IEEE_1800-2012_SystemVerilog.pdf

【核心代码】

Contents
Part One: Design and Verification Constructs
1. Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Scope........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Purpose..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Content summary..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Special terms............................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Conventions used in this standard ........................................................................................... 3
1.6 Syntactic description................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Use of color in this standard .................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Contents of this standard.......................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Deprecated clauses................................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Examples.................................................................................................................................. 8
1.11 Prerequisites............................................................................................................................. 8
2. Normative references........................................................................................................................... 9
3. Design and verification building blocks ............................................................................................ 11
3.1 General................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Design elements..................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Modules ................................................................................................................................. 11
3.4 Programs ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.5 Interfaces................................................................................................................................ 13
3.6 Checkers................................................................................................................................. 14
3.7 Primitives ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Subroutines ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.9 Packages................................................................................................................................. 14
3.10 Configurations ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.11 Overview of hierarchy ........................................................................................................... 15
3.12 Compilation and elaboration.................................................................................................. 16
3.13 Name spaces .......................................................................................................................... 18
3.14 Simulation time units and precision....................................................................................... 19
4. Scheduling semantics......................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 General................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Execution of a hardware model and its verification environment ......................................... 23
4.3 Event simulation .................................................................................................................... 23
4.4 Stratified event scheduler....................................................................................................... 24
4.5 SystemVerilog simulation reference algorithm ..................................................................... 29
4.6 Determinism........................................................................................................................... 29
4.7 Nondeterminism..................................................................................................................... 30
4.8 Race conditions...................................................................................................................... 30
4.9 Scheduling implication of assignments ................................................................................. 30
4.10 PLI callback control points .................................................................................................... 32
5. Lexical conventions ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.1 General................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 Lexical tokens ........................................................................................................................ 33
5.3 White space............................................................................................................................ 33
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5.4 Comments .............................................................................................................................. 33
5.5 Operators................................................................................................................................ 33
5.6 Identifiers, keywords, and system names .............................................................................. 34
5.7 Numbers................................................................................................................................. 35
5.8 Time literals ........................................................................................................................... 40
5.9 String literals.......................................................................................................................... 40
5.10 Structure literals..................................................................................................................... 42
5.11 Array literals .......................................................................................................................... 43
5.12 Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 43
5.13 Built-in methods .................................................................................................................... 45
6. Data types .......................................................................................................................................... 47
6.1 General................................................................................................................................... 47
6.2 Data types and data objects.................................................................................................... 47
6.3 Value set ................................................................................................................................ 47
6.4 Singular and aggregate types ................................................................................................. 48
6.5 Nets and variables.................................................................................................................. 49
6.6 Net types ................................................................................................................................ 50
6.7 Net declarations ..................................................................................................................... 61
6.8 Variable declarations ............................................................................................................. 64
6.9 Vector declarations ................................................................................................................ 66
6.10 Implicit declarations .............................................................................................................. 67
6.11 Integer data types ................................................................................................................... 68
6.12 Real, shortreal, and realtime data types ................................................................................. 69
6.13 Void data type........................................................................................................................ 69
6.14 Chandle data type................................................................................................................... 69
6.15 Class....................................................................................................................................... 70
6.16 String data type ...................................................................................................................... 70
6.17 Event data type....................................................................................................................... 75
6.18 User-defined types ................................................................................................................. 76
6.19 Enumerations ......................................................................................................................... 77
6.20 Constants................................................................................................................................ 83
6.21 Scope and lifetime ................................................................................................................. 90
6.22 Type compatibility................................................................................................................. 92
6.23 Type operator......................................................................................................................... 95
6.24 Casting ................................................................................................................................... 96
6.25 Parameterized data types ..................................................................................................... 101
7. Aggregate data types........................................................................................................................ 103
7.1 General................................................................................................................................. 103
7.2 Structures ............................................................................................................................. 103
7.3 Unions.................................................................................................................................. 105
7.4 Packed and unpacked arrays ................................................................................................ 109
7.5 Dynamic arrays .................................................................................................................... 113
7.6 Array assignments................................................................................................................ 116
7.7 Arrays as arguments to subroutines ..................................................................................... 117
