ANSYS_Mechanical_APDL_Element_Reference

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Table of Contents
1. About This Reference .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Conventions Used in This Reference .................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Applicable Products ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2.Valid Products .......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Element Classifications ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Overview of Element Characteristics ................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1. Identifying Element Types ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2. 2-D vs. 3-D Elements ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3. Element Shape Characteristics .................................................................................................. 6
2.1.4. Element Degrees of Freedom and Discipline ............................................................................. 6
2.1.5. User-Defined Elements ............................................................................................................. 6
2.1.6. Forward Solving vs. Inverse Solving ........................................................................................... 6
2.2. Summary of Element Types ............................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Selecting Elements for Your Analysis ................................................................................................ 24
2.4. Older vs. Current Element Technologies ........................................................................................... 35
2.4.1. Current-Technology Elements ................................................................................................ 35
2.5. Degenerated Shape Elements ......................................................................................................... 36
2.5.1. Obtaining the Best Results from Degenerated Shape Elements ............................................... 37
2.5.2. Degenerated Triangular 2-D Solid and Shell Elements ............................................................. 37
2.5.2.1.Triangular Shell Elements Are Preferred in Some Cases ................................................... 37
2.5.3. Degenerated Triangular Prism Elements .................................................................................. 38
2.5.4. Degenerated Tetrahedral Elements ......................................................................................... 38
2.5.5. Surface Stresses on Condensed Element Faces ........................................................................ 38
2.6. Special-Purpose Elements ............................................................................................................... 38
2.6.1. Superelements ....................................................................................................................... 39
2.6.2. User-Defined Elements ........................................................................................................... 39
2.7. GUI-Inaccessible Elements .............................................................................................................. 39
3. General Element Features ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Element Input ................................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.1. Element Name ....................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.2. Nodes .................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.2.1. Internal nodes ............................................................................................................... 42
3.1.3. Degrees of Freedom ............................................................................................................... 42
3.1.3.1. Internal Degrees of Freedom .......................................................................................... 42
3.1.4. Material Properties ................................................................................................................. 42
3.1.5. Special Element Features ........................................................................................................ 43
3.1.6. Sections ................................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.7. Real Constants ....................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.8. Element Loading .................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.8.1. Surface Loads ................................................................................................................ 45
3.1.8.1.1. Applying Surface Loads ......................................................................................... 45
3.1.8.1.2. Multiple Surface Loads .......................................................................................... 46
3.1.8.1.3. Surface Load Labels and Keys ................................................................................ 46
3.1.8.1.4.Tapered Surface Load ............................................................................................ 46
3.1.8.2. Body Loads .................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.8.2.1. Applying Body loads ............................................................................................. 47
3.1.8.2.2.Temperature Body Loads ....................................................................................... 47
3.1.8.3. Inertial Loads ................................................................................................................. 47
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3.1.8.4. Initial Stresses ................................................................................................................ 47
3.1.8.5. Ocean Loads .................................................................................................................. 48
3.1.9. Nodal Loading ....................................................................................................................... 48
3.1.10. Element Properties and Controls (KEYOPTs) .......................................................................... 48
3.1.10.1. Element KEYOPT Defaults ............................................................................................ 48
3.1.10.1.1. Consider Automatic Element Selection ................................................................ 48
3.1.10.1.2. KEYOPT Settings May Vary Between Products ...................................................... 49
