实例介绍
【实例简介】
无线通信类不错的学习材料 This book has grown out of my teaching and research at the University of Surrey and out of my previous experiences in companies such as Philips, Ascom and Motorola. It is primarily intended for use by students in master’s level and enhanced final-year undergraduate courses who are speci
Copyright C 2007 John Wiley Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, Po19 8SQ, England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries ) cS-books@ wiley. co uk VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons Ltd The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex Po198SQ, England, oremailed to permreq@ wiley. co uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243770571 This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. Itis sold on the understanding that the Publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Other Wiley editorial ofices John Wiley sons Inc, 1 ll River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94 103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John wiley sons Australia ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John wiley sons(Asia)Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John wiley sons Canada ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, ONT, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Anniversary Logo Design: Richard J Pacifico British library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN9780-470-84879-1 Typeset in 10/12 Times by Thomson Digital Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production In memory of my fath For Luke, emily and grainne Simon saunders To Laura, you are my inspiration and my true love. To Coco. Maxi and fimbie Alejandro aragon- zavala Contents Preface to the first edition XIX Preface to the second edition XXI 1. Introduction: The Wireless communication channel 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1. 2 CONCEPT OF A WIRELESS CHANNEL 1. 3 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 1. 4 HISTORY 1.5 SYSTEM TYPES 1. 6 AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS 1.7 CELLULAR NETWORKS 1. 8 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT 9 1. 9 TRAFFIC 1.10 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING 17 10.1 Frequency Division Multiple access 17 1. 10.2 Time Division Multiple access 1.10.3 Code Division Multiple access 88 L1I AVALLABLE DATA RATES 19 1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 20 1.13 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 23 2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS 25 2. 3 PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES 26 2.3.1 Field relationships 27 2.3.2 Wave Impedance 27 2.3.3 Poynting vector 28 2.3.4 Phase Velocity 2.3.5 Lossy Media 28 2. 4 POLARISATION 32 2.4.1 Polarisation states 2.4.2 Mathematical Representation of polarisation 32 2.4.3 Random polarisation 33 2.5 CONCLUSION 4 REFERENCES 34 PROBLEMS 34 3. Propagation mechanisms 3.1 INTRODUCTION 37 3.2 REFLECTION REFRACTION AND TRANSMISSION 37 3.2.1 Lossless media 37 3.2.2 Lossy media 41 3.2.3 Typical Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 42 3.3 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 45 3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 47 3.4.1 Principles 47 3.4.2 Formulation 49 3.5 DIFFRACTION 0 3.5.1 Principle 50 3.5.2 Single Knife-Edge Diffraction 51 3.5.3 Other Diffracting Obstacles: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 3.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 59 PROBLEMS 5 4. Antenna fundamentals 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 PRINCIPLES 61 4.2.1 What is an Antenna? 61 4.2.2 Necessary Conditions for Radiation 4.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Regions 4.2.4 Far-Field Radiation from wires 63 4.3 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 65 4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 65 4.3.2Dir 67 4.3.3 Radiation Resistance and Efficiency 67 43. 4 Power gai 4.3.5 Bandwidth 4.3.6 Reciprocity 4.3.7 Receiving Antenna Aperture 4.3.8 Beamwidth and Directivity 4.3.9 The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space 71 4.3.10 Polarisation Matching CONTENTS 4. 