........................... 164
6.3 Printed-on-Glass Patent Examples ................................................. 166
6.4 Bumper Diversity System ................................................................ 169
6.5 Compact Mast Monopole................................................................. 171
References ..................................................................................................... 172
7 Satellite Radio Antennas .......................................................................... 175
7.1 Basic Passive Antenna Requirements ............................................ 175
7.1.1 Parameters for Sirius Service (2320 to 2332.5 MHz)........ 175
7.1.2 Parameters for XM Service (2332.5 to 2345 MHz)........... 175
7.2 System With Two Antenna Elements ............................................. 175
7.3 System With Single Patch Antenna Element................................. 177
7.4 Simplified Engineering Formulas for Rectangular Passive
Patch Parameters ............................................................................... 178
7.4.1 Geometry Dimensions for Linear Polarization............... 178
7.4.2 Circular Polarization Geometry ........................................ 179
7.4.3 Performances of Passive Antenna Elements.................... 181
7.4.4 Circular Polarization Design Guidelines ......................... 182
7.5 Simulated Example of SDARS Patch .............................................. 183
7.6 Commercially Available Passive Elements.................................... 185
7.7 Vertical Polarization Gain of Patch Antenna at Horizon
Angle Direction................................................................................. 186
7.8 Ground Size Effects .......................................................................... 187
7.9 On-Vehicle Antenna Location ......................................................... 189
7.10 Compact Dual-Polarized Antenna ................................................. 191
7.11 Low Profile Cross Slot Antenna for SDARS Application ............ 196
7.12 Glass Mount System ......................................................................... 197
7.13 XM Truck Antenna ........................................................................... 199
7.14 Active Design..................................................................................... 199
7.14.1 Antenna Amplifier Requirements..................................... 199
7.14.2 Amplifier Simulation Results............................................. 202
7.15 Commercially Available Modules ..................................................203
7.16 SDARS Parameter Measurements ..................................................204
7.16.1 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements
in Anechoic Chamber..........................................................204
7.16.2 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements
of Antenna Mounted on Car..............................................205
7.16.3 SDARS Antenna Noise Temperature ................................206
7.17 Diversity Circuits .............................................................................. 207
References ..................................................................................................... 210
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8 GPS Antennas ............................................................................................. 213
8.1 Typical GPS Antenna Parameters................................................... 213
8.2 Patch Parameters and Ground Plane Size ..................................... 214
8.3 On-Vehicle GPS Antenna Measurements...................................... 216
8.4 Circular Annular Ring Microstrip Antenna................................. 218
8.5 Dual-Band GPS Antenna .................................................................220
8.6 Tri-Band Applications ...................................................................... 224
8.7 Amplifier Circuit for Active Design...............................................226
8.8 Combined GPS and Cellular Phone Systems................................227
8.8.1 Typical Antenna System .....................................................227
8.8.2 Isolation of Collocated Cellular and GPS Antennas.......228
8.8.3 Gain Measurements of Passive Cell/GPS Elements .......229
8.8.4 Active Antenna and Filter Topology................................. 232
8.9 Combined GPS and SDARS Antenna System...............................233
8.9.1 Stacked Patch Design ..........................................................233
8.9.2 Two Antennas in One Package .......................................... 237
8.10 Microstrip Antenna for GPS and DCS Applications ...................238
8.11 Integrated GPS/PCS/RKES System................................................ 241
8.12 Car Location Options ....................................................................... 242
8.13 Diversity Antennas for GPS Applications..................................... 245
References ..................................................................................................... 247
9 Antennas for Short Range Communication.......................................... 249
9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 249
9.2 Compact Planar Passive Antenna................................................... 251
9.2.1 Geometries............................................................................ 251
9.2.2 Simulation Results ............................................................... 252
9.2.2.1 Impedance, Efficiency, and Directivity............. 252
9.2.2.2 Parameters for Matching Circuits...................... 252
9.3 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 315 MHz Meander Line
Printed on Dielectric Board.............................................................254
9.3.1 Introduction..........................................................................254
9.3.2 Antenna Geometry..............................................................256
9.3.3 Numerical Results................................................................256
9.3.4 Measurement Results ..........................................................260
9.4 Considerations for Small Antennas ............................................... 262
9.5 Active Meander Line Antenna Implementation for 315 MHz....264
9.5.1 Antenna and Amplifier Parameters..................................264
9.5.2 Meander Line Antenna in Plastic Case ............................ 267
9.5.3 On-Vehicle Radiation Pattern Measurements.................. 267
9.6 Example of 433.9 MHz Antenna .....................................................272
9.7 Alternative Antenna Systems for Short Range
Communication................................................................................. 273
9.7.1 Splitter Antenna for 315 MHz Frequency Band .............. 274
9.7.2 Combined Roof AM/FM/RKE System ............................ 275
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9.7.3 Combined RKE/PCS/GPS Design .................................... 276
9.7.4 Printed-on-Glass RKE Antenna Design...........................277
9.7.5 Comparison of 433.9 MHz Antennas................................ 278
9.8 Maximum Detection Range of RKE/RSE System........................ 281
9.9 Effects of Auto Electronic Components on Communication
Range ..................................................................................................284
9.10 Signal and Noise Measurements for Antenna/Receiver
Combination ......................................................................................285
9.10.1 Measurement Results ..........................................................286
9.10.2 Electromagnetic Emission Interference............................288
9.11 Compact Diversity Antenna System for Remote Control
Applications .......................................................................................290
9.12 Compact Antennas: Literature and Patent Review...................... 294
9.13 Meander Line Antennas for Multifrequency Applications ........ 296
References .....................................................................................................300