LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless_ Design and Measurement Challenges 2nd

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Chapters in this 600 plus page LTE book include: LTE Introduction Air Interface Concepts Physical Layer Upper Layer Signaling System Architecture Evolution Design and Verification Challenges Conformance Test and Acceptance Testing Looking Towards 4G: LTE-Advanced
This edition first published 2013 C 2013 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SO, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this bookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the uK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered Agilent Technologies, Inc. does not warrant that the same results will be obtained in every test performed and makes no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the documentation contained in this book. Agilent Technologies, Inc shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the procedures outlined in this book. All products or services mentioned in this book are the trademarks or service marks of their respective companies or organizations. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought LTE is a trademark of etsi WiMAX" and"Mobile WiMAX" are trademarks of the wimax Forum cdma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association Used under license Bluetooth is a trademark owned by bluetooth SIG, Inc, U.S.A. and licensed to Agilent Technologies, Inc microsoft Excel and Visual basic are regsitered trademarks of microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries MIPI is a licensed trademark of MlPl, Inc in the U.S. and other jurisdictions PCl-SIG and PCl EXPRESS are registered trademarks of PCl-SIG Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LTE and the evolution to 4G wireless: design and measurement challenges/[edited by] moray rumney -Second edition pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 978-1-119-96257-1(cloth: alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Wireless Internet. I Rumney, Moray, editor of compilation. Il. Long term evolution and the evolution to 4g wireless TK51032L7982013 621.382-dc23 2013000332 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Publisher: John Wiley sons limited Editor-in-Chief: Moray Rumney Managing Editor: Mary Jane Pahls Program Manager: Jan Whitacre Set in 10/13 Agilent Condensed by Eikonal Communications, USA Printed in Singapore by Markon Print Media Ptd Ltd Foreword to the second edition Since the first edition of this book a number of lte networks have become operational and customer take-up has been enthusiastic. What is remarkable is that LtE is being launched not on a single band but now on over 16 bands worldwide- and yet my impression is that there has been much less fuss over the launches than was experienced at the introduction of UMtS networks around 2003. At times of launch, bad news tends to hang around longer than good news, so no fuss is generally preferred. And if I am right about the relatively smooth launch of Lte, it is perhaps because the technology represents evolution and not revolution. maybe operators have learned from the 3G experience to manage their customers expectations more effectively. Another factor, quite possibly, is that the industry-Wide effort to deliver conformance tests for both infrastructure and devicesavailable almost as soon as the core specifications matured--has paid dividends As the chairman of 3GPP RAN Working Group 5, I have been privileged to witness tremendous goodwill and cooperation by the test industry in particular to make conformance testing based on network emulators a reality even before the first LTE network was launched. With the availability of operational handsets thereafter, test development work continues apace And yet the delivery of conformance tests has not been the only test story In mid-2010, network operators demanded the ability to measure application layer throughput and other performance factors. Consequently, ran WG5 strayed from its traditional charter of providing conformance tests for performance requirements defined in the core specifications to deliver a technical report that provides the methodology for user-centric tests that go well beyond the scope of the original performance requirements. This report is already in use by the gCF's Performance Agreement Group that was formed in early 2011; other similar market-driven requests for new types of testing are expected to follow These events seem to indicate that reliance on traditional bit exact" conformance tests is no longer sufficient to ensure that devices will deliver the necessary end-user experience in a real network. A new, end-user driven approach to testing has required thinking beyond the status quo; indeed, it has led to much closer cooperation between industry partners than ever before. This partnership approach is likely to be in further demand as lte networks and services continue to grow and become more complex I believe that the successful early launches of Lte networks are the result of learning from the UMTS experience. The process of test case selection and development has been optimized, but with the continued evolution of Lte through Releases 11 and 12 many technical challenges remain. Features such as carrier aggregation, uplink MIMO, and"over-the-air" MIMO testing which are covered in the second edition of this book, are not so far away. Keeping up will be as challenging as ever