4 PRACTICAL DIPOLES 4.4.1 Dipole structure 73 4.4.2 Current distribution 74 4.4.3 Radiation Pattern 74 4.4.4 Input Impedance 77 4.5 ANTENNA ARRAYS 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Linear and Planar arrays 4.5.3 The Uniform Linear Array 77 4.5.4 Parasitic Elements: Uda-Yagi Antennas 78 4.5.5 Reflector Antennas 79 4.5.6 Monopole Antennas 80 4.5.7 Corner reflectors 80 4.5. 8 Parabolic Reflector Antennas 81 4.6 HORN ANTENNAS 82 4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS 4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS 4.9 PATCH ANTENNAS 84 4.10 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 85 PROBLEMS 86 5. Basic propagation models 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS 89 5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS 5.4 NOISE MODELLING 93 5.5 FREE SPACE LOSS 5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS 98 5.7 LINK BUDGETS 101 5. 8 CONCLUSION 103 REFERENCE 103 PROBLEMS 103 6. Terrestrial fixed Links 105 6.1 INTRODUCTION 105 6.2 PATH PROFILES 105 6.3 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 6.3.1 Fundamentals 108 6.3.2 Time Variability III 6.3.3 Ducting and multipath l11 6.4 OBSTRUCTION LOSS 113 6.5 APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 115 6. 5. 1 The deygout Method 115 6.5.2 The Causebrook correctio 116 6.5.3 The Giovanelli method 117 6.5. 4 Test Cases l17 6.6 THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 121 6.6.1 Slope- UTD Multiple-Edge diffraction Model 122 6.6.2 Test Case: Comparison of Multiple models 26 6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE SIZE 127 6. 8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION 129 6.8.1 The Integral Equation Model 129 6.8.2 The Parabolic Equation Method 31 6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER 134 6.10 CONCLUSION 135 REFERENCES 135 PROBLEMS 137 7. Satellite Fixed Links 139 7.1 INTRODUCTION 139 7.2 TROPOSPHERIC EFFECTS 140 7.2.1 Attenuation 140 7.2.2 Rain attenuation 141 7.2.3 Gaseous absorption 146 7.2. 4 Tropospheric refraction 148 7.2.5 Tropospheric scintillation 48 7.2.6 Depolarisation 151 7.2. 7 Sky noise 153 7. 3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 155 7.3.1 Faraday rotation 158 7.3.2 Group Delay 159 7.3.3 Dispersion 159 7.3.4 Ionospheric scintillation 7.3.5 Summary of Ionospheric Effects 160 7. 4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS 160 7.5 CONCLUSION 16l REFERENCES 16l PROBLEMS 162 8. Macrocells 163 8.1 INTRODUCTION 163 8.2 DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS 163 8. 3 EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS 164 8.3.1 Clutter Factor Model 8.3.2 The okumura-Hata model 8.3.3 The cost 231-Hata model 169 8.3. 4 The Lee model 169 8.3.5 The ibrahim and Parsons model 170 8.3.6 Environment Categories 171 8.4 PHYSICAL MODELS 172 8.4.1 The allsebrook and Parsons model CONTENTS 8.4.2 The Ikegami Model 173 8.4.3 Rooftop Diffraction 174 8.4.4 The Flat Edge model 175 8. 4. 5 The Walfisch-Bertoni Model 178 8.4.6 COST 23 1/Walfisch-Ikegami Model 180 8. 5 ITU-R MODELS 181 8.5.1 ITU-R Recommendation P1411 181 8.5.2 ITU-R Recommendation P 1546 182 8. 6 COMPARISON OF MODELS 182 8. COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS 183 8.8 CONCLUSION 183 REFERENCES 183 PROBLEMS 185 9 Shadowing 187 9.1 INTRODUCTION 187 9.2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION 187 9.3 PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SHADOWING 189 9.4 IMPACT ON COVERAGE 189 9.4.1 Edge of Cell 189 9.4.2 Whole Cell 192 9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY 195 9.6 CORRELATED SHADOWING 196 9.6.1 Serial Correlation 197 9.6.2 Site-to-Site Correlation 9.7 CONCLUSION 205 REFERENCES 205 PROBLEMS 206 10. Narrowband Fast Fading 10.1 INTRODUCTION 209 10.2 BASEBAND CHANNEL REPRESENTATION 209 10.3 THE AWGN CHANNEL 210 10.4 THE NARROWBAND FADING CHANNEL 213 10.5 WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE? 214 10.6 THE RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 215 10.7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL 218 10. 