Dov Dori (auth.) - Model-Based Systems Engineering with OPM and SysML (2016, Springer-Verlag New York) - libgen.lc

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Table of Contents
Main ISO 19450-compliant OPM symbols .............................................................................................. ..xxi
Chapter 1 Ready to Start Modeling? ................................................................................ 3
1.1 The Automatic Crash Response System .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 The Function-as-a-Seed OPM Principle .......................................................................................... 4
1.3 Identifying the System’s Function ................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Identifying the System’s Beneficiary ............................................................................................... 6
1.5 A Process Transforms an Object ...................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Summary ................................................................................ ..........................................................7
1.7 Problems ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2 Text and Simulation Enhancements ............................................................... 11
2.1 OPL: A Subset of English .............................................................................................................. 11
2.2 States and Animated Simulation .................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Animated Execution of the OPM Model ....................................................................................... 15
2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 16
2.5 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3 Connecting Things with Links ........................................................................ 19
3.1 Procedural Links vs. Structural Links ............................................................................................ 19
3.2 Adding Enablers ............................................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Adding Structural Links ................................................................................................................. 22
3.4 Physical vs. Informatical Things .................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Model Facts and OPL Paragraphs .................................................................................................. 24
3.6 Environmental vs. Systemic Things ............................................................................................... 24
3.7 Initial and Final States .................................................................................................................... 25
3.8 Triggering State and Event Link .................................................................................................... 27
3.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 27
3.10 Problems ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 4 SysML: Use Case, Block, and State Machine Diagrams ............................... 29
4.1 The SysML Use Case Diagram ...................................................................................................... 29
4.2 SysML Blocks and the Block Definition Diagram ........................................................................ 32
4.3 SysML State Machine Diagram ..................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 35
4.5 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 35
xiii
PART I Model-Based Systems Engineering Introduced
Chapter 5 Refinement Through In-Zooming ................................................................... 37
5.1 Measuring Crash Severity .............................................................................................................. 37
5.2 In-Zooming: Refining a Process in a New OPD ............................................................................ 38
5.3 The OPD Tree ................................................................................................................................ 38
5.4 The Model Fact Representation OPM Principle ............................................................................ 39
5.5 The Crash Severity Attribute and Its Measurement ....................................................................... 40
5.6 Simulating the System: an Animated Execution Test .................................................................... 41
5.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 42
5.8 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 6 The Dynamic Aspect of Systems ..................................................................... 45
6.1 Exiting in Case of Light Severity ................................................................................................... 45
6.2 Message Creating and Sending ...................................................................................................... 45
6.3 Process Execution Order: The Timeline OPM Principle ............................................................... 47
6.4 Help Is on the Way! ....................................................................................................................... 48
6.5 Scenarios: Threads of Execution .................................................................................................... 49
6.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 50
6.7 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 7 Controlling the System’ s Behavior. ................................................................ 53
7.1 Branching with Boolean objects .................................................................................................... 53
7.2 Condition Link vs. Instrument Link ............................................................................................... 55
7.3 Generalization-Specialization ........................................................................................................ 56
7.4 Zooming into Crash Severity Measuring ....................................................................................... 57
7.5 Participation Constraints ................................................................................................................ 58
7.6 Logical Operators: OR vs. XOR .................................................................................................... 58
7.7 Crash Severity Measuring Refined ................................................................................................ 58
7.8 Scope of Things: Signal as a Temporary Object ............................................................................ 59
7.9 How is Diagnosing Done? .............................................................................................................. 60
7.10 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 60
7.11 Problems ....................................................................................................................................... 61
Chapter 8 Abstracting and Refining ............................................................................... 63
8.1 In-Zooming: Refining a Process in a New OPD ............................................................................ 63
8.2 Message Handling In-Zoomed ....................................................................................................... 65
8.3 Structural View of the ACR System .............................................................................................. 67
8.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 68
8.5 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 9 Conceptual Modeling: Purpose and Context ................................................. 75
9.1 Systems, Modeling, and Systems Engineering .............................................................................. 75
9.2 A Foundational Systems Engineering OPM Ontology .................................................................. 76
9.3 Object, State, Transformation, and Process Defined ..................................................................... 82
Table of Contents xiv
PART II Foundations of OPM and SysML
9.4 System and Related Concepts ........................................................................................................ 83
9.5 Language and Modeling ................................................................................................................. 91
9.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 94
9.7 Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 95
Chapter 10 Things: Objects and Processes .................................................................... 97
10.1 The Object-Oriented vs. The Object-Process Approach .............................................................. 97
10.2 Existence, Things, and Transformations ...................................................................................... 98
10.3 Object Identity .............................................................................................................................. 99
10.4 Syntax vs. Semantics .................................................................................................................. 102
10.5 The Procedural Link Uniqueness OPM Principle ...................................................................... 106
10.6 The Process Test ......................................................................................................................... 109
10.7 Naming OPM Elements ............................................................................................................. 111
10.8 Thing Defined ............................................................................................................................. 113
10.9 Properties of OPM Things .......................................................................................................... 114
