Introduction to Data Systems Building from Python（从python构建数据系统简介）

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【核心代码】

Contents
Part I Foundation
1 Introduction ................................................................. 3
1.1 A Broad View of Data Systems...................................... 3
1.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 7
1.2 The Sources of Data.................................................. 7
1.2.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 9
1.3 The Forms of Data ................................................... 9
1.3.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 12
1.4 Book Organization ................................................... 13
1.4.1 Exercises .................................................... 14
2 File Systems and File Processing.......................................... 17
2.1 File Systems .......................................................... 18
2.1.1 Hierarchical Organization.................................. 19
2.1.2 Paths......................................................... 21
2.1.3 Python File System and Path Facilities.................... 23
2.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 25
2.1.5 Exercises .................................................... 26
2.2 File Level Operations ................................................ 27
2.2.1 File Open and Close ........................................ 29
2.2.2 Text File Encoding.......................................... 35
2.2.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 37
2.2.4 Exercises .................................................... 39
2.3 Processing Files for Data ............................................ 41
2.3.1 Single Data Item per Line.................................. 41
2.3.2 Multiple Data Items per Line .............................. 45
2.3.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 48
2.3.4 Exercises .................................................... 49
2.4 JSON File Processing ................................................ 51
2.4.1 Writing Data Structures to JSON .......................... 52
2.4.2 Reading Data Structures from JSON ...................... 53
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xviii Contents
2.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 54
2.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 55
3 Python Native Data Structures............................................ 59
3.1 List Patterns .......................................................... 60
3.1.1 Accumulation ............................................... 61
3.1.2 Unary Vector Operations ................................... 61
3.1.3 Binary Vector Operations .................................. 63
3.1.4 Filter......................................................... 64
3.1.5 Reduction ................................................... 65
3.1.6 Reading Questions.......................................... 65
3.1.7 Exercises .................................................... 67
3.2 Dictionaries........................................................... 70
3.2.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 72
3.2.2 Exercises .................................................... 73
3.3 Python Features ...................................................... 76
3.3.1 Functions as Objects........................................ 76
3.3.2 Lambda Functions .......................................... 78
3.3.3 List Comprehensions ....................................... 80
3.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 82
3.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 84
3.4 Representing General Data Sets ..................................... 88
3.4.1 Dictionary of Lists.......................................... 91
3.4.2 List of Lists ................................................. 92
3.4.3 List of Dictionaries ......................................... 94
3.4.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 96
3.4.5 Exercises .................................................... 98
4 Regular Expressions........................................................ 103
4.1 Motivation ............................................................ 104
4.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 106
4.2 Terminology .......................................................... 107
4.2.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 108
4.3 The Regular Expression Language .................................. 108
4.3.1 Literal Characters........................................... 109
4.3.2 Single Character Wildcard Matching ...................... 110
4.3.3 Repetition ................................................... 112
4.3.4 Disjunction.................................................. 113
4.3.5 Boundaries/Anchors........................................ 113
4.3.6 Grouping .................................................... 114
4.3.7 Flags......................................................... 115
4.3.8 Reading Questions.......................................... 117
4.3.9 Exercises .................................................... 118
4.4 Python Programming with Regular Expressions ................... 120
4.4.1 Specifying Patterns ......................................... 120
4.4.2 The re Module Interface................................... 120
Contents xix
4.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 124
4.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 125
Part II Data Systems: The Data Models
5 Data Systems Models....................................................... 131
5.1 Data Model Framework.............................................. 131
5.1.1 Structure..................................................... 132
5.1.2 Operations................................................... 133
5.1.3 Constraints .................................................. 134
5.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 135
5.2 Tabular Model Overview............................................. 135