7.8 Associative arrays ................................................................................................................ 118
7.9 Associative array methods ................................................................................................... 121
7.10 Queues ................................................................................................................................. 124
7.11 Array querying functions ..................................................................................................... 129
7.12 Array manipulation methods ............................................................................................... 129
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8. Classes ............................................................................................................................................. 134
8.1 General................................................................................................................................. 134
8.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 134
8.3 Syntax .................................................................................................................................. 135
8.4 Objects (class instance)........................................................................................................ 136
8.5 Object properties and object parameter data........................................................................ 137
8.6 Object methods .................................................................................................................... 138
8.7 Constructors ......................................................................................................................... 138
8.8 Typed constructor calls........................................................................................................ 140
8.9 Static class properties........................................................................................................... 141
8.10 Static methods...................................................................................................................... 141
8.11 This ...................................................................................................................................... 141
8.12 Assignment, renaming, and copying.................................................................................... 142
8.13 Inheritance and subclasses ................................................................................................... 144
8.14 Overridden members............................................................................................................ 144
8.15 Super .................................................................................................................................... 145
8.16 Casting ................................................................................................................................. 146
8.17 Chaining constructors .......................................................................................................... 146
8.18 Data hiding and encapsulation............................................................................................. 147
8.19 Constant class properties ..................................................................................................... 147
8.20 Virtual methods.................................................................................................................... 148
8.21 Abstract classes and pure virtual methods........................................................................... 150
8.22 Polymorphism: dynamic method lookup............................................................................. 150
8.23 Class scope resolution operator :: ........................................................................................ 151
8.24 Out-of-block declarations .................................................................................................... 153
8.25 Parameterized classes .......................................................................................................... 154
8.26 Interface classes ................................................................................................................... 157
8.27 Typedef class ....................................................................................................................... 167
8.28 Classes and structures .......................................................................................................... 167
8.29 Memory management .......................................................................................................... 168
9. Processes.......................................................................................................................................... 169
9.1 General................................................................................................................................. 169
9.2 Structured procedures .......................................................................................................... 169
9.3 Block statements .................................................................................................................. 173
9.4 Procedural timing controls................................................................................................... 179
9.5 Process execution threads .................................................................................................... 189
9.6 Process control..................................................................................................................... 189
9.7 Fine-grain process control ................................................................................................... 193
10. Assignment statements .................................................................................................................... 196
10.1 General................................................................................................................................. 196
10.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 196
10.3 Continuous assignments ...................................................................................................... 197
10.4 Procedural assignments........................................................................................................ 200
10.5 Variable declaration assignment (variable initialization) .................................................... 205
10.6 Procedural continuous assignments..................................................................................... 205
10.7 Assignment extension and truncation .................................................................................. 207
10.8 Assignment-like contexts..................................................................................................... 208
10.9 Assignment patterns............................................................................................................. 209
10.10 Unpacked array concatenation............................................................................................. 213
10.11 Net aliasing .......................................................................................................................... 216
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11. Operators and expressions ............................................................................................................... 218
11.1 General................................................................................................................................. 218
11.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 218
11.3 Operators.............................................................................................................................. 219
11.4 Operator descriptions........................................................................................................... 223
11.5 Operands .............................................................................................................................. 243
11.6 Expression bit lengths.......................................................................................................... 247
11.7 Signed expressions............................................................................................................... 249
11.8 Expression evaluation rules ................................................................................................. 250
11.9 Tagged union expressions and member access.................................................................... 251
11.10 String literal expressions...................................................................................................... 253
11.11 Operator overloading ........................................................................................................... 254
11.12 Minimum, typical, and maximum delay expressions .......................................................... 256
11.13 Let construct ........................................................................................................................ 258
12. Procedural programming statements ............................................................................................... 264
12.1 General................................................................................................................................. 264
12.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 264
12.3 Syntax .................................................................................................................................. 264
12.4 Conditional if–else statement............................................................................................... 265
12.5 Case statement ..................................................................................................................... 270
12.6 Pattern matching conditional statements ............................................................................. 275
12.7 Loop statements ................................................................................................................... 279
12.8 Jump statements................................................................................................................... 283
13. Tasks and functions (subroutines) ................................................................................................... 285
13.1 General................................................................................................................................. 285
13.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 285
13.3 Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 285
13.4 Functions.............................................................................................................................. 289
13.5 Subroutine calls and argument passing................................................................................ 295