8 THE RICE DISTRIBUTION 221 10.9 THE NAKAGAMI-m DISTRIBUTION 226 10.10 OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS 227 10.11 SECOND-ORDER FAST-FADING STATISTICS 227 10.11.1 The Doppler Effect 228 10.11. 2 The Classical Doppler Spectrum 230 10.12 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION 236 10.13 NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS 238 10.14 CONCLUSION 239 REFERENCES 239 PROBLEMS 240 11. Wideband Fast Fading 241 11.1 INTRODUCTION 241 11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING 242 11.3 WIDEBAND CHANNEL MODEL 245 1. 4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS 246 11. 5 FREQUENCY DOMAIN EFFECTS 251 11. 6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS 252 11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN FIXED LINKS 11. 8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS 254 11.9 CONCLUSION 254 REFERENCES 255 PROBLEMS 255 12. Microcells 257 12.1 INTRODUCTION 257 12.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS 257 12.2.1 Dual-Slope Model 257 12. 2. 2 The Lee microcell model 259 12.2. 3 The har-Xia-Bertoni model 260 12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS 262 12. 4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 264 12.4.1 Two-Ray model 264 12.4.2 Street Canyon Models 265 12.4.3 ITU-R P1411 Street Canyon model 267 12.4.4 Random Waveguide model 268 12.5 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 270 12.5.1 Propagation Mechanisms and Cell Planning Considerations 270 12.5.2 Recursive model 273 12.5.3 ITU-R P 1411 Non-Line-of-Sight model 274 12.5.4 Site-Specific Ray Models 275 12.6 DISCUSSION 276 12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING 277 12. 8 NARROWBAND FADING 277 12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS 12.10 CONCLUSION 22 78 REFERENCES 279 PROBLEMS 280 13. Picocells 283 13.1 INTRODUCTION 283 13.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 283 13.2.1 Wall and Floor factor models 283 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
无线通信类不错的学习材料 This book has grown out of my teaching and research at the University of Surrey and out of my previous experiences in companies such as Philips, Ascom and Motorola. It is primarily intended for use by students in master’s level and enhanced final-year undergraduate courses who are speci
Copyright C 2007 John Wiley Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, Po19 8SQ, England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries ) cS-books@ wiley. co uk VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons Ltd The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex Po198SQ, England, oremailed to permreq@ wiley. co uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243770571 This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. Itis sold on the understanding that the Publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Other Wiley editorial ofices John Wiley sons Inc, 1 ll River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94 103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John wiley sons Australia ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John wiley sons(Asia)Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John wiley sons Canada ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, ONT, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Anniversary Logo Design: Richard J Pacifico British library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN9780-470-84879-1 Typeset in 10/12 Times by Thomson Digital Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production In memory of my fath For Luke, emily and grainne Simon saunders To Laura, you are my inspiration and my true love. To Coco. Maxi and fimbie Alejandro aragon- zavala Contents Preface to the first edition XIX Preface to the second edition XXI 1. Introduction: The Wireless communication channel 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1. 2 CONCEPT OF A WIRELESS CHANNEL 1. 3 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 1. 4 HISTORY 1.5 SYSTEM TYPES 1. 6 AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS 1.7 CELLULAR NETWORKS 1. 