5.2.1 Structure..................................................... 136
5.2.2 Operations................................................... 137
5.2.3 Constraints .................................................. 137
5.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 138
5.3 Relational Model Overview.......................................... 138
5.3.1 Structure..................................................... 138
5.3.2 Operations................................................... 140
5.3.3 Constraints .................................................. 141
5.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 141
5.4 Hierarchical Model Overview ....................................... 141
5.4.1 Structure..................................................... 142
5.4.2 Operations................................................... 143
5.4.3 Constraints .................................................. 143
5.4.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 144
6 Tabular Model: Structure and Formats.................................. 145
6.1 Tidy Data ............................................................. 146
6.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 151
6.1.2 Exercises .................................................... 151
6.2 Tabular Data Format ................................................. 153
6.2.1 Format Background ........................................ 153
6.2.2 Format for Tabular Data.................................... 153
6.2.3 Tabular Format File Processing ............................ 156
6.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 158
6.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 158
6.3 Tabular Structure as pandas DataFrame........................ 160
6.3.1 DataFrame Creation ..................................... 161
6.3.2 Operations Involving Whole Data Frames ................ 166
6.3.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 171
6.3.4 Exercises .................................................... 172
7 Tabular Model: Access Operations and pandas ....................... 175
7.1 Tabular Operations Overview........................................ 176
7.1.1 Access Operations .......................................... 176
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7.1.2 Computational Operations ................................. 177
7.1.3 Mutation Operations........................................ 177
7.1.4 Advanced Operations....................................... 178
7.1.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 179
7.2 Preliminaries and Example Data Sets ............................... 179
7.2.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 182
7.3 Access and Computation Operations................................ 182
7.3.1 Single Column Projection and Vector Operations ........ 182
7.3.2 Multicolumn Projection of a DataFrame................ 187
7.3.3 Row Selection by Slice..................................... 188
7.3.4 Row Selection by Condition ............................... 190
7.3.5 Combinations of Projection and Selection ................ 193
7.3.6 Iteration over Rows and Columns ......................... 199
7.3.7 Reading Questions.......................................... 200
7.3.8 Exercises .................................................... 202
8 Tabular Model: Advanced Operations and pandas ................... 205
8.1 Aggregating and Grouping Data..................................... 206
8.1.1 Aggregating Single Series .............................. 206
8.1.2 Aggregating a Data Frame ................................. 208
8.1.3 Aggregating Selected Rows................................ 210
8.1.4 General Partitioning and GroupBy ........................ 212
8.1.5 Indicators Grouping Example.............................. 215
8.1.6 Reading Questions.......................................... 217
8.1.7 Exercises .................................................... 218
8.2 Mutation Operations for a Data Frame.............................. 219
8.2.1 Operations to Delete Columns and Rows ................. 220
8.2.2 Operation to Add a Column................................ 223
8.2.3 Updating Columns.......................................... 225
8.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 227
8.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 227
8.3 Combining Tables .................................................... 229
8.3.1 Concatenating Data Frames Along the Row Dimension . 230
8.3.2 Concatenating Data Frames Along the Column
Dimension .................................................. 234
8.3.3 Joining/Merging Data Frames ............................. 237
8.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 243
8.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 244
8.4 Missing Data Handling............................................... 245
8.4.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 248
9 Tabular Model: Transformations and Constraints ..................... 249
9.1 Tabular Model Constraints........................................... 250
9.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 251
9.1.2 Exercises .................................................... 251
Contents xxi
9.2 Tabular Transformations ............................................. 252
9.2.1 Transpose ................................................... 253
9.2.2 Melt ......................................................... 254
9.2.3 Pivot ......................................................... 260
9.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 268
9.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 270
9.3 Normalization: A Series of Vignettes ............................... 271
9.3.1 Column Values as Mashup ................................. 272
9.3.2 One Relational Mapping per Row ......................... 274
9.3.3 Columns as Values and Mashups .......................... 277
9.3.4 Exactly One Table per Logical Mapping .................. 282
9.3.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 286
