实例介绍
【实例简介】
探地雷达（Ground Penetrating Radar，GPR）又称透地雷达，地质雷达，是用频率介于10^6-10^9Hz的无线电波来确定地下介质分布的一种无损探测方法。 这是一本经典的关于探地雷达的经典教材，希望对大家有所帮助！
This page intentionally left blank GROUND PENETRATING RADAR THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by HARRY M. JOL ELSEVIER Amsterdan· Boston· Heidelberg London New York· Oxford Paris· San diego· San francisco· Singapore· Sydney· Tokyo Elsevier science Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2009 Copyright C 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers science technology rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone(+44)(0)1865 843830; fax(+44)(0)1865 853333 email:permissions(@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheelsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material otice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use tion of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independen verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the library of congress ISBN:978-0-444-53348-7 For information on all elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect. com Printed in slovenia 0809101110987654321 Working together to grow raries in developing countries www.elsevier.comwww.bookaid.orgwww.sabre.org ELSEVIER BOOK AID Internacional Sabre foundation CONTENTS Preface i Contributors XV Part I Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) Principles 1 Electromagnetic Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar 3 A.P. Annan 1.1 Introduction Ground Penetrating Radar basic principles 1.2.1 Overview 1.2. Maxwells equations 1.2.3 Constitutive equations 1.2.4 Material properties 4556678 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Fields 3.1 Wave properties 1.3.2 Ground penetrating radar source near an interface 1.3.3 Reflection, refraction, and transmission at interfaces 13 1.3.4 Resolution and zone of influence 14 3.5 Scattering attenuation 16 4 Signal M 1.4.1 Time ranges and bandwidth 18 1.4.2 Center frequency 1 Ground penetrating radar signal acquisition 20 1.4.4 Characterizing system response 1.4.5 Recording dynamic range 22 1.44.6 Antennas 23 1.4.7 Antenna directivity 24 1.4.8 Antenna shielding 27 Survey methodology 29 Sampling criteria 29 1.5.2 Ground penetrating radar surveys 30 1.5.3 Common-offset reflection survey 30 1.5.4 Multioffset common midpoint/wide-angle reflection and refraction velocity sounding design 31 1.5.5 Transillumination surveys 31 1.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 33 1.6.1 Dewow 34 6.2 Time gain 34 6.3 Deconvolution 35 1.6.4 Migration 6 Contents 1.6.5 Topographic correction 6 1.6.6 Two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization 37 7 Summary 37 2 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Rocks, Soils and Fluids Nigel J. Cassidy Introduction 41 2.2 Electromagnetic Material Properties: Basic Theory 43 2.3 Permittivity and Conductivity- The Electrical Parameters of Dielectrics 44 2.3.1 Permittivity -E 45 .3.2 Conductivity-o 54 3.3 Permeability -the magnetic parameters of dielectrics 55 2.4 Material Properties-Relationship to Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics 57 2.4.1 Loss factor and skin depth 59 2.5 The Properties of Real Materials- Practical Evaluations 60 2.6 Characterising the response of Real materials 62 2.6.1 Basic mixing models 6 2.6.2 Volumetric and inclusion-based mixing models 64 mmary Acknowledgements 3 Ground Penetrating Radar Systems and Design 73 Steven Koppenjan ntroduction and background Methodology - Types of Ground Penetrating Radar 74 3.2.1 Impulse 75 3.2.2 Swept frequency-modulated continuous wave 75 3.2.3 Stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 6 3.2. 4 Gated, stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 6 3.3 Radio Frequency Specifications and Definitions 3.3.1 Dynamic range 77 3.3.2 Bandwidth 8 3.3.3 Range resolution 8 3.3.4 Lateral resolution 79 3.3.5 Unambiguous range 79 3.4 General Design Criteria for Ground Penetrating Rad 3. 4. 1 System performance 81 3.5 Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar 81 3.5.1 Theory of operation: Impulse radar 81 3. 5.2 System design parameters: impulse radar 3. 5.3 Implementation of an impulse ground penetrating radar Continuous-Wave Ground Penetrating Radar 86 3.6.1 Theory of operation- stepped-frequency, continuous-wave radar 86 3.6.2 System design parameters: stepped- frequency radar 2 3.6.3 Implementation of a gated, stepped-frequency, ground penetrating radar 93 Contents 4 Antennas 99 David Daniels 4 ntroduction Basic antenna parameters 102 4.2.1 Energy transfer from antennas 102 2.2 ain 4 4.2.3 Directivity 4.2. 