3.2. Solution Output .............................................................................................................................. 49
3.2.1. Output File Contents .............................................................................................................. 49
3.2.2. Results File and Database Contents ......................................................................................... 49
3.2.3. Element Solution .................................................................................................................... 50
3.2.3.1.The Element Output Definitions Table ............................................................................ 51
3.2.3.2.The Item and Sequence Number Table ........................................................................... 51
3.2.3.3. Surface Loads ................................................................................................................ 51
3.2.3.4. Integration Point Solution (Output Listing Only) ............................................................. 52
3.2.3.5. Centroidal Solution (Output Listing Only) ....................................................................... 52
3.2.3.6. Surface Solution ............................................................................................................ 52
3.2.3.7. Element Nodal Solution ................................................................................................. 54
3.2.3.8. Element Nodal Loads ..................................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.9. Nonlinear Solutions ....................................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.10. 2-D and Axisymmetric Solutions .................................................................................. 55
3.2.3.11. Member Force Solution ................................................................................................ 55
3.2.3.12. Failure Criteria ............................................................................................................. 55
3.2.3.13. Linearized Stresses ...................................................................................................... 56
3.2.4. Nodal Solution ....................................................................................................................... 56
3.3. Coordinate Systems ........................................................................................................................ 56
3.3.1. Understanding the Element Coordinate System ...................................................................... 56
3.3.1.1. Modifying the Element Orientation ................................................................................ 57
3.3.2. Elements That Operate in the Nodal Coordinate System .......................................................... 58
3.3.3. Solution Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................. 59
4. Element Support for Material Models .................................................................................................. 61
5. Elements for Stress Analysis ................................................................................................................. 69
5.1. Continuum Stress Elements ............................................................................................................. 69
5.1.1. Stress States in 2-D Continuum Elements ................................................................................ 70
5.1.1.1. Plane Stress ................................................................................................................... 70
5.1.1.2. Plane Strain ................................................................................................................... 70
5.1.1.3. Generalized Plane Strain ................................................................................................ 70
5.1.1.4. Axisymmetric ................................................................................................................ 70
5.1.1.5. General Axisymmetric .................................................................................................... 71
5.1.1.5.1. Alternate General Axisymmetric Method for Linear Problems ................................. 71
5.1.2. Element Technologies ............................................................................................................ 71
5.1.2.1.Technologies for Lower-Order Quad and Brick Elements ................................................. 72
5.1.2.1.1. B-Bar Method (Selective Reduced Integration) ....................................................... 72
5.1.2.1.2. Enhanced Strain Formulation ................................................................................ 72
5.1.2.1.3. Simplified Enhanced Strain Formulation ................................................................ 72
5.1.2.1.4. Uniform Reduced Integration ................................................................................ 73
5.1.2.2.Technologies for Lower-Order Tetrahedron Elements ...................................................... 73
5.1.2.3.Technologies for Higher-Order Quad or Brick Elements ................................................... 73
5.1.2.4.Technologies for Higher-Order Triangle or Tetrahedron Elements .................................... 74
5.1.3. Mixed u-P Formulation ........................................................................................................... 74
5.1.3.1. Overview of Mixed u-P Element Technologies ................................................................ 74
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5.1.3.2. Mixed u-P Element Summary ......................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.3. Applications of Mixed u-P Formulations ......................................................................... 76
5.1.3.4. Mixed u-P Models and Overconstraint or No Unique Solution ......................................... 76
5.1.4. Generalized Plane Strain Options ............................................................................................ 77
5.1.5. Axisymmetric Elements with Nonaxisymmetric Loads ............................................................. 78
5.1.5.1. General Axisymmetric Elements ..................................................................................... 79
5.1.5.1.1. Example: 3-D General Axisymmetric Model ............................................................ 82
5.1.5.2. Harmonic Axisymmetric Elements .................................................................................. 86
5.1.5.2.1. Harmonic Axisymmetric Elements with Nonaxisymmetric Loads ............................ 87