9.4 Recognizing Messy Data............................................. 287
9.4.1 Focus on Each Column as Exactly One Variable
(TidyData1) ................................................. 287
9.4.2 Focus on Each Row Giving Exactly One Mapping
(TidyData2) ................................................. 288
9.4.3 Focus on Each Table Representing One Data Set
(TidyData3) ................................................. 288
9.4.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 289
9.4.5 Exercises .................................................... 290
10 Relational Model: Structure and Architecture.......................... 293
10.1 Background........................................................... 295
10.1.1 Motivation and Requirements.............................. 295
10.1.2 The Relational Database Solution ......................... 298
10.1.3 Types of Relational Databases ............................. 299
10.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 300
10.2 Structure .............................................................. 300
10.2.1 Single Table Characteristics................................ 301
10.2.2 Multiple Table Characteristics ............................. 305
10.2.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 308
10.3 Database Architecture................................................ 309
10.3.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 312
11 Relational Model: Single Table Operations.............................. 313
11.1 Example Data Sets ................................................... 315
11.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 317
11.2 Projecting Column Fields............................................ 318
11.2.1 Single Column Field Projection ........................... 319
11.2.2 Multiple Column Field Projection ......................... 319
11.2.3 Simple Subquery ........................................... 321
11.2.4 Ordering Results............................................ 322
11.2.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 325
11.2.6 Exercises .................................................... 325
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11.3 Selecting and Filtering Rows ........................................ 327
11.3.1 Uniqueness Filtering ....................................... 327
11.3.2 Row Selection by Filtering................................. 329
11.3.3 Missing Values.............................................. 334
11.3.4 Additional Examples ....................................... 335
11.3.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 336
11.3.6 Exercises .................................................... 337
11.4 Column-Vector Operations .......................................... 338
11.4.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 340
11.4.2 Exercises .................................................... 340
11.5 Aggregation........................................................... 341
11.5.1 Counting Rows for Fields .................................. 341
11.5.2 Reading Questions.......................................... 343
11.5.3 Exercises .................................................... 343
11.6 Partitioning and Aggregating ........................................ 344
11.6.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 347
11.6.2 Exercises .................................................... 347
12 Relational Model: Multiple Tables Operations.......................... 349
12.1 Preliminaries and Example Data Set ................................ 350
12.1.1 Data Set: The school Database Schema ................ 350
12.1.2 Table Relationships......................................... 350
12.1.3 SQL Execution Plan ........................................ 353
12.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 354
12.1.5 Exercises .................................................... 355
12.2 Overview of Join Operations ........................................ 356
12.3 Inner Joins ............................................................ 358
12.3.1 Two Table SQL Inner Join ................................. 358
12.3.2 [Optional] Cartesian Product-Based Inner Join ........... 362
12.3.3 Inner Join to Fill Redundant Fields ........................ 363
12.3.4 Three-Table Join............................................ 365
12.3.5 Join Table from a Subquery ................................ 367
12.3.6 Reading Questions.......................................... 369
12.3.7 Exercises .................................................... 370
12.4 Outer Joins............................................................ 371
12.4.1 Left and Right Joins ........................................ 372
12.4.2 Full Outer Join.............................................. 376
12.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 379
12.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 380
12.5 Partitioning and Grouping Information ............................. 380
12.5.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 382
12.5.2 Exercises .................................................... 383
12.6 Subqueries ............................................................ 384
12.6.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 387
12.6.2 Exercises .................................................... 388
Contents xxiii
13 Relational Model: Database Programming.............................. 391
13.1 Making Connections ................................................. 393
13.1.1 The Connection String ..................................... 394
13.1.2 Connecting and Closing.................................... 396
13.1.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 398
13.1.4 Exercises .................................................... 399
13.2 Executing Queries and Basic Retrieval of Results.................. 400
13.2.1 Basic Query and Fetching Results ......................... 400
13.2.2 Reading Questions.......................................... 404
13.2.3 Exercises .................................................... 405
