C99规范.pdf

常规C/C++编程

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开发语言：C/C++
实例大小：1.04M
下载次数：11
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发布时间：2020-11-26
实例类别：常规C/C++编程
发布人：木木兵
文件格式：.pdf
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实例介绍

【实例简介】共计550页，目录如下：

Contents
Foreword ............................. xi
Introduction ............................ xiv
Scope ............................. 1
Normative references ....................... 2
Terms, definitions, and symbols ................... 3
Conformance .......................... 7
Environment .......................... 9
1 Conceptual models ..................... 9
1.1 Translation environment ................ 9
1.2 Execution environments ................ 11
2 Environmental considerations ................. 17
2.1 Character sets .................... 17
2.2 Character display semantics .............. 19
2.3 Signals and interrupts ................. 20
2.4 Environmental limits ................. 20
Language ............................ 29
1 Notation .......................... 29
2 Concepts ......................... 29
2.1 Scopes of identifiers ................. 29
2.2 Linkages of identifiers ................. 30
2.3 Name spaces of identifiers ............... 31
2.4 Storage durations of objects .............. 32
2.5 Types ....................... 33
2.6 Representations of types ................ 37
2.7 Compatible type and composite type ........... 40
3 Conversions ........................ 42
3.1 Arithmetic operands ................. 42
3.2 Other operands ................... 46
4 Lexical elements ...................... 49
4.1 Keywords ...................... 50
4.2 Identifiers ...................... 51
4.3 Universal character names ............... 53
4.4 Constants ...................... 54
4.5 String literals .................... 62
4.6 Punctuators ..................... 63
4.7 Header names .................... 64
4.8 Preprocessing numbers ................ 65
4.9 Comments ..................... 66
5 Expressions ........................ 67
Contents iii
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC
5.1 Primary expressions ................. 69
5.2 Postfix operators ................... 69
5.3 Unary operators ................... 78
5.4 Cast operators .................... 81
5.5 Multiplicative operators ................ 82
5.6 Additive operators .................. 82
5.7 Bitwise shift operators ................. 84
5.8 Relational operators .................. 85
5.9 Equality operators .................. 86
5.10 Bitwise AND operator ................. 87
5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator ............. 88
5.12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator .............. 88
5.13 Logical AND operator ................. 89
5.14 Logical OR operator ................. 89
5.15 Conditional operator ................. 90
5.16 Assignment operators ................. 91
5.17 Comma operator ................... 94
6 Constant expressions ..................... 95
7 Declarations ........................ 97
7.1 Storage-class specifiers ................ 98
7.2 Type specifiers .................... 99
7.3 Type qualifiers .................... 108
7.4 Function specifiers .................. 112
7.5 Declarators ..................... 114
7.6 Type names ..................... 122
7.7 Type definitions ................... 123
7.8 Initialization .................... 125
8 Statements and blocks .................... 131
8.1 Labeled statements .................. 131
8.2 Compound statement ................. 132
8.3 Expression and null statements ............. 132
8.4 Selection statements ................. 133
8.5 Iteration statements .................. 135
8.6 Jump statements ................... 136
9 External definitions ..................... 140
9.1 Function definitions .................. 141
9.2 External object definitions ............... 143
10 Preprocessing directives ................... 145
10.1 Conditional inclusion ................. 147
10.2 Source file inclusion ................. 149
10.3 Macro replacement .................. 151
10.4 Line control ..................... 158
10.5 Error directive .................... 159
10.6 Pragma directive ................... 159
iv Contents
©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)
10.7 Null directive .................... 160
10.8 Predefined macro names ................ 160
10.9 Pragma operator ................... 161
11 Future language directions .................. 163
11.1 Floating types .................... 163
11.2 Linkages of identifiers ................. 163
11.3 External names ................... 163
11.4 Character escape sequences .............. 163
11.5 Storage-class specifiers ................ 163
11.6 Function declarators ................. 163
11.7 Function definitions .................. 163
11.8 Pragma directives .................. 163
11.9 Predefined macro names ................ 163
Library ............................. 164
1 Introduction ........................ 164
1.1 Definitions of terms .................. 164
1.2 Standard headers ................... 165
1.3 Reserved identifiers .................. 166
1.4 Use of library functions ................ 166
2 Diagnostics <assert.h> .................. 169