4 Coupling energy into the ground 105 4.2.5 Antenna efficiency 106 4.2.6 Sidelobes and back lobes 106 4.2.7 Bandwidth 106 4.2.8 Polarisation- linear, elliptical, circular 107 4.2. 9 Antenna phase centre 108 4.2.10 Antenna patterns 108 4.2.11 Time sidelobes and ring-down 109 4.2.12 Antenna footprint 110 4.3 Antennas for Ground Penetrating radar 112 4.3.1 Introduction 112 4.3.2 Coupling into a dielectric 113 4.3.3 Time domain antennas 115 4.3.4 Frequency domain antennas 124 4.3.5 Array antennas 128 4.4 33 4.5 Definitions 133 5 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing, Modelling and analysis 141 Nigel ) Cassidy Introduction 141 5.2 Background and Practical Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing 143 5.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing: Developing Good Practice 145 5.4 Basic Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing Steps 148 5.4.1 Data/trace editing and rubber-band'interpolation 148 5.4.2 Dewow filtering 150 5.4.3 Time-zero correction 150 5.4.4 Filtering 152 5.4.5 Deconvolution 158 6 Velocity analysis and depth conversion 8 5.4.7 Elevation or topographic corrections 59 5.4.8 Gain functions 161 5.4.9 igration 164 5.4.10 Advanced imaging and analysis tools 166 5.4.11 Attribute analysis 16 5.4.12 Numerical modelling 168 Processing, Imaging and Visualisation: Concluding Remarks 171 Acknowledgements Contents Part ll Environmental Applications 77 6 Soils, Peatlands, and Biomonitoring 179 ames a. doolittle and john r butnor 6 Introduction 179 6.2 Soils 180 6.2. 1 Soil properties that affect the performance of ground penetrating radar 6.2.2 Soil suitability maps for ground penetrating radar 81 6.2.3 Ground penetrating data and soil surveys 6.2. 4 Uses of ground penetrating radar in organic soils and peatlands 19 6.3 Biomonitoring 192 7 The Contribution of Ground Penetrating Radar to Water Resource research 203 Lee slater and Xavier Comas Introduction 203 7.2 Petrophysics 206 7.3 Hydrostratigraphic Characterization 209 7. 4 Distribution/Zonation of Flow and Transport Parameters 214 7.5 Moisture Content Estimation 7.6 Monitoring Dynamic Hydrological Processes 224 7.6.1 Recharge/moisture content in the vadose zone 225 7.6.2 Water table detection/monitoring 228 7.6.3 Solute transport in fractures 229 7.6.4 Studies of the hyporheic corridor 231 7.6.5 Studies of the rhizosphere 232 7.6.6 Carbon gas emissions from soils 232 7.7 Conclusions 237 8 Contaminant Mapping J D. Redman 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Contaminant Types 8 8.3 Electrical Properties of Contaminated rock and soil 249 8.3. 1 Electrical properties of NAPLs 3.2 Electrical properties of soil and rock with NAPL contamination 6.3.3 Biodegradation effects 253 8.3.4 Inorganics 253 8.4 Typical Distribution of Contaminants 254 8.4.1 DNAPL 254 8.4.2 LNAPL 255 8.4.3 Inorganics 255 8.4.4 Saturated and unsaturated zone 256 GPR Methodology 256 Contents 8.6 Data Processing and Interpretation 257 8.6.1 Visualization 257 8.6.2 Trace attributes 257 8.6.3 Data differencing 257 8.6. 4 AVO analysis 258 8.6.5 Detection based on frequency-dependent properties 258 8.6.6 Quantitative estimates of NAPL 258 8.7 Case Studies 59 8.7.1 Controlled DNAPL injection 260 8.7.2 Controlled LNAPL injection 262 8.7.3 Accidental spill sites 8.7.4 Leachate and waste disposal site characterization 264 8.8 Summary 265 Terms for Glossary 2 Part Ill Earth Science Applications 71 9 Ground Penetrating Radar in Aeolian Dune Sands 273 Charlie Bristow Introduction 274 Sand dunes 74 9.3 Survey Design 277 9.3.1 Line spacing 277 9.3.2 Step size 277 9.3.3 Orientation 278 9.3.4 Survey direction 278 9.3.5 Vertical resolution 278 9.4 Topography 279 9.4.1 Topographic surveys 280 9.4.2 Topographic correction 281 9.4.3 Apparent dip 281 Imaging Sedimentary Structures and Dune Stratigraphy 281 6 Radar Facies 282 9.7 Radar Stratigraphy and Bounding Surfaces 28 9.8 Aeolian Bounding Surfaces 285 9.8.1 Reactivation surfaces 285 9.8.2 Superposition surfaces 9.8.3 Interdune surfaces 286 9.9 Dune Age and Migration 88 9.10 Stratigraphic Analysis 88 11 Ancient Aeolian sandstones 290 9.12 Three-Dimensional Images 290 9.13 Pedogenic Alteration and Early Diagenesis 291 9.13.1 Evaporites 291 9.13.2 Environmental noise 291 9.13.3 Diffractions 93 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