13.3 More Advanced Techniques ......................................... 406
13.3.1 Record at a Time............................................ 406
13.3.2 Chunks ...................................................... 408
13.3.3 Working with Multiple Databases ......................... 411
13.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 413
13.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 414
13.4 Incorporating Variables .............................................. 414
13.4.1 Python String Composition ................................ 415
13.4.2 Binding Variables........................................... 417
13.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 420
13.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 421
14 Relational Model: Design, Constraints, and Creation.................. 425
14.1 Motivation and Process .............................................. 426
14.2 Designing Tables ..................................................... 428
14.2.1 Functional Dependencies................................... 428
14.2.2 Table Design: Advice and Best Practices.................. 429
14.2.3 Table Primary Key.......................................... 430
14.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 431
14.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 431
14.3 Table Fields........................................................... 432
14.3.1 Single Field Issues.......................................... 432
14.3.2 Field Relationship Issues................................... 433
14.3.3 Field Data Types............................................ 435
14.3.4 Field Design: Advice and Best Practices .................. 435
14.3.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 436
14.3.6 Exercises .................................................... 437
14.4 Relationships Between Tables ....................................... 438
14.4.1 Designing for Many-to-One Relationships................ 438
14.4.2 Designing for Many-to-Many Relationships .............. 440
14.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 441
14.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 441
14.5 Table and Schema Creation.......................................... 442
14.5.1 Fields........................................................ 443
14.5.2 Table Constraints ........................................... 444
xxiv Contents
14.5.3 Programming and Development Advice................... 447
14.5.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 450
14.5.5 Exercises .................................................... 450
14.6 Table Population...................................................... 452
14.6.1 Examples.................................................... 453
14.6.2 Programming for Table Population ........................ 454
14.6.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 460
14.6.4 Exercises .................................................... 460
15 Hierarchical Model: Structure and Formats ............................ 463
15.1 Motivation ............................................................ 464
15.2 Representation of Trees .............................................. 465
15.2.1 Terminology ................................................ 466
15.2.2 Python Native Data Structures and Nesting ............... 467
15.2.3 Traversals and Paths ........................................ 472
15.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 472
15.3 JSON.................................................................. 473
15.3.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 475
15.3.2 Exercises .................................................... 476
15.4 XML .................................................................. 477
15.4.1 XML Structure.............................................. 477
15.4.2 Extracting Data from an XML File ........................ 481
15.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 484
15.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 484
16 Hierarchical Model: Operations and Programming.................... 487
16.1 Operations Overview................................................. 488
16.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 490
16.2 JSON Procedural Programming ..................................... 490
16.2.1 Access and Traversal Operations Example................ 491
16.2.2 Node Creation .............................................. 497
16.2.3 Node Attribute Updates .................................... 498
16.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 500
16.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 501
16.3 XML Procedural Operations......................................... 502
16.3.1 Reading and Traversing XML Data ....................... 503
16.3.2 Creating XML Data ........................................ 517
16.3.3 Further Operations.......................................... 521
16.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 521
16.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 522
16.4 XPath ................................................................. 524
16.4.1 Paths in XML Documents.................................. 525
16.4.2 Paths and Expressions in XPath............................ 526
16.4.3 XPath Syntax ............................................... 530
16.4.4 XPath Axes ................................................. 530
16.4.5 XPath Predicates and Built-in Functions .................. 533
Contents xxv
16.4.6 Python Programming with XPath.......................... 535
16.4.7 Case Study Example........................................ 539
16.4.8 Reading Questions.......................................... 543
16.4.9 Exercises .................................................... 544
17 Hierarchical Model: Constraints ......................................... 547
17.1 Motivation ............................................................ 548
17.1.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 550