5.2. Shell Elements ................................................................................................................................ 91
5.2.1. Axisymmetric Shells ............................................................................................................... 91
5.2.2. Shell Stress and Stiffness ........................................................................................................ 92
5.2.3. Membrane and Surface Stress Options ................................................................................... 92
5.2.4. Shell Shear and Warping ......................................................................................................... 92
5.2.5. Curved Shell Elements ............................................................................................................ 93
5.2.6. Shell Element Coordinate System ........................................................................................... 93
5.2.7. Shell Element Nodes .............................................................................................................. 93
5.3. Beam and Link (Truss) Elements ...................................................................................................... 93
5.4. Pipe Elements ................................................................................................................................. 94
5.5. Reinforcing Elements ...................................................................................................................... 94
5.5.1. Discrete Reinforcing ............................................................................................................... 95
5.5.2. Smeared Reinforcing .............................................................................................................. 95
5.6. Surface Elements ............................................................................................................................ 95
5.7. Elements Used to Model the Truncation of an Infinite Structural Domain .......................................... 96
5.7.1. Structural Infinite Element ...................................................................................................... 96
5.7.2. Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) for Structural Elements ........................................................... 97
5.7.3. Recommendations for Infinite Element vs. PML ....................................................................... 97
5.8. Automatic Selection of Element Technologies and Formulations ...................................................... 97
5.9. Elements Under Linear Perturbation .............................................................................................. 101
5.9.1. Material Properties of Structural Elements in Linear Perturbation ........................................... 102
5.9.1.1. Specifying Material Behavior in Linear Perturbation ...................................................... 102
5.9.2. Interpretation of Structural Element Results After a Linear Perturbation Analysis .................... 103
5.9.3. Loads, Initial Conditions, and Other Limitations in Linear Perturbation ................................... 104
6. Elements for Multiphysics Analysis ..................................................................................................... 105
6.1. Elements for Coupled-Physics Analysis .......................................................................................... 105
6.1.1. Coupled-Field Element Classifications ................................................................................... 105
6.1.2. Selecting Elements for Coupled-Physics Analysis ................................................................... 106
6.2. Elements for Thermal Analysis ....................................................................................................... 108
6.2.1.Thermal Elements for the Structural Region .......................................................................... 108
6.2.2.Thermal Elements for the Fluid Region .................................................................................. 110
6.2.3.Thermal Loading Elements ................................................................................................... 110
6.2.3.1. Using Thermal Surface-Loading Elements ..................................................................... 110
6.2.3.2. Using Contact Elements to Load Thermal Models ......................................................... 110
6.2.4.Thermal Control Element ...................................................................................................... 111
6.2.5. Other Elements Useful in a Thermal Analysis ......................................................................... 111
6.3. Elements for Acoustic Analysis ...................................................................................................... 111
6.3.1. Acoustic Element Types ........................................................................................................ 111
6.3.2. 3-D Acoustic Element Usage ................................................................................................. 112
6.3.3. 3-D Acoustic Element Input .................................................................................................. 113
6.3.4. 3-D Acoustic Element Input Summary ................................................................................... 117
6.3.5. 3-D Acoustic Element Output Data ....................................................................................... 119
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6.3.6. 3-D Acoustic Element Assumptions and Restrictions ............................................................. 121
6.3.7. 3-D Acoustic Element Product Restrictions ............................................................................ 122
6.4. Elements for Electric and Magnetic Analysis ................................................................................... 122
6.5. Elements for Diffusion Analysis ...................................................................................................... 124
7. Element Library ................................................................................................................................... 125
.5. SOLID5: 3-D Coupled-Field Solid ...................................................................................................... 129
.11. LINK11: Linear Actuator ................................................................................................................. 137
.13. PLANE13: 2-D Coupled-Field Solid ................................................................................................. 140