13.6 Import and export functions................................................................................................. 300
13.7 Task and function names ..................................................................................................... 300
13.8 Parameterized tasks and functions....................................................................................... 300
14. Clocking blocks ............................................................................................................................... 302
14.1 General................................................................................................................................. 302
14.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 302
14.3 Clocking block declaration .................................................................................................. 302
14.4 Input and output skews ........................................................................................................ 304
14.5 Hierarchical expressions ...................................................................................................... 305
14.6 Signals in multiple clocking blocks ..................................................................................... 306
14.7 Clocking block scope and lifetime....................................................................................... 306
14.8 Multiple clocking blocks example....................................................................................... 306
14.9 Interfaces and clocking blocks............................................................................................. 307
14.10 Clocking block events.......................................................................................................... 308
14.11 Cycle delay: ## .................................................................................................................... 308
14.12 Default clocking................................................................................................................... 309
14.13 Input sampling ..................................................................................................................... 310
14.14 Global clocking.................................................................................................................... 311
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14.15 Synchronous events ............................................................................................................. 315
14.16 Synchronous drives.............................................................................................................. 315
15. Interprocess synchronization and communication........................................................................... 320
15.1 General................................................................................................................................. 320
15.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 320
15.3 Semaphores.......................................................................................................................... 320
15.4 Mailboxes............................................................................................................................. 322
15.5 Named events....................................................................................................................... 325
16. Assertions......................................................................................................................................... 330
16.1 General................................................................................................................................. 330
16.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 330
16.3 Immediate assertions............................................................................................................ 330
16.4 Deferred assertions .............................................................................................................. 333
16.5 Concurrent assertions overview........................................................................................... 340
16.6 Boolean expressions ............................................................................................................ 343
16.7 Sequences............................................................................................................................. 344
16.8 Declaring sequences ............................................................................................................ 348
16.9 Sequence operations ............................................................................................................ 356
16.10 Local variables..................................................................................................................... 378
16.11 Calling subroutines on match of a sequence........................................................................ 384
16.12 Declaring properties............................................................................................................. 385
16.13 Multiclock support............................................................................................................... 411
16.14 Concurrent assertions........................................................................................................... 421
16.15 Disable iff resolution ........................................................................................................... 438
16.16 Clock resolution................................................................................................................... 440
16.17 Expect statement .................................................................................................................. 445
16.18 Clocking blocks and concurrent assertions.......................................................................... 446
17. Checkers........................................................................................................................................... 448
17.1 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 448
17.2 Checker declaration ............................................................................................................. 448
17.3 Checker instantiation ........................................................................................................... 451
17.4 Context inference................................................................................................................. 454
17.5 Checker procedures.............................................................................................................. 455
17.6 Covergroups in checkers...................................................................................................... 457
17.7 Checker variables................................................................................................................. 458
17.8 Functions in checkers........................................................................................................... 464
17.9 Complex checker example................................................................................................... 464
18. Constrained random value generation ............................................................................................. 467
18.1 General................................................................................................................................. 467
18.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 467
18.3 Concepts and usage.............................................................................................................. 467
18.4 Random variables ................................................................................................................ 470
18.5 Constraint blocks ................................................................................................................. 472
18.6 Randomization methods ...................................................................................................... 492
18.7 In-line constraints—randomize() with................................................................................. 493
18.8 Disabling random variables with rand_mode() ................................................................... 496
18.9 Controlling constraints with constraint_mode() .................................................................. 497
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18.10 Dynamic constraint modification......................................................................................... 498
18.11 In-line random variable control ........................................................................................... 499
18.12 Randomization of scope variables—std::randomize()......................................................... 500
18.13 Random number system functions and methods ................................................................. 501
18.14 Random stability .................................................................................................................. 503
18.15 Manually seeding randomize ............................................................................................... 505
18.16 Random weighted case—randcase ...................................................................................... 506
18.17 Random sequence generation—randsequence..................................................................... 507
19. Functional coverage......................................................................................................................... 517
19.1 General................................................................................................................................. 517
19.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 517
19.3 Defining the coverage model: covergroup........................................................................... 518
19.4 Using covergroup in classes ................................................................................................ 520
19.5 Defining coverage points ..................................................................................................... 522
19.6 Defining cross coverage....................................................................................................... 533
19.7 Specifying coverage options................................................................................................ 542
19.8 Predefined coverage methods .............................................................................................. 547
19.9 Predefined coverage system tasks and system functions..................................................... 549
19.10 Organization of option and type_option members .............................................................. 549