17.2 Well-Formed XML................................................... 550
17.2.1 Reading Questions.......................................... 552
17.3 Document Type Definition........................................... 552
17.3.1 Declaring Elements......................................... 553
17.3.2 Declaring Attributes and Entities .......................... 553
17.3.3 Example DTD Declarations................................ 555
17.3.4 DTD Validation of an XML Document.................... 555
17.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 558
17.4 XML Schema......................................................... 559
17.4.1 Root of an XML Schema................................... 559
17.4.2 Declaring Elements and Attributes ........................ 560
17.4.3 XSD Types.................................................. 562
17.4.4 XSD Restrictions ........................................... 564
17.4.5 An XSD Example........................................... 566
17.4.6 Validating an XML Document............................. 568
17.4.7 Exercises .................................................... 570
17.5 JSON Schema ........................................................ 571
17.5.1 Basics of JSON Schema.................................... 572
17.5.2 Validating a JSON Document Using a JSON Schema.... 576
17.5.3 Exercises .................................................... 577
Part III Data Systems: The Data Sources
18 Overview of Data Systems Sources ....................................... 583
18.1 Architecture........................................................... 584
18.2 Data Sources.......................................................... 585
18.2.1 Local Files .................................................. 586
18.2.2 Database Systems........................................... 587
18.2.3 Web Servers................................................. 588
18.2.4 API Service ................................................. 589
18.2.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 590
19 Networking and Client–Server............................................ 591
19.1 The Network Architecture ........................................... 592
19.1.1 Host Addressing ............................................ 594
19.1.2 Packet Switching and Routing ............................. 594
19.1.3 Summary Characteristics of the Network ................. 595
19.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 596
xxvi Contents
19.2 The Network Protocol Stack......................................... 597
19.2.1 Media Access Protocol Layer.............................. 599
19.2.2 Network Protocol Layer.................................... 600
19.2.3 Transport Protocol Layer................................... 601
19.2.4 The Socket Interface........................................ 602
19.2.5 Application Protocols ...................................... 603
19.2.6 Reading Questions.......................................... 603
19.3 Client–Server Model ................................................. 604
19.3.1 Server Application.......................................... 605
19.3.2 Client Application .......................................... 607
19.3.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 607
20 The HyperText Transfer Protocol ........................................ 609
20.1 Identifying Resources with URLs and URIs........................ 611
20.1.1 Host Locations.............................................. 611
20.1.2 Resource Paths.............................................. 611
20.1.3 URL Syntax................................................. 612
20.1.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 613
20.2 HTTP Definition ..................................................... 614
20.2.1 Message Format ............................................ 615
20.2.2 Request Messages .......................................... 615
20.2.3 Connections and Message Exchange ...................... 616
20.2.4 Socket Level Programming Examples..................... 617
20.2.5 Request Header Lines ...................................... 620
20.2.6 Response Messages......................................... 621
20.2.7 Redirection.................................................. 624
20.2.8 Reading Questions.......................................... 625
20.2.9 Exercises .................................................... 626
20.3 Programming HTTP Using requests ............................ 628
20.3.1 GET Requests............................................... 630
20.3.2 POST Requests ............................................. 632
20.3.3 Response Attributes ........................................ 635
20.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 637
20.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 638
20.4 Command Line HTTP with curl .................................. 640
20.4.1 Basics ....................................................... 640
20.4.2 Sending Custom Request Header Lines ................... 644
20.4.3 Query Parameters........................................... 645
20.4.4 POST Requests ............................................. 645
20.4.5 Exploring Further........................................... 647
20.4.6 Exercises .................................................... 648
21 Interlude: Client Data Acquisition ....................................... 649
21.1 Encoding and Decoding.............................................. 650
21.1.1 Python Strings and Bytes................................... 652
21.1.2 Prelude to Format Examples ............................... 654
Contents xxvii
21.1.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 655
21.1.4 Exercises .................................................... 656
21.2 CSV Data ............................................................. 658
21.2.1 CSV from File Data ........................................ 658
21.2.2 CSV from Network Data ................................... 659
21.2.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 664