10.10 Boundary Cases of Things ....................................................................................................... 116
10.11 Operator, Operand, and Transform .......................................................................................... 119
10.12 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 120
10.13 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 121
Chapter 11 Object-Process Language: The Text .......................................................... 123
11.1 OPL: The Textual Modality ....................................................................................................... 123
11.2 The Dual Purpose of OPL .......................................................................................................... 124
11.3 The Graphics-Text Equivalence OPM Principle ........................................................................ 125
11.4 Metamodel of OPM Model Structure ........................................................................................ 125
11.5 Reserved and Non-Reserved OPL Phrases ................................................................................ 127
11.6 Motivation for OPM s Bimodal Expression .............................................................................. 129
11.7 Tesperanto: A Human Readable Auto-generated Text ............................................................. 131
11.8 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 132
11.9 Problems ..................................................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 12 SysML: Foundations and Diagrams .......................................................... 135
12.1 UML: Unified Modeling Language ........................................................................................... 135
12.2 SysML Pillars ............................................................................................................................. 136
12.3 Requirements Diagram ............................................................................................................... 136
12.4 Blocks and Structure .................................................................................................................. 137
12.5 Activity Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 138
12.6 Sequence Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 141
12.7 Requirements Diagram ............................................................................................................... 143
12.8 Parametric Diagram and Constraint Property Blocks ................................................................ 146
12.9 SysML–OPM Comparison ......................................................................................................... 148
12.10 SysML–OPM Synergies ........................................................................................................... 155
12.11 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 155
12.12 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 156
Table of Contents xv
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Chapter 13 The Dynamic System Aspect ...................................................................... 157
13.1 Change and Effect ...................................................................................................................... 157
13.2 Existence and Transformation .................................................................................................... 158
13.3 Procedural Links......................................................................................................................... 162
13.4 Transforming Links .................................................................................................................... 163
13.5 Enablers ...................................................................................................................................... 165
13.6 The Preprocess and Postprocess Object Sets ............................................................................. 169
13.7 State-Specified Procedural Links ............................................................................................... 170
13.8 State-Specified Enabling Links .................................................................................................. 171
13.9 State-Specified Transforming Links .......................................................................................... 173
13.10 State-Specified Effect Links ..................................................................................................... 175
13.11 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 179
13.12 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 181
Chapter 14 The Structural System Aspect ..................................................................... 183
14.1 Structural Relations .................................................................................................................... 183
14.2 Reciprocity and Transitivity of Structural Relations ................................................................. 188
14.3 Structural Relations as State-Preserving Processes .................................................................... 194
14.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 194
14.5 Problems ..................................................................................................................................... 195
Chapter 15 Participation Constraints and Forks ......................................................... 197
15.1 Structural and Procedural Participation Constraints .................................................................. 197
15.2 Structural Participation Constraints ........................................................................................... 198
15.3 Shorthand Notations and Reserved Phrases ............................................................................... 200
15.4 Cardinality .................................................................................................................................. 201
15.5 Procedural Participation Constraints .......................................................................................... 203
15.6 The Distributive Law of Structural Relations ............................................................................ 205
15.7 Fork, Handle, and Tine ............................................................................................................... 207
15.8 The Tine Thing Set ..................................................................................................................... 209
15.9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 213
15.10 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 214
Chapter 16 Fundamental Structural Relations ............................................................. 215
16.1 Relation Symbols and Participants ............................................................................................. 215
16.2 Relation Names and OPL Sentences .......................................................................................... 216
16.3 Structural Hierarchies, Transitivity, User-Defined Symbols ..................................................... 217
16.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 218
16.5 Problems ..................................................................................................................................... 218
Chapter 17 Aggregation-Participation ......................................................................... 221
17.1 Underlying Concepts .................................................................................................................. 221
17.2 Aggregation-Participation as a Fork .......................................................................................... 223
Table of Contents xvi
PART III Structure and Behavior: Diving In
17.3 A Semantic Web Example ......................................................................................................... 224
17.4 Aggregate Naming ..................................................................................................................... 226
17.5 Composite and Shared Aggregation in UML and SysML ......................................................... 227
17.6 Expressing Parts Order ............................................................................................................... 229
17.7 Aggregation and Tagged Structural Relations ........................................................................... 230
17.8 Non-Comprehensive Aggregation.............................................................................................. 232
17.9 The Parameterized Participation Constraints Mini-Language ................................................... 235
17.10 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 236
17.11 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 237
Chapter 18 Exhibition-Characterization ...................................................................... 239
18.1 Feature and Exhibitor ................................................................................................................. 239
18.2 Attribute and Operation: The Two Kinds of Feature ................................................................. 241
18.3 Features in UML and SysML vs. OPM ..................................................................................... 242
18.4 OPM Thing and Feature Name Uniqueness ............................................................................... 243
18.5 The Four Thing-Feature Combinations ...................................................................................... 244
18.6 Fundamental Structural Hierarchies ........................................................................................... 248
18.7 The Attribute Naming Problem .................................................................................................. 249