2.1 Program diagnostics ................. 169
3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> .............. 170
3.1 Introduction ..................... 170
3.2 Conventions ..................... 171
3.3 Branch cuts ..................... 171
3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma ........... 171
3.5 Trigonometric functions ................ 172
3.6 Hyperbolic functions ................. 174
3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions .......... 176
3.8 Power and absolute-value functions ........... 177
3.9 Manipulation functions ................ 178
4 Character handling <ctype.h> ................ 181
4.1 Character classification functions ............ 181
4.2 Character case mapping functions ............ 184
5 Errors <errno.h> ..................... 186
6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> ............. 187
6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma .............. 189
6.2 Floating-point exceptions ............... 190
6.3 Rounding ...................... 192
6.4 Environment .................... 194
7 Characteristics of floating types <float.h> ........... 196
8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ........ 197
8.1 Macros for format specifiers .............. 197
8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types ......... 198
Contents v
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC
9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h> ............... 201
10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h> .............. 202
11 Localization <locale.h> .................. 203
11.1 Locale control .................... 204
11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry .......... 205
12 Mathematics <math.h> ................... 211
12.1 Treatment of error conditions .............. 213
12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma .............. 214
12.3 Classification macros ................. 215
12.4 Trigonometric functions ................ 217
12.5 Hyperbolic functions ................. 220
12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions .......... 222
12.7 Power and absolute-value functions ........... 227
12.8 Error and gamma functions ............... 229
12.9 Nearest integer functions ................ 230
12.10 Remainder functions ................. 234
12.11 Manipulation functions ................ 235
12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions ... 237
12.13 Floating multiply-add ................. 238
12.14 Comparison macros .................. 239
13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h> ................ 242
13.1 Save calling environment ............... 242
13.2 Restore calling environment .............. 243
14 Signal handling <signal.h> ................. 245
14.1 Specify signal handling ................ 246
14.2 Send signal ..................... 247
15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> ............... 248
15.1 Variable argument list access macros ........... 248
16 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ............ 252
17 Common definitions <stddef.h> ............... 253
18 Integer types <stdint.h> .................. 254
18.1 Integer types .................... 254
18.2 Limits of specified-width integer types .......... 256
18.3 Limits of other integer types .............. 258
18.4 Macros for integer constants .............. 259
19 Input/output <stdio.h> .................. 261
19.1 Introduction ..................... 261
19.2 Streams ...................... 263
19.3 Files ........................ 265
19.4 Operations on files .................. 267
19.5 File access functions ................. 269
19.6 Formatted input/output functions ............ 273
19.7 Character input/output functions ............. 294
19.8 Direct input/output functions .............. 299
vi Contents
©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)
19.9 File positioning functions ............... 300
19.10 Error-handling functions ................ 303
20 General utilities <stdlib.h> ................ 305
20.1 Numeric conversion functions .............. 306
20.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions ....... 311
20.3 Memory management functions ............. 312
20.4 Communication with the environment .......... 314
20.5 Searching and sorting utilities .............. 317
20.6 Integer arithmetic functions .............. 319
20.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions ....... 320
20.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions ........ 322
21 String handling <string.h> ................. 324
21.1 String function conventions ............... 324
21.2 Copying functions .................. 324
21.3 Concatenation functions ................ 326
21.4 Comparison functions ................. 327
21.5 Search functions ................... 329
21.6 Miscellaneous functions ................ 332
22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ............... 334
23 Date and time <time.h> .................. 337
23.1 Components of time ................. 337
23.2 Time manipulation functions .............. 338
23.3 Time conversion functions ............... 340
24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h> ..... 347
24.1 Introduction ..................... 347