Phil brown Chairman, TSG TWG1 2003-2005 and TSG RAN WG5 2005-present December 2012 Foreward to the first edition The introduction of any new access technology into the current mobile telecommunication network is going to be filled with challenges, and not all of them can be anticipated. For network operators, convincing tech-savvy customers that new is better will need more than a marketing effort; it will need demonstrable results. The one thing that connects a customer to the network operator is the mobile device or handset. If that device does not appear to work in a variety of situations, then inevitably good reputations will be lost, customers may leave, and ultimately revenue and profits will sutter. No matter how big the investment in the new technology, mastering the physics of the mobile device and its supporting network is the foundation of success Expectations are high for Long Term Evolution, or LTE as it commonly called. But these expectations are based on the premise of fault-free performance. Therefore, LTE S initial success will be determined by the ability of handset and radio infrastructure manufacturers to deliver products that conform to 3GPP standards and are robust enough to allow operators to introduce improved services without disruption. Product testing is essential, but it can also be expensive and time-consuming Manufacturers of new LtE products will have to make difficult decisions regarding what elements require rigorous procedures such as conformance testing and what can be safely left to testing in the field. The bottom line is that compromised quality or outright failure is unacceptable, costing more in the long run if it affects thousands or even millions of users Whatever the strategy a manufacturer adopts, the telecommunications test industry will once again play the important (but often unenviable) role of providing the equipment necessary to protect the huge investments made by lte equipment manufacturers so that they, in turn, can fulfill the demands of the operators. The reality is that operators, manufacturers and the test industry need to work together closely as they try to establish competitive advantage. The scale of investment required to introduce LTE is likely to be the factor that brings about its success, as all players realize the common goal of making the new technology work. In this respect I have seen cooperation between competitors at all levels, whether it is in a 3GPP Standal meeting room with the sharing of work or consensus building or even at the commercial level where compromises often have to be made to adapt to shifting moods in the market place Standards for new technology are essential, but proving adherence to those standards is a serious and expensive task. One approach to managing risk during Lte introduction can be found in the work of the global Certification Forum (GCF). In March 2008, GCF initiated a process to define the criteria against which the first lte devices can be certified; this will ensure gCF is well placed to assume market requirements prior to full scale development of conformance test cases. Here is an example of cross-industry commitment and cooperation. To start with, much consensus building was required between operators and manufacturers to select and prioritize the conformance tests being developed by 3GPP TSG ran WG5. With that selection came the increased confidence needed to invest resources into developing the most relevant test specifications and test latforms in a timely manner. The gCF processes, along with the benefits to be gained by the industry are explained in this book Leading test companies such as Agilent understand the technical challenges ahead. This working knowledge, coupled with an appreciation of market requirements such as device certification and a sensitivity to the needs of their manufacturer customers, qualifies Agilent to weigh in on the complexities and test challenges of Lte. Although no one person or one company can fully comprehend all aspects of lte, this book sets out to give practical information to practicing engineers who are or will be working with LtE technology. In so doing the authors are helping prepare the way for successful lte deployment Phil brown Chair of 3GPP TSG ran WG5: Chair of the Global Certification Forum Steering group 2008 April 2009 Preface The next generation of cellular technology is dramatically altering the communications landscape, changing the way people access information and interact with one another. At the forefront of the new technology is Lte, the long-term evolution of UMTS, developed by the Third generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP). Lte is offering consumers a new level of mobile broadband access while ensuring that network operators achieve greater operational efficiencies and reduced cost of service The further evolution of Lte through the LTE-Advanced project is now an approved part of the itu-R IMT-Advanced (4G) program Turning LTE and LTE-Advanced into reality takes thousands of hours of engineering development. This book is intended to help make the task easier. The engineers at agilent have contributed their insights to provide readers with an understanding of LTE that comes from working with the technology on a daily basis, both in the lab and on the committees that are defining the LTE Standards. As Agilent engineers, they also have a unique measurement perspective to offer. The authors have shared the best, most current information to help