.14. COMBIN14: Spring-Damper ........................................................................................................... 150
.21. MASS21: Structural Mass ............................................................................................................... 156
.25. PLANE25: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 4-Node Structural Solid ............................................................ 159
.27. MATRIX27: Stiffness, Damping, or Mass Matrix ................................................................................ 166
.29. FLUID29: 2-D Axisymmetric Harmonic Acoustic Fluid ..................................................................... 170
.30. FLUID30: 3-D Acoustic Fluid ........................................................................................................... 175
.31. LINK31: Radiation Link ................................................................................................................... 176
.33. LINK33: 3-D Conduction Bar .......................................................................................................... 180
.34. LINK34: Convection Link ................................................................................................................ 183
.35. PLANE35: 2-D 6-Node Triangular Thermal Solid .............................................................................. 187
.36. SOURC36: Current Source .............................................................................................................. 192
.37. COMBIN37: Control ....................................................................................................................... 195
.38. FLUID38: Dynamic Fluid Coupling .................................................................................................. 203
.39. COMBIN39: Nonlinear Spring ......................................................................................................... 206
.40. COMBIN40: Combination ............................................................................................................... 214
.47. INFIN47: 3-D Infinite Boundary ...................................................................................................... 220
.50. MATRIX50: Superelement (or Substructure) .................................................................................... 223
.55. PLANE55: 2-D Thermal Solid .......................................................................................................... 227
.61. SHELL61: Axisymmetric-Harmonic Structural Shell ......................................................................... 233
.68. LINK68: Coupled Thermal-Electric Line ........................................................................................... 247
.70. SOLID70: 3-D Thermal Solid ........................................................................................................... 250
.71. MASS71:Thermal Mass .................................................................................................................. 256
.75. PLANE75: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 4-Node Thermal Solid ............................................................... 260
.77. PLANE77: 2-D 8-Node Thermal Solid .............................................................................................. 264
.78. PLANE78: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 8-Node Thermal Solid ............................................................... 269
.83. PLANE83: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 8-Node Structural Solid ............................................................ 273
.87. SOLID87: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Thermal Solid ........................................................................... 280
.90. SOLID90: 3-D 20-Node Thermal Solid ............................................................................................. 284
.94. CIRCU94: Piezoelectric Circuit ........................................................................................................ 289
.96. SOLID96: 3-D Magnetic Scalar Solid ............................................................................................... 295
.98. SOLID98:Tetrahedral Coupled-Field Solid ...................................................................................... 300
.110. INFIN110: 2-D Infinite Solid .......................................................................................................... 308
.111. INFIN111: 3-D Infinite Solid .......................................................................................................... 314
.116. FLUID116: Coupled Thermal-Fluid Pipe ........................................................................................ 319
.121. PLANE121: 2-D 8-Node Electrostatic Solid .................................................................................... 330
.122. SOLID122: 3-D 20-Node Electrostatic Solid ................................................................................... 335
.123. SOLID123: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Electrostatic Solid ................................................................. 340
.124. CIRCU124: Electric Circuit ............................................................................................................ 345
.125. CIRCU125: Diode ......................................................................................................................... 354
.126.TRANS126: Electromechanical Transducer .................................................................................... 360
.129. FLUID129: 2-D Infinite Acoustic .................................................................................................... 368
.130. FLUID130: 3-D Infinite Acoustic .................................................................................................... 371
.131. SHELL131: 4-Node Thermal Shell .................................................................................................. 375
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Element Reference
.132. SHELL132: 8-Node Thermal Shell .................................................................................................. 382
.136. FLUID136: 3-D Squeeze Film Fluid Element .................................................................................. 390
.138. FLUID138: 3-D Viscous Fluid Link Element .................................................................................... 399
.139. FLUID139: 3-D Slide Film Fluid Element ........................................................................................ 403