21.2.4 Exercises .................................................... 664
21.3 JSON Data............................................................ 666
21.3.1 JSON from File ............................................. 666
21.3.2 JSON from Network........................................ 667
21.3.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 671
21.3.4 Exercises .................................................... 671
21.4 XML Data ............................................................ 673
21.4.1 XML from File Data........................................ 673
21.4.2 From Network .............................................. 674
21.4.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 677
21.4.4 Exercises .................................................... 678
22 Web Scraping ............................................................... 681
22.1 HTML Structure and Its Representation of Data Sets .............. 682
22.1.1 HTML Tables ............................................... 685
22.1.2 HTML Lists................................................. 687
22.1.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 689
22.2 Web Scraping Examples ............................................. 692
22.2.1 Formulating Requests for HTML.......................... 693
22.2.2 Simple Table ................................................ 694
22.2.3 Wikipedia Table ............................................ 699
22.2.4 POST to Submit a Form.................................... 704
22.2.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 711
22.2.6 Exercises .................................................... 713
23 RESTful Application Programming Interfaces ......................... 715
23.1 Motivation and Background ......................................... 716
23.1.1 General API Characteristics................................ 718
General API Characteristics ......................................... 718
23.1.2 Principles of REpresentational State Transfer (REST) ... 718
Principles of REpresentational State Transfer (REST) ............. 718
23.1.3 Reading Questions.......................................... 719
23.2 HTTP for REST API Requests ...................................... 720
23.2.1 Endpoints ................................................... 722
23.2.2 Path Parameters............................................. 725
23.2.3 Query Parameters........................................... 727
23.2.4 Header Parameters.......................................... 731
23.2.5 POST and POST Body ..................................... 732
23.2.6 Reading Questions.......................................... 736
23.2.7 Exercises .................................................... 738
xxviii Contents
23.3 Case Study............................................................ 741
23.3.1 Phase 1: Build a Table of Popular Movies................. 741
23.3.2 Phase 2: Build Table of Top Cast Given Movie IDs ...... 748
23.3.3 Summary Comments ....................................... 752
23.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 753
23.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 753
24 Authentication and Authorization ........................................ 757
24.1 Background........................................................... 758
24.1.1 Principals.................................................... 758
24.1.2 Authentication and Authorization Concepts .............. 759
24.1.3 Impersonation............................................... 760
24.1.4 Encryption, Keys, and Signatures.......................... 761
24.1.5 Reading Questions.......................................... 763
24.2 Authentication and Privacy .......................................... 764
24.2.1 HTTPS ...................................................... 764
24.2.2 HTTP Authentication....................................... 767
24.2.3 Authentication Considerations............................. 769
24.2.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 770
24.2.5 Exercises .................................................... 771
24.3 Authorization ......................................................... 771
24.3.1 OAuth2 Background ...................................... 772
24.3.2 Delegated Authority: Authorization Code Grant Flow ... 773
24.3.3 OAuth Dance Walkthrough ................................ 783
24.3.4 Reading Questions.......................................... 791
24.3.5 Exercises .................................................... 792
A Custom Software ........................................................... 797
A.1 The util Module ................................................... 798
A.1.1 buildURL ................................................. 798
A.1.2 random_string ......................................... 799
A.1.3 getLocalXML ............................................ 800
A.1.4 read_creds .............................................. 800
A.1.5 update_creds........................................... 801
A.1.6 print_text .............................................. 802
A.1.7 print_data .............................................. 804
A.1.8 print_xml................................................ 805
A.1.9 print_headers ......................................... 806
A.2 The mysocket Module............................................. 807
A.2.1 makeConnection ....................................... 808
A.2.2 sendString .............................................. 808
A.2.3 receiveTillClose .................................... 809
A.2.4 sendBytes................................................ 810
A.2.5 receiveTillSentinel ............................... 811
A.2.6 receiveBySize ......................................... 812
Contents xxix
A.2.7 sendCRLF ................................................. 813
A.2.8 sendCRLFLines ......................................... 814
References......................................................................... 815
Index............................................................................... 819