ensure the success of lte and future generations of cellular technology The book is not intended, however, to substitute for reading the standards In this second edition, the authors have updated the content to the latest standards and included new material on LTE on design, verification, and manufacturing test to help engineers meet their design and development goals and schedule ded Advanced where relevant; notably in the discussions of the air interface and physical layer. In addition much has been ad Chapter 1 introduces LTE With an overview of the technology s objectives, services, and architecture. This chapter covers the standards process and status of the ltE/ SAE Trial Initiative(LSTI) Chapter 2 discusses air interface concepts, including the OFDMA modulation scheme used for the downlink, the SC-FDMA uplink modulation scheme, and multiple antenna techniques such as Mimo Chapter 3 gives more detail about the physical layer design. The chapter describes the downlink and uplink frame structures and defines the physical signals and channels. Multiplexing, channel coding and physical layer measurements are covered The procedures for the physical layer and radio access are explained along with radio resource management Chapter 4 covers upper layer signaling including the specifications for access stratum signaling and non-access stratum protocol states and transitions Chapter 5 introduces the System Architecture Evolution (SAE), which is the evolution of the core network to an all-IP system The sae is being developed concurrently with the Lte air interface PREFACE Chapter 6 turns to the challenges of system design and testing The chapter begins by exploring how to use LTE simulation tools to design a system and translate simulations into real signals for testing. This leads to a discussion of testing the new DigRF standard that provides a digital intertace between the baseband and rF integrated circuits. Considerable time is spent discussing likely design issues and the challenges of testing LtE receivers and transmitters at the physical and transport channel layers. MIMO test challenges are also addressed in detail including beamforming and Ue over-the-air testing Other sections cover signaling protocol development and test UE functional test, battery drain test, drive test, and manufacturing test of Ues Chapter 7 covers RF and signaling conformance testing and the role of the global certification Forum(GCf) and Pcs type Certification Review Board(PTCRB The role of network operator acceptance testing is also discussed Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the main features in Releases 9 through 12 including more detail on Release 10 LTE Advanced Acknowledgements The management team of Agilent s Global LtE Initiative would like to recognize the valuable insights and hard work of the many contributors to this book Moray rumney has done an outstanding job of defining the book's focus and the content. He spent many hours writing working with other authors, and editing to give the book's technical content its final shape Our special thanks go to Mary Jane Pahls for without her expertise and dedication to the first and second editions, they would never have happened. Mary jane has a talent to turn very technical material including the graphics into meaningful and accessible content to provide a consistent end result across a wide range of authors Many experts provided valuable input and comments on the content. In addition to the chapter authors listed later, we would like to recognize Russell Barbour, Mike Hurst, Yuqin Shen, Dan Aubertin, Bob Cutler, Phil Lorch, Jing Ya, Hongwei Kong Dan Jaeger, and Juergen Placht for their contributions. We thank agilent and our managers for providing their support and encouragement in the second books creation Dr Michael Leung's enthusiasm was instrumental in getting the first edition done The 3GPP standardization process involves people from all over the world. We wish to acknowledge the work of our colleagues creating the LTE standards documents. Without these documents, this book would not be possible Finally, we are grateful for our families who, once again, provided understanding and support during our long hours to complete this work Jan whitacre LTE Program Lead and project Director Agilent / echnologies February 2013 Author Biographies Ying Bai Before joining Agilent Technologies, Ying Bai received his Masters in Communication and Information Systems from the Institute of Electronics, Chinese academy of Sciences, in 2006. Starting at agilent as an application support engineer for the Signal Sources Division, Bai Ying was initially responsible for offering in-depth technical support to application engineers and customers worldwide, including GSM, W-CDMA, cdma2000 and TD-SCDMA products. In 2008, as an application expert, Bai Ying took on the responsibility of planning the LTE TDD version of Agilent's signal source and signal analysis solutions He now has product planning, product marketing, and technical support roles for TD-SCDMA and LtE TDD applications Randy becker Randy becker obtained his bse with a major in Electrical Engineering from Walla Walla college 1997 and an msee from the University in Nebraska in 1999. He then joined Hewlett-Packard/ Agilent Technologies where he has worked for 14 years in a variety of technical marketing roles. Randy started as a marketing engineer in the Spectrum Analysis Division; two years later he moved to the signal Sources Division where