.151. SURF151: 2-D Thermal Surface Effect ........................................................................................... 407
.152. SURF152: 3-D Thermal Surface Effect ........................................................................................... 417
.153. SURF153: 2-D Structural Surface Effect ......................................................................................... 426
.154. SURF154: 3-D Structural Surface Effect ......................................................................................... 434
.155. SURF155: 3-D Thermal Surface Effect ........................................................................................... 443
.156. SURF156: 3-D Structural Surface Line Load Effect ......................................................................... 449
.157. SHELL157:Thermal-Electric Shell ................................................................................................. 454
.159. SURF159: General Axisymmetric Surface ...................................................................................... 458
.169.TARGE169: 2-D Target Segment .................................................................................................... 467
.170.TARGE170: 3-D Target Segment .................................................................................................... 478
.172. CONTA172: 2-D 3-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact ..................................................................... 491
.174. CONTA174: 3-D 8-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact ..................................................................... 515
.175. CONTA175: 2-D/3-D Node-to-Surface Contact .............................................................................. 542
.177. CONTA177: 3-D Line-to-Surface Contact ....................................................................................... 567
.178. CONTA178: 3-D Node-to-Node Contact ........................................................................................ 589
.179. PRETS179: Pretension .................................................................................................................. 613
.180. LINK180: 3-D Spar (or Truss) ......................................................................................................... 616
.181. SHELL181: 4-Node Structural Shell ............................................................................................... 624
.182. PLANE182: 2-D 4-Node Structural Solid ........................................................................................ 642
.183. PLANE183: 2-D 8-Node or 6-Node Structural Solid ........................................................................ 650
.184. MPC184: Multipoint Constraint Element ....................................................................................... 658
.184link. MPC184-Link/Beam: Multipoint Constraint Element: Rigid Link or Rigid Beam ......................... 663
.184slid. MPC184-Slider: Multipoint Constraint Element: Slider .............................................................. 668
.184revo. MPC184-Revolute: Multipoint Constraint Element: Revolute Joint .......................................... 670
.184univ. MPC184-Universal: Multipoint Constraint Element: Universal Joint ......................................... 680
.184slot. MPC184-Slot: Multipoint Constraint Element: Slot Joint ........................................................... 687
.184poin. MPC184-Point: Multipoint Constraint Element: Point-in-plane Joint ....................................... 694
.184tran. MPC184-Trans: Multipoint Constraint Element:Translational Joint .......................................... 701
.184cyl. MPC184-Cylin: Multipoint Constraint Element: Cylindrical Joint ................................................ 708
.184plan. MPC184-Planar: Multipoint Constraint Element: Planar Joint .................................................. 718
.184weld. MPC184-Weld: Multipoint Constraint Element:Weld Joint ..................................................... 728
.184orie. MPC184-Orient: Multipoint Constraint Element: Orient Joint ................................................... 733
.184sphe. MPC184-Spherical: Multipoint Constraint Element: Spherical Joint ........................................ 738
.184gen. MPC184-General: Multipoint Constraint Element: General Joint .............................................. 744
.184scr. MPC184-Screw: Multipoint Constraint Element: Screw Joint ..................................................... 753
.185. SOLID185: 3-D 8-Node Structural Solid ......................................................................................... 761
.186. SOLID186: 3-D 20-Node Structural Solid ....................................................................................... 778
.187. SOLID187: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid ..................................................................... 795
.188. BEAM188: 3-D 2-Node Beam ........................................................................................................ 802
.189. BEAM189: 3-D 3-Node Beam ........................................................................................................ 822
.190. SOLSH190: 3-D 8-Node Structural Solid Shell ................................................................................ 841
.192. INTER192: 2-D 4-Node Gasket ...................................................................................................... 852
.193. INTER193: 2-D 6-Node Gasket ...................................................................................................... 856
.194. INTER194: 3-D 16-Node Gasket .................................................................................................... 860
.195. INTER195: 3-D 8-Node Gasket ...................................................................................................... 864
.200. MESH200: Meshing Facet ............................................................................................................. 869
.201. FOLLW201: Follower Load ............................................................................................................ 876
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Element Reference
.202. INTER202: 2-D 4-Node Cohesive ................................................................................................... 880
.203. INTER203: 2-D 6-Node Cohesive ................................................................................................... 883
.204. INTER204: 3-D 16-Node Cohesive ................................................................................................. 886