18.8 Properties of Features and Links ................................................................................................ 251
18.9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 254
18.10 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 255
Chapter 19 States and Values ....................................................................................... 257
19.1 State Defined .............................................................................................................................. 257
19.2 State Suppression and Expression .............................................................................................. 259
19.3 Value: A Specialization of State ................................................................................................ 260
19.4 State Transition: When a Process Is Active ............................................................................... 261
19.5 Path Labels and Flip-Flop .......................................................................................................... 264
19.6 A Model of the Brain elf-Organized Criticality
19.7 State-Specified Tagged Structural Links ................................................................................... 268
19.8 Compound States and State Space ............................................................................................. 271
19.9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 274
19.10 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 274
Chapter 20 Generalization and Instantiation ............................................................... 277
20.1 Generalization-Specialization: Introduction .............................................................................. 277
20.2 Inheritance .................................................................................................................................. 280
20.3 Specialization Through a Discriminating Attribute ................................................................... 283
20.4 State-Specified Characterization Link ....................................................................................... 285
20.5 Classification-Instantiation ......................................................................................................... 286
20.6 The Relativity of Instance .......................................................................................................... 288
20.7 Constraining Attribute Values .................................................................................................... 289
Table of Contents xvii
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S ” ............................................................... 266
20.8 Process Instances ........................................................................................................................ 290
20.9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 292
20.10 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 292
Chapter 21 Complexity Management: Refinement and Abstraction ............................. 295
21.1 The Need for Complexity Management ..................................................................................... 295
21.2 The Model Complexity Assertion .............................................................................................. 296
21.3 Aspect-Based vs. Detail-Level-Based Decomposition .............................................................. 297
21.4 The Completeness-Clarity Trade-off ......................................................................................... 298
21.5 State Expression and State Suppression ..................................................................................... 299
21.6 Unfolding and Folding ............................................................................................................... 300
21.7 In-Diagram and New-Diagram Unfolding ................................................................................. 301
21.8 Port Folding ................................................................................................................................ 302
21.9 In-Zooming and Out-Zooming ................................................................................................... 302
21.10 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Process Refinement .............................................................. 305
21.11 The Equivalence between In-Zooming and Unfolding ............................................................ 306
21.12 The System Map and the Ultimate OPD .................................................................................. 307
21.13 The OPD Object Tree and Forest ............................................................................................. 310
21.14 Out-Zooming ............................................................................................................................ 311
21.15 Simplifying an OPD ................................................................................................................. 313
21.16 Abstraction Accounts for Procedural Link Precedence ........................................................... 315
21.17 Link Migration upon In-Zooming ............................................................................................ 318
21.18 View Creating: The Fourth Refinement Mechanism ............................................................... 318
21.19 Middle-Out as the De-facto Architecting Practice ................................................................... 319
21.20 Navigating Within an OPM System Model ............................................................................. 320
21.21 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 321
21.22 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 324
Chapter 22 OPM Operational Semantics and Control Links ....................................... 327
22.1 The Event-Condition-Action Control Mechanism ..................................................................... 327
22.2 Precondition, Preprocess and Postprocess Object Sets .............................................................. 328
22.3 Kinds of Control Links ............................................................................................................... 328
22.4 Event Links ................................................................................................................................. 329
22.5 Condition Links .......................................................................................................................... 333
22.6 Exception Links .......................................................................................................................... 340
22.7 Transformation Rate ................................................................................................................... 342
22.8 Computing with OPM ................................................................................................................ 344
22.9 Sets and Iterations ...................................................................................................................... 346
22.10 Operational Semantics in In-Zoomed Process Contexts .......................................................... 346
22.11 Involved Object Set Instance Transformations ........................................................................ 353
22.12 UML Object Constraint Language (OCL) ........................................................................... 354
22.13 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 355
22.14 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 356
Table of Contents xviii
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Chapter 23 Logical Operators and Probabilities ......................................................... 357
23.1 Logical AND Procedural Links .................................................................................................. 357
23.2 Logical NOT ............................................................................................................................... 359
23.3 Logical XOR and OR Link Fans ................................................................................................ 360
23.4 Diverging and Converging XOR and OR Links ........................................................................ 362
23.5 Combinatorial XOR and Combinatorial OR .............................................................................. 365
23.6 State-Specified XOR and OR Link Fans ................................................................................... 367
23.7 Multiple Control Links Have OR Semantics ............................................................................. 368
23.8 Link Probabilities and Probabilistic Link Fans .......................................................................... 370
23.9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 373
23.10 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 373
Chapter 24 Overview of ISO 19450 .............................................................................. 375
24.1 The ISO 19450 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 375
24.2 ISO 19450 Terms, Definitions, and Symbol Sections ............................................................... 377
24.3 Object-Process Methodology Principles and Concepts ............................................................. 378
24.4 The Four Annexes of ISO 19450 ............................................................................................... 380
References .......................................................................................................................................... 387
OPM Principles at a Glance ............................................................................................................... 393
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 395