19.11 Coverage computation ......................................................................................................... 550
20. Utility system tasks and system functions ....................................................................................... 555
20.1 General................................................................................................................................. 555
20.2 Simulation control system tasks .......................................................................................... 556
20.3 Simulation time system functions........................................................................................ 556
20.4 Timescale system tasks........................................................................................................ 558
20.5 Conversion functions ........................................................................................................... 561
20.6 Data query functions............................................................................................................ 562
20.7 Array querying functions ..................................................................................................... 564
20.8 Math functions ..................................................................................................................... 566
20.9 Bit vector system functions.................................................................................................. 568
20.10 Severity tasks ....................................................................................................................... 569
20.11 Elaboration system tasks...................................................................................................... 570
20.12 Assertion control system tasks............................................................................................. 571
20.13 Sampled value system functions.......................................................................................... 578
20.14 Coverage system functions .................................................................................................. 579
20.15 Probabilistic distribution functions...................................................................................... 579
20.16 Stochastic analysis tasks and functions ............................................................................... 581
20.17 Programmable logic array modeling system tasks .............................................................. 583
20.18 Miscellaneous tasks and functions....................................................................................... 586
21. Input/output system tasks and system functions.............................................................................. 588
21.1 General................................................................................................................................. 588
21.2 Display system tasks............................................................................................................ 588
21.3 File input/output system tasks and system functions........................................................... 599
21.4 Loading memory array data from a file ............................................................................... 609
21.5 Writing memory array data to a file..................................................................................... 613
21.6 Command line input............................................................................................................. 614
21.7 Value change dump (VCD) files ......................................................................................... 617
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22. Compiler directives.......................................................................................................................... 638
22.1 General................................................................................................................................. 638
22.2 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 638
22.3 `resetall................................................................................................................................. 638
22.4 `include ................................................................................................................................ 639
22.5 `define, `undef, and `undefineall ......................................................................................... 639
22.6 `ifdef, `else, `elsif, `endif, `ifndef ........................................................................................ 645
22.7 `timescale ............................................................................................................................. 648
22.8 `default_nettype ................................................................................................................... 649
22.9 `unconnected_drive and `nounconnected_drive .................................................................. 650
22.10 `celldefine and `endcelldefine.............................................................................................. 650
22.11 `pragma ................................................................................................................................ 650
22.12 `line ...................................................................................................................................... 651
22.13 `__FILE__ and `__LINE__ ................................................................................................. 652
22.14 `begin_keywords, `end_keywords ....................................................................................... 653
Part Two: Hierarchy Constructs
23. Modules and hierarchy..................................................................................................................... 660
23.1 General................................................................................................................................. 660
23.2 Module definitions............................................................................................................... 660
23.3 Module instances (hierarchy)............................................................................................... 672
23.4 Nested modules.................................................................................................................... 683
23.5 Extern modules .................................................................................................................... 684
23.6 Hierarchical names .............................................................................................................. 685
23.7 Member selects and hierarchical names .............................................................................. 688
23.8 Upwards name referencing .................................................................................................. 689
23.9 Scope rules .......................................................................................................................... 692
23.10 Overriding module parameters ............................................................................................ 694
23.11 Binding auxiliary code to scopes or instances ..................................................................... 701
24. Programs .......................................................................................................................................... 705
24.1 General................................................................................................................................. 705
24.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 705
24.3 The program construct ......................................................................................................... 705
24.4 Eliminating testbench races ................................................................................................. 709
24.5 Blocking tasks in cycle/event mode..................................................................................... 709
24.6 Programwide space and anonymous programs.................................................................... 710
24.7 Program control tasks .......................................................................................................... 710
25. Interfaces.......................................................................................................................................... 711
25.1 General................................................................................................................................. 711
25.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 711
25.3 Interface syntax.................................................................................................................... 712
25.4 Ports in interfaces................................................................................................................. 716
25.5 Modports.............................................................................................................................. 717
25.6 Interfaces and specify blocks............................................................................................... 723
25.7 Tasks and functions in interfaces......................................................................................... 724
25.8 Parameterized interfaces ...................................................................................................... 730
25.9 Virtual interfaces.................................................................................................................. 732
25.10 Access to interface objects................................................................................................... 737
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26. Packages........................................................................................................................................... 738
26.1 General................................................................................................................................. 738
26.2 Package declarations............................................................................................................ 738
26.3 Referencing data in packages .............................................................................................. 739
26.4 Using packages in module headers...................................................................................... 743
26.5 Search order rules ................................................................................................................ 744
26.6 Exporting imported names from packages .......................................................................... 746
26.7 The std built-in package....................................................................................................... 747