探地雷达（Ground Penetrating Radar，GPR）又称透地雷达，地质雷达，是用频率介于10^6-10^9Hz的无线电波来确定地下介质分布的一种无损探测方法。 这是一本经典的关于探地雷达的经典教材，希望对大家有所帮助！
This page intentionally left blank GROUND PENETRATING RADAR THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by HARRY M. JOL ELSEVIER Amsterdan· Boston· Heidelberg London New York· Oxford Paris· San diego· San francisco· Singapore· Sydney· Tokyo Elsevier science Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2009 Copyright C 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers science technology rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone(+44)(0)1865 843830; fax(+44)(0)1865 853333 email:permissions(@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheelsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material otice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use tion of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independen verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the library of congress ISBN:978-0-444-53348-7 For information on all elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect. com Printed in slovenia 0809101110987654321 Working together to grow raries in developing countries www.elsevier.comwww.bookaid.orgwww.sabre.org ELSEVIER BOOK AID Internacional Sabre foundation CONTENTS Preface i Contributors XV Part I Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) Principles 1 Electromagnetic Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar 3 A.P. Annan 1.1 Introduction Ground Penetrating Radar basic principles 1.2.1 Overview 1.2. Maxwells equations 1.2.3 Constitutive equations 1.2.4 Material properties 4556678 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Fields 3.1 Wave properties 1.3.2 Ground penetrating radar source near an interface 1.3.3 Reflection, refraction, and transmission at interfaces 13 1.3.4 Resolution and zone of influence 14 3.5 Scattering attenuation 16 4 Signal M 1.4.1 Time ranges and bandwidth 18 1.4.2 Center frequency 1 Ground penetrating radar signal acquisition 20 1.4.4 Characterizing system response 1.4.5 Recording dynamic range 22 1.44.6 Antennas 23 1.4.7 Antenna directivity 24 1.4.8 Antenna shielding 27 Survey methodology 29 Sampling criteria 29 1.5.2 Ground penetrating radar surveys 30 1.5.3 Common-offset reflection survey 30 1.5.4 Multioffset common midpoint/wide-angle reflection and refraction velocity sounding design 31 1.5.5 Transillumination surveys 31 1.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 33 1.6.1 Dewow 34 6.2 Time gain 34 6.3 Deconvolution 35 1.6.4 Migration 6 Contents 1.6.5 Topographic correction 6 1.6.6 Two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization 37 7 Summary 37 2 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Rocks, Soils and Fluids Nigel J. Cassidy Introduction 41 2.2 Electromagnetic Material Properties: Basic Theory 43 2.3 Permittivity and Conductivity- The Electrical Parameters of Dielectrics 44 2.3.1 Permittivity -E 45 .3.2 Conductivity-o 54 3.3 Permeability -the magnetic parameters of dielectrics 55 2.4 Material Properties-Relationship to Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics 57 2.4.1 Loss factor and skin depth 59 2.5 The Properties of Real Materials- Practical Evaluations 60 2.6 Characterising the response of Real materials 62 2.6.1 Basic mixing models 6 2.6.2 Volumetric and inclusion-based mixing models 64 mmary Acknowledgements 3 Ground Penetrating Radar Systems and Design 73 Steven Koppenjan ntroduction and background Methodology - Types of Ground Penetrating Radar 74 3.2.1 Impulse 75 3.2.2 Swept frequency-modulated continuous wave 75 3.2.3 Stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 6 3.2. 4 Gated, stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 6 3.3 Radio Frequency Specifications and Definitions 3.3.1 Dynamic range 77 3.3.2 Bandwidth 8 3.3.3 Range resolution 8 3.3.4 Lateral resolution 79 3.3.5 Unambiguous range 79 3.4 General Design Criteria for Ground Penetrating Rad 3. 4. 1 System performance 81 3.5 Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar 81 3.5.1 Theory of operation: Impulse radar 81 3. 5.2 System design parameters: impulse radar 3. 5.3 Implementation of an impulse ground penetrating radar Continuous-Wave Ground Penetrating Radar 86 3.6.1 Theory of operation- stepped-frequency, continuous-wave radar 86 3.6.2 System design parameters: stepped- frequency radar 2 3.6.3 Implementation of a gated, stepped-frequency, ground penetrating radar 93 Contents 4 Antennas 99 David Daniels 4 ntroduction Basic antenna parameters 102 4.2.1 Energy transfer from antennas 102 2.2 ain 4 4.2.3 Directivity 4.2. 