he stayed for twelve years. Randy is currently a senior application engineer supporting various cellular technologies with a focus in W-CDMA and LTE Ed brorein Ed Brorein received his bsee from Villanova University in 1979 and an MsEE from the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1987. Ed joined Agilent Technologies(at the time Hewlett-Packard)in 1979 and worked as an r&D engineer, manufacturing engineer, and marketing engineer in many various roles, presently as a marketing application engineer all along ed has been actively and deeply involved with the design, engineering and application of dc power products and components. One area of focus for Ed has been extensively working with mobile device developers, helping with the testing of battery life and power management systems Peter Cain Peter Cain is a wireless solution planner working for Agilent's Technical Leadership Organization in Edinburgh, Scotland. Since joining Hewlett-Packard/Agilent Technologies in 1985, Peter has had a dire eby of roles as an RF engineer, project manager, and marketing specialist. Over the last decade he has directed solution plans and written application notes for bluetooth, wireless LAN, ultra wideband, and Mobile WiMAXTM. Most recently he has applied his knowledge of mimo to LtE and helped deliver 89600 Wireless Link analysis. Peter obtained a first class degree in Electronic Engineering at Southampton University in 1981 Steve charlton Steve Charlton contributed to the 1 st edition as an employee of Anite Telecoms Ltd and member of the Anite LTE Layer 2 development team. An engineer for more than 30 years, Steve has been primarily involved in real-time embedded systems, mostly in the telecoms arena AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Niranjan Das Niranjan Kumar Das contributed to the 1st edition as an employee of Anite Telecoms Ltd with primary responsibility for the development of the Mme protocols for Anite s test system Since graduating in 1999 with a bE in Computer Science from Dibrugarh University India, Niranjan has been mainly involved with 3GPP Layer 3 protocol development in UMTS and LTE Allison Douglas Allison Douglas is a product manager in the Microwave and Communications Division at Agilent Technologies in Santa Rosa, CA. Allison joined Agilent Technologies in 2004 as an R&D engi and since then has been in several different roles, including application engineer supporting cellular technologies and product marketing engineer. She is currently a product manager for the X-Series signal generators. She holds a bse in Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering from Duke University nd an mba from gor rsity Jeff dalla Jeff Dralla is a product planner and program manager in Agilent's Mobile Broadband Organization focusing on cellular and wireless connectivity manufacturing test solutions. Jeff joined Agilent Technologies in 2004 while completing a B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern Californias viterbi School of engineering Since then Jeff has held various roles within Agilent spanning sales to applications engineering, product planning and marketing, and most recently strategic program management. Jeff's main focus currently is planning next generation test equipment for wireless manufacturing as well as managing Agilent's strategic partnerships with leading wireless chipset companies Sandy fraser Sandy fraser is a 25-year veteran of the rf and microwave industry with expertise spanning dC to 100 GHz applied to such diverse technologies as space and military products and infrared Sandys career includes over 20 years experience with a cellular radio focus. during the last twelve years with Agilent Technologies, Sandy has focused on base station emulators for manufacturing test instruments, including the 8922 and the E5515B/C. today he is the product manager for the E6621A PXT instrument and a leader in LtE technology awareness and training, specializing in LtE protocol and signaling. Sandy is a well-published author and his papers and presentations are appreciated by a global audience. He holds a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Glasgow University Peter Goldsack Peter Goldsack is an R&d engineer at Agilent Technologies. He has a bs in Mathematics from Edinburg University, Scotland, and an ms in Electronics from Napier University, also in Edinburgh. Peter has worked at Hewlett-Packard/ Agilent Technologies for the past 17 years in a variety of roles within R&D and marketing. He has developed protocol stacks for GSM, GPRS, EGPRS, and LtE and worked in a technical marketing role on GSM, GPRS, EGPRS, W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, and WiMAXTM. Currently his primary responsibility is developing lte solutions for cellular r&D customers Jean-Philippe Jean-Philippe Gregoire received a Masters in Electrical Engineering(microelectronics)from the Gregoire Universite de Liege, Belgium, in 2001. He joined Agilent Technologies the same year. Since then Jean Philippe has contributed significantly to various projects-from specification to implementation focusing on baseband digital with a specific interest in MIMO. As member of Agilent Labs he has lead a research program on closed-loop MIMO and multi-channel fading in a European collaborative framework Jean-Philippe is the author of several patent applications and technical papers in the field of signa processing MIMO, and OFDM systems 【实例截图】
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