27. Generate constructs.......................................................................................................................... 749
27.1 General................................................................................................................................. 749
27.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 749
27.3 Generate construct syntax.................................................................................................... 749
27.4 Loop generate constructs ..................................................................................................... 751
27.5 Conditional generate constructs........................................................................................... 755
27.6 External names for unnamed generate blocks ..................................................................... 758
28. Gate-level and switch-level modeling ............................................................................................. 760
28.1 General................................................................................................................................. 760
28.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 760
28.3 Gate and switch declaration syntax ..................................................................................... 760
28.4 and, nand, nor, or, xor, and xnor gates................................................................................. 766
28.5 buf and not gates .................................................................................................................. 767
28.6 bufif1, bufif0, notif1, and notif0 gates................................................................................. 768
28.7 MOS switches ...................................................................................................................... 769
28.8 Bidirectional pass switches.................................................................................................. 770
28.9 CMOS switches ................................................................................................................... 771
28.10 pullup and pulldown sources ............................................................................................... 772
28.11 Logic strength modeling ...................................................................................................... 772
28.12 Strengths and values of combined signals ........................................................................... 774
28.13 Strength reduction by nonresistive devices ......................................................................... 786
28.14 Strength reduction by resistive devices ............................................................................... 786
28.15 Strengths of net types........................................................................................................... 786
28.16 Gate and net delays .............................................................................................................. 787
29. User-defined primitives ................................................................................................................... 791
29.1 General................................................................................................................................. 791
29.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 791
29.3 UDP definition..................................................................................................................... 791
29.4 Combinational UDPs ........................................................................................................... 795
29.5 Level-sensitive sequential UDPs ......................................................................................... 796
29.6 Edge-sensitive sequential UDPs .......................................................................................... 796
29.7 Sequential UDP initialization .............................................................................................. 797
29.8 UDP instances...................................................................................................................... 799
29.9 Mixing level-sensitive and edge-sensitive descriptions....................................................... 800
29.10 Level-sensitive dominance .................................................................................................. 801
30. Specify blocks.................................................................................................................................. 802
30.1 General................................................................................................................................. 802
30.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 802
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30.3 Specify block declaration..................................................................................................... 802
30.4 Module path declarations..................................................................................................... 803
30.5 Assigning delays to module paths ....................................................................................... 812
30.6 Mixing module path delays and distributed delays ............................................................. 816
30.7 Detailed control of pulse filtering behavior......................................................................... 817
31. Timing checks.................................................................................................................................. 826
31.1 General................................................................................................................................. 826
31.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 826
31.3 Timing checks using a stability window.............................................................................. 829
31.4 Timing checks for clock and control signals ....................................................................... 836
31.5 Edge-control specifiers ........................................................................................................ 845
31.6 Notifiers: user-defined responses to timing violations ........................................................ 846
31.7 Enabling timing checks with conditioned events ................................................................ 848
31.8 Vector signals in timing checks ........................................................................................... 849
31.9 Negative timing checks........................................................................................................ 850
32. Backannotation using the standard delay format............................................................................. 855
32.1 General................................................................................................................................. 855
32.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 855
32.3 The SDF annotator............................................................................................................... 855
32.4 Mapping of SDF constructs to SystemVerilog .................................................................... 855
32.5 Multiple annotations ............................................................................................................ 860
32.6 Multiple SDF files ............................................................................................................... 861
32.7 Pulse limit annotation .......................................................................................................... 861
32.8 SDF to SystemVerilog delay value mapping....................................................................... 862
32.9 Loading timing data from an SDF file................................................................................. 863
33. Configuring the contents of a design ............................................................................................... 865
33.1 General................................................................................................................................. 865
33.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 865
33.3 Libraries ............................................................................................................................... 866
33.4 Configurations ..................................................................................................................... 868
33.5 Using libraries and configs .................................................................................................. 874
33.6 Configuration examples....................................................................................................... 875
33.7 Displaying library binding information ............................................................................... 877
33.8 Library mapping examples .................................................................................................. 877
34. Protected envelopes ......................................................................................................................... 880
34.1 General................................................................................................................................. 880
34.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 880
34.3 Processing protected envelopes ........................................................................................... 880
34.4 Protect pragma directives..................................................................................................... 882
34.5 Protect pragma keywords..................................................................................................... 884
Part Three: Application Programming Interfaces
35. Direct programming interface.......................................................................................................... 901
35.1 General................................................................................................................................. 901
35.2 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 901
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35.3 Two layers of DPI................................................................................................................ 902
35.4 Global name space of imported and exported functions...................................................... 903
35.5 Imported tasks and functions ............................................................................................... 904
35.6 Calling imported functions .................................................................................................. 911
35.7 Exported functions............................................................................................................... 913