4 Coupling energy into the ground 105 4.2.5 Antenna efficiency 106 4.2.6 Sidelobes and back lobes 106 4.2.7 Bandwidth 106 4.2.8 Polarisation- linear, elliptical, circular 107 4.2. 9 Antenna phase centre 108 4.2.10 Antenna patterns 108 4.2.11 Time sidelobes and ring-down 109 4.2.12 Antenna footprint 110 4.3 Antennas for Ground Penetrating radar 112 4.3.1 Introduction 112 4.3.2 Coupling into a dielectric 113 4.3.3 Time domain antennas 115 4.3.4 Frequency domain antennas 124 4.3.5 Array antennas 128 4.4 33 4.5 Definitions 133 5 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing, Modelling and analysis 141 Nigel ) Cassidy Introduction 141 5.2 Background and Practical Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing 143 5.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing: Developing Good Practice 145 5.4 Basic Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing Steps 148 5.4.1 Data/trace editing and rubber-band'interpolation 148 5.4.2 Dewow filtering 150 5.4.3 Time-zero correction 150 5.4.4 Filtering 152 5.4.5 Deconvolution 158 6 Velocity analysis and depth conversion 8 5.4.7 Elevation or topographic corrections 59 5.4.8 Gain functions 161 5.4.9 igration 164 5.4.10 Advanced imaging and analysis tools 166 5.4.11 Attribute analysis 16 5.4.12 Numerical modelling 168 Processing, Imaging and Visualisation: Concluding Remarks 171 Acknowledgements Contents Part ll Environmental Applications 77 6 Soils, Peatlands, and Biomonitoring 179 ames a. doolittle and john r butnor 6 Introduction 179 6.2 Soils 180 6.2. 1 Soil properties that affect the performance of ground penetrating radar 6.2.2 Soil suitability maps for ground penetrating radar 81 6.2.3 Ground penetrating data and soil surveys 6.2. 4 Uses of ground penetrating radar in organic soils and peatlands 19 6.3 Biomonitoring 192 7 The Contribution of Ground Penetrating Radar to Water Resource research 203 Lee slater and Xavier Comas Introduction 203 7.2 Petrophysics 206 7.3 Hydrostratigraphic Characterization 209 7. 4 Distribution/Zonation of Flow and Transport Parameters 214 7.5 Moisture Content Estimation 7.6 Monitoring Dynamic Hydrological Processes 224 7.6.1 Recharge/moisture content in the vadose zone 225 7.6.2 Water table detection/monitoring 228 7.6.3 Solute transport in fractures 229 7.6.4 Studies of the hyporheic corridor 231 7.6.5 Studies of the rhizosphere 232 7.6.6 Carbon gas emissions from soils 232 7.7 Conclusions 237 8 Contaminant Mapping J D. Redman 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Contaminant Types 8 8.3 Electrical Properties of Contaminated rock and soil 249 8.3. 1 Electrical properties of NAPLs 3.2 Electrical properties of soil and rock with NAPL contamination 6.3.3 Biodegradation effects 253 8.3.4 Inorganics 253 8.4 Typical Distribution of Contaminants 254 8.4.1 DNAPL 254 8.4.2 LNAPL 255 8.4.3 Inorganics 255 8.4.4 Saturated and unsaturated zone 256 GPR Methodology 256 Contents 8.6 Data Processing and Interpretation 257 8.6.1 Visualization 257 8.6.2 Trace attributes 257 8.6.3 Data differencing 257 8.6. 4 AVO analysis 258 8.6.5 Detection based on frequency-dependent properties 258 8.6.6 Quantitative estimates of NAPL 258 8.7 Case Studies 59 8.7.1 Controlled DNAPL injection 260 8.7.2 Controlled LNAPL injection 262 8.7.3 Accidental spill sites 8.7.4 Leachate and waste disposal site characterization 264 8.8 Summary 265 Terms for Glossary 2 Part Ill Earth Science Applications 71 9 Ground Penetrating Radar in Aeolian Dune Sands 273 Charlie Bristow Introduction 274 Sand dunes 74 9.3 Survey Design 277 9.3.1 Line spacing 277 9.3.2 Step size 277 9.3.3 Orientation 278 9.3.4 Survey direction 278 9.3.5 Vertical resolution 278 9.4 Topography 279 9.4.1 Topographic surveys 280 9.4.2 Topographic correction 281 9.4.3 Apparent dip 281 Imaging Sedimentary Structures and Dune Stratigraphy 281 6 Radar Facies 282 9.7 Radar Stratigraphy and Bounding Surfaces 28 9.8 Aeolian Bounding Surfaces 285 9.8.1 Reactivation surfaces 285 9.8.2 Superposition surfaces 9.8.3 Interdune surfaces 286 9.9 Dune Age and Migration 88 9.10 Stratigraphic Analysis 88 11 Ancient Aeolian sandstones 290 9.12 Three-Dimensional Images 290 9.13 Pedogenic Alteration and Early Diagenesis 291 9.13.1 Evaporites 291 9.13.2 Environmental noise 291 9.13.3 Diffractions 93 【实例截图】
【核心代码】
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