8 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT 9 1. 9 TRAFFIC 1.10 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING 17 10.1 Frequency Division Multiple access 17 1. 10.2 Time Division Multiple access 1.10.3 Code Division Multiple access 88 L1I AVALLABLE DATA RATES 19 1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 20 1.13 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 23 2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS 25 2. 3 PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES 26 2.3.1 Field relationships 27 2.3.2 Wave Impedance 27 2.3.3 Poynting vector 28 2.3.4 Phase Velocity 2.3.5 Lossy Media 28 2. 4 POLARISATION 32 2.4.1 Polarisation states 2.4.2 Mathematical Representation of polarisation 32 2.4.3 Random polarisation 33 2.5 CONCLUSION 4 REFERENCES 34 PROBLEMS 34 3. Propagation mechanisms 3.1 INTRODUCTION 37 3.2 REFLECTION REFRACTION AND TRANSMISSION 37 3.2.1 Lossless media 37 3.2.2 Lossy media 41 3.2.3 Typical Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 42 3.3 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 45 3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 47 3.4.1 Principles 47 3.4.2 Formulation 49 3.5 DIFFRACTION 0 3.5.1 Principle 50 3.5.2 Single Knife-Edge Diffraction 51 3.5.3 Other Diffracting Obstacles: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 3.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 59 PROBLEMS 5 4. Antenna fundamentals 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 PRINCIPLES 61 4.2.1 What is an Antenna? 61 4.2.2 Necessary Conditions for Radiation 4.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Regions 4.2.4 Far-Field Radiation from wires 63 4.3 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 65 4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 65 4.3.2Dir 67 4.3.3 Radiation Resistance and Efficiency 67 43. 4 Power gai 4.3.5 Bandwidth 4.3.6 Reciprocity 4.3.7 Receiving Antenna Aperture 4.3.8 Beamwidth and Directivity 4.3.9 The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space 71 4.3.10 Polarisation Matching CONTENTS 4. 4 PRACTICAL DIPOLES 4.4.1 Dipole structure 73 4.4.2 Current distribution 74 4.4.3 Radiation Pattern 74 4.4.4 Input Impedance 77 4.5 ANTENNA ARRAYS 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Linear and Planar arrays 4.5.3 The Uniform Linear Array 77 4.5.4 Parasitic Elements: Uda-Yagi Antennas 78 4.5.5 Reflector Antennas 79 4.5.6 Monopole Antennas 80 4.5.7 Corner reflectors 80 4.5. 8 Parabolic Reflector Antennas 81 4.6 HORN ANTENNAS 82 4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS 4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS 4.9 PATCH ANTENNAS 84 4.10 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 85 PROBLEMS 86 5. Basic propagation models 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS 89 5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS 5.4 NOISE MODELLING 93 5.5 FREE SPACE LOSS 5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS 98 5.7 LINK BUDGETS 101 5. 8 CONCLUSION 103 REFERENCE 103 PROBLEMS 103 6. Terrestrial fixed Links 105 6.1 INTRODUCTION 105 6.2 PATH PROFILES 105 6.3 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 6.3.1 Fundamentals 108 6.3.2 Time Variability III 6.3.3 Ducting and multipath l11 6.4 OBSTRUCTION LOSS 113 6.5 APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 115 6. 5. 1 The deygout Method 115 6.5.2 The Causebrook correctio 116 6.5.3 The Giovanelli method 117 6.5. 4 Test Cases l17 6.6 THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 121 6.6.1 Slope- UTD Multiple-Edge diffraction Model 122 6.6.2 Test Case: Comparison of Multiple models 26 6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE SIZE 127 6. 8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION 129 6.8.1 The Integral Equation Model 129 6.8.2 The Parabolic Equation Method 31 6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER 134 6.10 CONCLUSION 135 REFERENCES 135 PROBLEMS 137 7. Satellite Fixed Links 139 7.1 INTRODUCTION 139 7.2 TROPOSPHERIC EFFECTS 140 7.2.1 Attenuation 140 7.2.2 Rain attenuation 141 7.2.3 Gaseous absorption 146 7.2. 