35.8 Exported tasks...................................................................................................................... 914
35.9 Disabling DPI tasks and functions....................................................................................... 914
36. Programming language interface (PLI/VPI) overview.................................................................... 916
36.1 General................................................................................................................................. 916
36.2 PLI purpose and history....................................................................................................... 916
36.3 User-defined system task and system function names......................................................... 917
36.4 User-defined system task and system function arguments .................................................. 918
36.5 User-defined system task and system function types .......................................................... 918
36.6 User-supplied PLI applications............................................................................................ 918
36.7 PLI include files................................................................................................................... 918
36.8 VPI sizetf, compiletf, and calltf routines ............................................................................. 918
36.9 PLI mechanism .................................................................................................................... 919
36.10 VPI access to SystemVerilog objects and simulation objects ............................................. 921
36.11 List of VPI routines by functional category......................................................................... 922
36.12 VPI backwards compatibility features and limitations ........................................................ 924
37. VPI object model diagrams.............................................................................................................. 929
37.1 General................................................................................................................................. 929
37.2 VPI Handles......................................................................................................................... 929
37.3 VPI object classifications..................................................................................................... 930
37.4 Key to data model diagrams ................................................................................................ 936
37.5 Module ............................................................................................................................... 939
37.6 Interface ............................................................................................................................ 940
37.7 Modport .............................................................................................................................. 940
37.8 Interface task or function declaration ................................................................................. 940
37.9 Program ............................................................................................................................. 941
37.10 Instance ............................................................................................................................... 942
37.11 Instance arrays .................................................................................................................... 944
37.12 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 945
37.13 IO declaration ..................................................................................................................... 946
37.14 Ports .................................................................................................................................... 947
37.15 Reference objects ................................................................................................................ 948
37.16 Nets ...................................................................................................................................... 950
37.17 Variables ............................................................................................................................ 954
37.18 Packed array variables ........................................................................................................ 957
37.19 Variable select ..................................................................................................................... 958
37.20 Memory................................................................................................................................ 959
37.21 Variable drivers and loads .................................................................................................. 959
37.22 Object Range........................................................................................................................ 960
37.23 Typespec ............................................................................................................................ 961
37.24 Structures and unions........................................................................................................... 963
37.25 Named events ...................................................................................................................... 964
37.26 Parameter, spec param, def param, param assign .............................................................. 965
37.27 Virtual interface ................................................................................................................... 966
37.28 Interface typespec ................................................................................................................ 968
37.29 Class definition ................................................................................................................... 969
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37.30 Class typespec ..................................................................................................................... 970
37.31 Class variables and class objects ......................................................................................... 972
37.32 Constraint, constraint ordering, distribution ....................................................................... 974
37.33 Primitive, prim term............................................................................................................. 975
37.34 UDP ..................................................................................................................................... 976
37.35 Intermodule path .................................................................................................................. 976
37.36 Constraint expression .......................................................................................................... 977
37.37 Module path, path term ....................................................................................................... 978
37.38 Timing check ....................................................................................................................... 979
37.39 Task and function declaration ............................................................................................. 980
37.40 Task and function call ......................................................................................................... 981
37.41 Frames ................................................................................................................................. 983
37.42 Threads ................................................................................................................................ 984
37.43 Delay terminals .................................................................................................................... 984
37.44 Net drivers and loads ........................................................................................................... 985
37.45 Continuous assignment ........................................................................................................ 986
37.46 Clocking block .................................................................................................................... 987
37.47 Assertion ............................................................................................................................. 988
37.48 Concurrent assertions ........................................................................................................ 989
37.49 Property declaration ............................................................................................................ 990
37.50 Property specification ....................................................................................................... 991
37.51 Sequence declaration .......................................................................................................... 992
37.52 Sequence expression ........................................................................................................... 993
37.53 Immediate assertions ........................................................................................................... 994
37.54 Multiclock sequence expression ....................................................................................... 995
37.55 Let ....................................................................................................................................... 995
37.56 Simple expressions ............................................................................................................. 996
37.57 Expressions ....................................................................................................................... 997
37.58 Atomic statement .............................................................................................................. 1000
37.59 Dynamic prefixing ............................................................................................................. 1001
37.60 Event statement ................................................................................................................. 1002
37.61 Process .............................................................................................................................. 1002
37.62 Assignment ....................................................................................................................... 1003
37.63 Event control ..................................................................................................................... 1003
37.64 While, repeat...................................................................................................................... 1004
37.65 Waits ................................................................................................................................. 1004