.205. INTER205: 3-D 8-Node Cohesive ................................................................................................... 890
.208. SHELL208: 2-Node Axisymmetric Shell ......................................................................................... 893
.209. SHELL209: 3-Node Axisymmetric Shell ......................................................................................... 903
.212. CPT212: 2-D 4-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure-Thermal Mechanical Solid ......................................... 913
.213. CPT213: 2-D 8-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure-Thermal Mechanical Solid ......................................... 919
.214. COMBI214: 2-D Spring-Damper Bearing ....................................................................................... 926
.215. CPT215: 3-D 8-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure-Thermal Mechanical Solid ......................................... 936
.216. CPT216: 3-D 20-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure-Thermal Mechanical Solid ...................................... 943
.217. CPT217: 3-D 10-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure-Thermal Mechanical Solid ....................................... 950
.218. FLUID218: 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Element ............................................................................ 957
.220. FLUID220: 3-D Acoustic Fluid 20-Node Solid Element ................................................................... 963
.221. FLUID221: 3-D Acoustic Fluid 10-Node Solid Element ................................................................... 963
.222. PLANE222: 2-D 4-Node Coupled-Field Solid ................................................................................. 964
.223. PLANE223: 2-D 8-Node Coupled-Field Solid ................................................................................. 971
.226. SOLID226: 3-D 20-Node Coupled-Field Solid .............................................................................. 1004
.227. SOLID227: 3-D 10-Node Coupled-Field Solid .............................................................................. 1035
.230. PLANE230: 2-D 8-Node Electric Solid .......................................................................................... 1067
.231. SOLID231: 3-D 20-Node Electric Solid ......................................................................................... 1072
.232. SOLID232: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Electric Solid ....................................................................... 1076
.233. PLANE233: 2-D 8-Node Electromagnetic Solid ........................................................................... 1080
.236. SOLID236: 3-D 20-Node Electromagnetic Solid ........................................................................... 1088
.237. SOLID237: 3-D 10-Node Electromagnetic Solid ........................................................................... 1097
.238. PLANE238: 2-D 8-Node Diffusion Solid ....................................................................................... 1105
.239. SOLID239: 3-D 20-Node Diffusion Solid ...................................................................................... 1110
.240. SOLID240: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Diffusion Solid .................................................................... 1114
.241. HSFLD241: 2-D Hydrostatic Fluid ................................................................................................ 1118
.242. HSFLD242: 3-D Hydrostatic Fluid ................................................................................................ 1124
.250. COMBI250: Bushing ................................................................................................................... 1131
.251. SURF251: 2-D Radiosity Surface ................................................................................................. 1137
.252. SURF252: 3-D Radiosity Surface ................................................................................................. 1140
.257. INFIN257: Structural Infinite Solid ............................................................................................... 1144
.263. REINF263: 2-D Smeared Reinforcing ........................................................................................... 1149
.264. REINF264: 3-D Discrete Reinforcing ............................................................................................ 1158
.265. REINF265: 3-D Smeared Reinforcing ........................................................................................... 1166
.272. SOLID272: General Axisymmetric Solid with 4 Base Nodes .......................................................... 1176
.273. SOLID273: General Axisymmetric Solid with 8 Base Nodes .......................................................... 1184
.278. SOLID278: 3-D 8-Node Thermal Solid ......................................................................................... 1191
.279. SOLID279: 3-D 20-Node Thermal Solid ....................................................................................... 1204
.280. CABLE280: 3-D Cable ................................................................................................................. 1217
.281. SHELL281: 8-Node Structural Shell ............................................................................................. 1224
.285. SOLID285: 3-D 4-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid ..................................................................... 1240
.288. PIPE288: 3-D 2-Node Pipe .......................................................................................................... 1246
.289. PIPE289: 3-D 3-Node Pipe ......................................................................................................... 1264
.290. ELBOW290: 3-D 3-Node Elbow ................................................................................................... 1282
.291. SOLID291: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Thermal Solid ..................................................................... 1313
.292. PLANE292: 2-D 4-Node Thermal Solid ........................................................................................ 1317
.293. PLANE293: 2-D 8-Node Thermal Solid ......................................................................................... 1321
.300. USER300: User-Defined Element ................................................................................................ 1326
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Element Reference
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 1329