24.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions ...... 348
24.3 Wide character input/output functions .......... 366
24.4 General wide string utilities .............. 370
24.5 Wide character time conversion functions ......... 384
24.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities .... 385
25 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h> ... 392
25.1 Introduction ..................... 392
25.2 Wide character classification utilities ........... 393
25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities ........... 398
26 Future library directions ................... 400
26.1 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ........... 400
26.2 Character handling <ctype.h> ............ 400
26.3 Errors <errno.h> ................. 400
26.4 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> .... 400
26.5 Localization <locale.h> .............. 400
26.6 Signal handling <signal.h> ............. 400
26.7 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ......... 400
26.8 Integer types <stdint.h> .............. 400
26.9 Input/output <stdio.h> ............... 401
Contents vii
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC
26.10 General utilities <stdlib.h> ............. 401
26.11 String handling <string.h> ............. 401
26.12 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities
<wchar.h> .................... 401
26.13 Wide character classification and mapping utilities
<wctype.h> .................... 401
Annex A (informative) Language syntax summary ............ 402
A.1 Lexical grammar ...................... 402
A.2 Phrase structure grammar ................... 408
A.3 Preprocessing directives ................... 415
Annex B (informative) Library summary ................ 417
B.1 Diagnostics <assert.h> .................. 417
B.2 Complex <complex.h> ................... 417
B.3 Character handling <ctype.h> ................ 419
B.4 Errors <errno.h> ..................... 419
B.5 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> ............. 419
B.6 Characteristics of floating types <float.h> ........... 420
B.7 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ........ 420
B.8 Alternative spellings <iso646.h> ............... 421
B.9 Sizes of integer types <limits.h> .............. 421
B.10 Localization <locale.h> .................. 421
B.11 Mathematics <math.h> ................... 421
B.12 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h> ................ 426
B.13 Signal handling <signal.h> ................. 426
B.14 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> ............... 426
B.15 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ............ 426
B.16 Common definitions <stddef.h> ............... 427
B.17 Integer types <stdint.h> .................. 427
B.18 Input/output <stdio.h> .................. 427
B.19 General utilities <stdlib.h> ................ 429
B.20 String handling <string.h> ................. 431
B.21 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ............... 432
B.22 Date and time <time.h> .................. 432
B.23 Extended multibyte/wide character utilities <wchar.h> ...... 433
B.24 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h> ... 435
Annex C (informative) Sequence points ................. 437
Annex D (normative) Universal character names for identifiers ....... 438
Annex E (informative) Implementation limits .............. 440
Annex F (normative) IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic .......... 442
F.1 Introduction ........................ 442
F.2 Types ........................... 442
F.3 Operators and functions ................... 443
viii Contents
©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)
F.4 Floating to integer conversion ................. 445
F.5 Binary-decimal conversion .................. 445
F.6 Contracted expressions .................... 446
F.7 Floating-point environment .................. 446
F.8 Optimization ........................ 449
F.9 Mathematics <math.h> ................... 452
Annex G (informative) IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic ...... 465
G.1 Introduction ........................ 465
G.2 Types ........................... 465
G.3 Conventions ........................ 465
G.4 Conversions ........................ 466
G.5 Binary operators ...................... 466
G.6 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> .............. 470
G.7 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ............... 478
Annex H (informative) Language independent arithmetic .......... 479
H.1 Introduction ........................ 479
H.2 Types ........................... 479
H.3 Notification ........................ 483
Annex I (informative) Common warnings ................ 485
Annex J (informative) Portability issues ................. 487
J.1 Unspecified behavior ..................... 487
J.2 Undefined behavior ..................... 490
J.3 Implementation-defined behavior ................ 503
J.4 Locale-specific behavior ................... 510
J.5 Common extensions ..................... 511
Bibliography ........................... 514
Index .............................. 517

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