37.66 Delay control...................................................................................................................... 1004
37.67 Repeat control .................................................................................................................... 1005
37.68 Forever ............................................................................................................................... 1005
37.69 If, if–else ............................................................................................................................ 1005
37.70 Case, pattern ...................................................................................................................... 1006
37.71 Expect ............................................................................................................................... 1007
37.72 For ..................................................................................................................................... 1007
37.73 Do-while, foreach .............................................................................................................. 1007
37.74 Alias statement .................................................................................................................. 1008
37.75 Disables.............................................................................................................................. 1008
37.76 Return statement ............................................................................................................... 1008
37.77 Assign statement, deassign, force, release......................................................................... 1009
37.78 Callback ............................................................................................................................. 1009
37.79 Time queue ........................................................................................................................ 1010
37.80 Active time format ............................................................................................................. 1010
37.81 Attribute ............................................................................................................................ 1011
37.82 Iterator................................................................................................................................ 1012
37.83 Generates .......................................................................................................................... 1013
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38. VPI routine definitions................................................................................................................... 1015
38.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1015
38.2 vpi_chk_error() .................................................................................................................. 1015
38.3 vpi_compare_objects()....................................................................................................... 1016
38.4 vpi_control() ...................................................................................................................... 1018
38.5 vpi_flush().......................................................................................................................... 1019
38.6 vpi_get()............................................................................................................................. 1019
38.7 vpi_get64()......................................................................................................................... 1020
38.8 vpi_get_cb_info()............................................................................................................... 1020
38.9 vpi_get_data() .................................................................................................................... 1021
38.10 vpi_get_delays()................................................................................................................. 1022
38.11 vpi_get_str()....................................................................................................................... 1024
38.12 vpi_get_systf_info()........................................................................................................... 1025
38.13 vpi_get_time().................................................................................................................... 1026
38.14 vpi_get_userdata() ............................................................................................................. 1027
38.15 vpi_get_value() .................................................................................................................. 1027
38.16 vpi_get_value_array() ....................................................................................................... 1033
38.17 vpi_get_vlog_info() ........................................................................................................... 1037
38.18 vpi_handle() ....................................................................................................................... 1038
38.19 vpi_handle_by_index() ...................................................................................................... 1039
38.20 vpi_handle_by_multi_index()............................................................................................ 1039
38.21 vpi_handle_by_name() ...................................................................................................... 1040
38.22 vpi_handle_multi()............................................................................................................. 1041
38.23 vpi_iterate()........................................................................................................................ 1041
38.24 vpi_mcd_close()................................................................................................................. 1042
38.25 vpi_mcd_flush()................................................................................................................. 1043
38.26 vpi_mcd_name() ................................................................................................................ 1043
38.27 vpi_mcd_open() ................................................................................................................. 1044
38.28 vpi_mcd_printf()................................................................................................................ 1045
38.29 vpi_mcd_vprintf().............................................................................................................. 1046
38.30 vpi_printf()......................................................................................................................... 1046
38.31 vpi_put_data().................................................................................................................... 1047
38.32 vpi_put_delays() ................................................................................................................ 1049
38.33 vpi_put_userdata() ............................................................................................................. 1052
38.34 vpi_put_value().................................................................................................................. 1052
38.35 vpi_put_value_array() ...................................................................................................... 1055
38.36 vpi_register_cb()................................................................................................................ 1059
38.37 vpi_register_systf() ............................................................................................................ 1067
38.38 vpi_release_handle().......................................................................................................... 1071
38.39 vpi_remove_cb()................................................................................................................ 1071
38.40 vpi_scan()........................................................................................................................... 1072
38.41 vpi_vprintf()....................................................................................................................... 1073
39. Assertion API................................................................................................................................. 1074
39.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1074
39.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1074
39.3 Static information .............................................................................................................. 1074
39.4 Dynamic information......................................................................................................... 1075
39.5 Control functions ............................................................................................................... 1079
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40. Code coverage control and API ..................................................................................................... 1083
40.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1083
40.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1083
40.3 SystemVerilog real-time coverage access ......................................................................... 1084
40.4 FSM recognition ................................................................................................................ 1089
40.5 VPI coverage extensions.................................................................................................... 1092
41. Data read API................................................................................................................................. 1097
Part Four: Annexes
Annex A (normative) Formal syntax ......................................................................................................... 1099
A.1 Source text ......................................................................................................................... 1099
A.2 Declarations ....................................................................................................................... 1108
A.3 Primitive instances............................................................................................................. 1119
A.4 Instantiations...................................................................................................................... 1120
A.5 UDP declaration and instantiation ..................................................................................... 1122
A.6 Behavioral statements ........................................................................................................ 1123
A.7 Specify section................................................................................................................... 1130