4 Tropospheric refraction 148 7.2.5 Tropospheric scintillation 48 7.2.6 Depolarisation 151 7.2. 7 Sky noise 153 7. 3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 155 7.3.1 Faraday rotation 158 7.3.2 Group Delay 159 7.3.3 Dispersion 159 7.3.4 Ionospheric scintillation 7.3.5 Summary of Ionospheric Effects 160 7. 4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS 160 7.5 CONCLUSION 16l REFERENCES 16l PROBLEMS 162 8. Macrocells 163 8.1 INTRODUCTION 163 8.2 DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS 163 8. 3 EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS 164 8.3.1 Clutter Factor Model 8.3.2 The okumura-Hata model 8.3.3 The cost 231-Hata model 169 8.3. 4 The Lee model 169 8.3.5 The ibrahim and Parsons model 170 8.3.6 Environment Categories 171 8.4 PHYSICAL MODELS 172 8.4.1 The allsebrook and Parsons model CONTENTS 8.4.2 The Ikegami Model 173 8.4.3 Rooftop Diffraction 174 8.4.4 The Flat Edge model 175 8. 4. 5 The Walfisch-Bertoni Model 178 8.4.6 COST 23 1/Walfisch-Ikegami Model 180 8. 5 ITU-R MODELS 181 8.5.1 ITU-R Recommendation P1411 181 8.5.2 ITU-R Recommendation P 1546 182 8. 6 COMPARISON OF MODELS 182 8. COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS 183 8.8 CONCLUSION 183 REFERENCES 183 PROBLEMS 185 9 Shadowing 187 9.1 INTRODUCTION 187 9.2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION 187 9.3 PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SHADOWING 189 9.4 IMPACT ON COVERAGE 189 9.4.1 Edge of Cell 189 9.4.2 Whole Cell 192 9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY 195 9.6 CORRELATED SHADOWING 196 9.6.1 Serial Correlation 197 9.6.2 Site-to-Site Correlation 9.7 CONCLUSION 205 REFERENCES 205 PROBLEMS 206 10. Narrowband Fast Fading 10.1 INTRODUCTION 209 10.2 BASEBAND CHANNEL REPRESENTATION 209 10.3 THE AWGN CHANNEL 210 10.4 THE NARROWBAND FADING CHANNEL 213 10.5 WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE? 214 10.6 THE RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 215 10.7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL 218 10. 8 THE RICE DISTRIBUTION 221 10.9 THE NAKAGAMI-m DISTRIBUTION 226 10.10 OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS 227 10.11 SECOND-ORDER FAST-FADING STATISTICS 227 10.11.1 The Doppler Effect 228 10.11. 2 The Classical Doppler Spectrum 230 10.12 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION 236 10.13 NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS 238 10.14 CONCLUSION 239 REFERENCES 239 PROBLEMS 240 11. Wideband Fast Fading 241 11.1 INTRODUCTION 241 11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING 242 11.3 WIDEBAND CHANNEL MODEL 245 1. 4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS 246 11. 5 FREQUENCY DOMAIN EFFECTS 251 11. 6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS 252 11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN FIXED LINKS 11. 8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS 254 11.9 CONCLUSION 254 REFERENCES 255 PROBLEMS 255 12. Microcells 257 12.1 INTRODUCTION 257 12.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS 257 12.2.1 Dual-Slope Model 257 12. 2. 2 The Lee microcell model 259 12.2. 3 The har-Xia-Bertoni model 260 12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS 262 12. 4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 264 12.4.1 Two-Ray model 264 12.4.2 Street Canyon Models 265 12.4.3 ITU-R P1411 Street Canyon model 267 12.4.4 Random Waveguide model 268 12.5 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 270 12.5.1 Propagation Mechanisms and Cell Planning Considerations 270 12.5.2 Recursive model 273 12.5.3 ITU-R P 1411 Non-Line-of-Sight model 274 12.5.4 Site-Specific Ray Models 275 12.6 DISCUSSION 276 12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING 277 12. 8 NARROWBAND FADING 277 12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS 12.10 CONCLUSION 22 78 REFERENCES 279 PROBLEMS 280 13. Picocells 283 13.1 INTRODUCTION 283 13.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 283 13.2.1 Wall and Floor factor models 283 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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