A.8 Expressions ........................................................................................................................ 1134
A.9 General............................................................................................................................... 1139
A.10 Footnotes (normative)........................................................................................................ 1142
Annex B (normative) Keywords................................................................................................................ 1145
Annex C (normative) Deprecation............................................................................................................. 1147
C.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1147
C.2 Constructs that have been deprecated................................................................................ 1147
C.3 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a-compatible access to packed data..................................... 1148
C.4 Constructs identified for deprecation................................................................................. 1148
Annex D (informative) Optional system tasks and system functions........................................................ 1151
D.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1151
D.2 $countdrivers ..................................................................................................................... 1151
D.3 $getpattern ......................................................................................................................... 1152
D.4 $input ................................................................................................................................. 1153
D.5 $key and $nokey ................................................................................................................ 1153
D.6 $list..................................................................................................................................... 1153
D.7 $log and $nolog ................................................................................................................. 1153
D.8 $reset, $reset_count, and $reset_value .............................................................................. 1154
D.9 $save, $restart, and $incsave.............................................................................................. 1155
D.10 $scale ................................................................................................................................. 1156
D.11 $scope ................................................................................................................................ 1156
D.12 $showscopes ...................................................................................................................... 1156
D.13 $showvars .......................................................................................................................... 1156
D.14 $sreadmemb and $sreadmemh........................................................................................... 1156
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Annex E (informative) Optional compiler directives ................................................................................ 1158
E.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1158
E.2 `default_decay_time........................................................................................................... 1158
E.3 `default_trireg_strength ..................................................................................................... 1158
E.4 `delay_mode_distributed ................................................................................................... 1159
E.5 `delay_mode_path.............................................................................................................. 1159
E.6 `delay_mode_unit .............................................................................................................. 1159
E.7 `delay_mode_zero.............................................................................................................. 1159
Annex F (normative) Formal semantics of concurrent assertions ............................................................. 1160
F.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1160
F.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1160
F.3 Abstract syntax .................................................................................................................. 1161
F.4 Rewriting algorithms ......................................................................................................... 1167
F.5 Semantics ........................................................................................................................... 1171
F.6 Extended expressions......................................................................................................... 1180
F.7 Recursive properties .......................................................................................................... 1180
Annex G (normative) Std package............................................................................................................. 1182
G.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1182
G.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1182
G.3 Semaphore ......................................................................................................................... 1182
G.4 Mailbox.............................................................................................................................. 1182
G.5 Randomize ......................................................................................................................... 1183
G.6 Process ............................................................................................................................... 1183
Annex H (normative) DPI C layer............................................................................................................. 1184
H.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1184
H.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1184
H.3 Naming conventions .......................................................................................................... 1185
H.4 Portability........................................................................................................................... 1185
H.5 svdpi.h include file............................................................................................................. 1185
H.6 Semantic constraints .......................................................................................................... 1186
H.7 Data types .......................................................................................................................... 1188
H.8 Argument passing modes................................................................................................... 1192
H.9 Context tasks and functions ............................................................................................... 1195
H.10 Include files........................................................................................................................ 1199
H.11 Arrays................................................................................................................................. 1202
H.12 Open arrays ........................................................................................................................ 1205
H.13 SV3.1a-compatible access to packed data (deprecated functionality)............................... 1211
Annex I (normative) svdpi.h...................................................................................................................... 1217
I.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1217
I.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1217
I.3 Source code........................................................................................................................ 1217
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Annex J (normative) Inclusion of foreign language code.......................................................................... 1226
J.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1226
J.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1226
J.3 Location independence ...................................................................................................... 1227
J.4 Object code inclusion......................................................................................................... 1227
Annex K (normative) vpi_user.h ............................................................................................................... 1230
K.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1230
K.2 Source code........................................................................................................................ 1230
Annex L (normative) vpi_compatibility.h ................................................................................................. 1247
L.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1247
L.2 Source code........................................................................................................................ 1247
Annex M (normative) sv_vpi_user.h ......................................................................................................... 1250
M.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1250
M.2 Source code........................................................................................................................ 1250
Annex N (normative) Algorithm for probabilistic distribution functions ................................................. 1260
N.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1260
N.2 Source code........................................................................................................................ 1260
Annex O (informative) Encryption/decryption flow ................................................................................. 1268
O.1 General............................................................................................................................... 1268
O.2 Overview............................................................................................................................ 1268
O.3 Tool vendor secret key encryption system ........................................................................ 1268
O.4 IP author secret key encryption system ............................................................................. 1269
O.5 Digital envelopes ............................................................................................................... 1270
Annex P (informative) Glossary ................................................................................................................ 1272
Annex Q (informative) Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 1275